Rhynchostegium: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Genus of mosses}} |
{{Short description|Genus of mosses}} |
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{{use dmy dates|date=September 2023}} |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
{{Automatic taxobox |
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[[File:Rhynchostegium confertum 166122502.jpg|thumb|''Rhynchostegium confertum'' peristome]] |
[[File:Rhynchostegium confertum 166122502.jpg|thumb|''Rhynchostegium confertum'' peristome]] |
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'''''Rhynchostegium''''' is a genus of [[pleurocarpous]] [[mosses]] belonging to the family [[Brachytheciaceae]].<ref name="GBIF2">{{cite web |title=Rhynchostegium Bruch & Schimp. |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/7441919 |access-date=12 February 2021 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}</ref> The genus has a [[cosmopolitan distribution]] across different climatological regions except the polar regions, mostly in tropic to north temperate regions.<ref name="GBIF2" /><ref name=":0" /> The genus contains both aquatic and terrestrial species.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{ |
'''''Rhynchostegium''''' is a genus of [[pleurocarpous]] [[mosses]] belonging to the family [[Brachytheciaceae]].<ref name="GBIF2">{{cite web |title=Rhynchostegium Bruch & Schimp. |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/7441919 |access-date=12 February 2021 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en}}</ref> The genus has a [[cosmopolitan distribution]] across different climatological regions except the polar regions, mostly in tropic to north temperate regions.<ref name="GBIF2" /><ref name=":0" /> The genus contains both aquatic and terrestrial species.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Rhynchostegium in Flora of North America @ efloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=128500 |df=dmy-all |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=www.efloras.org}}</ref> The genus was named for their rostrate opercula.<ref name=":0" /> The type species of this genus is ''Rhynchostegium confertum'' (Dicks.) Schimp.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Etymology == |
== Etymology == |
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== Habitats == |
== Habitats == |
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Terrestrial species of ''Rhynchostegium'' live in moist to wet or shaded habitats, on rock, soil, tree base, tree stem, and logs.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{ |
Terrestrial species of ''Rhynchostegium'' live in moist to wet or shaded habitats, on rock, soil, tree base, tree stem, and logs.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Cezón |first1=Katia |last2=Muñoz |first2=Jesús |last3=Hedenäs |first3=Lars |last4=Huttunen |first4=Sanna |df=dmy-all |date=2010-03-01 |title=Rhynchostegium confusum, a new species from the Iberian Peninsula and its relation to R. confertum based on morphological and molecular data |url=https://doi.org/10.1179/037366810X12578498135832 |journal=Journal of Bryology |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1179/037366810X12578498135832 |s2cid=86836787 |issn=0373-6687}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> |
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Aquatic species live by or in running water, including streams, springs, rivers, beds of waterfalls, and seepy cliffs.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{ |
Aquatic species live by or in running water, including streams, springs, rivers, beds of waterfalls, and seepy cliffs.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kelly |first1=M. G. |last2=Whitton |first2=B. A. |date=December 1987 |title=Growth rate of the aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioidesin Northern England |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1987.tb01331.x |journal=Freshwater Biology |language=en |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=461–468 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.1987.tb01331.x |issn=0046-5070}}</ref> |
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== Morphology == |
== Morphology == |
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=== Allelopathy === |
=== Allelopathy === |
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[[Allelopathy]] has been studied on ''Rhynchostegium pallidifolium'', which usually form pure colonies in their natural habitat.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Kato-Noguchi |first1=Hisashi |last2=Seki |first2=Takahiro |last3=Shigemori |first3=Hideyuki |date=2010-04-15 |title=Allelopathy and allelopathic substance in the moss Rhynchostegium pallidifolium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0176161709004672 |journal=Journal of Plant Physiology |language=en |volume=167 |issue=6 |pages=468–471 |doi=10.1016/j.jplph.2009.10.018 |pmid=20018404 |issn=0176-1617}}</ref><ref name="GBIF">{{cite journal |author1=Hisashi Kato-Noguchi |author2=Takahiro Seki |date=1 June 2010 |title=Allelopathy of the moss Rhynchostegium pallidifolium and 3-hydroxy-β-ionone |url=https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.5.6.11642 |access-date=11 September 2023 |journal=Plant Signaling & Behavior |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=702–704 |doi=10.4161/psb.5.6.11642 |pmid=20400848 |pmc=3001564 |language=en}}</ref> Methanol extract of ''R.pallidifolium'' represses the seedling of [[Lepidium sativum|cress]], [[alfalfa]], [[Lepidium sativum|lettuce]], [[Lolium multiflorum|ryegrass]], [[Phleum pratense|timothy]],and ''[[Digitaria sanguinalis]]'' in a concentration-dependent manner.<ref name=":5" /> A combination of [[Electrospray ionization|ESI-MS]] and [[1H NMR|<sup>1</sup>H NMR]] analyses identified the inhibitory chemical as [[3-hydroxy-β-ionone]].<ref name=":5" /> Further study showed a minimal 3-hydroxy-β-ionone concentration of 1 µM for the inhibition of cress hypocotyl growth, and 3 µM for cress root growth, while the endogenous concentration.<ref name="GBIF" /> The presence of 3-hydroxy-β-ionone in their natural substrate and the growing medium suggested secretion to the environment, which may imply an important role of 3-hydroxy-β-ionone in competition with other plants and the forming of pure colonies.<ref name="GBIF" /> |
[[Allelopathy]] has been studied on ''Rhynchostegium pallidifolium'', which usually form pure colonies in their natural habitat.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Kato-Noguchi |first1=Hisashi |last2=Seki |first2=Takahiro |last3=Shigemori |first3=Hideyuki |date=2010-04-15 |df=dmy-all |title=Allelopathy and allelopathic substance in the moss Rhynchostegium pallidifolium |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0176161709004672 |journal=Journal of Plant Physiology |language=en |volume=167 |issue=6 |pages=468–471 |doi=10.1016/j.jplph.2009.10.018 |pmid=20018404 |issn=0176-1617}}</ref><ref name="GBIF">{{cite journal |author1=Hisashi Kato-Noguchi |author2=Takahiro Seki |date=1 June 2010 |title=Allelopathy of the moss Rhynchostegium pallidifolium and 3-hydroxy-β-ionone |url=https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.5.6.11642 |access-date=11 September 2023 |journal=Plant Signaling & Behavior |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=702–704 |doi=10.4161/psb.5.6.11642 |pmid=20400848 |pmc=3001564 |language=en}}</ref> Methanol extract of ''R.pallidifolium'' represses the seedling of [[Lepidium sativum|cress]], [[alfalfa]], [[Lepidium sativum|lettuce]], [[Lolium multiflorum|ryegrass]], [[Phleum pratense|timothy]],and ''[[Digitaria sanguinalis]]'' in a concentration-dependent manner.<ref name=":5" /> A combination of [[Electrospray ionization|ESI-MS]] and [[1H NMR|<sup>1</sup>H NMR]] analyses identified the inhibitory chemical as [[3-hydroxy-β-ionone]].<ref name=":5" /> Further study showed a minimal 3-hydroxy-β-ionone concentration of 1 µM for the inhibition of cress hypocotyl growth, and 3 µM for cress root growth, while the endogenous concentration.<ref name="GBIF" /> The presence of 3-hydroxy-β-ionone in their natural substrate and the growing medium suggested secretion to the environment, which may imply an important role of 3-hydroxy-β-ionone in competition with other plants and the forming of pure colonies.<ref name="GBIF" /> |
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=== Antibacterial === |
=== Antibacterial === |
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Acetone extract of ''Rhynchostegium riparioides'' showed antibiotic activity on some Gram-negative bacteria, including ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', ''[[Proteus mirabilis]]'', ''[[Enterobacter cloacae|Entero-bacter cloacae]]'' and ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa|Pseudomonas]]'' ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa|aeruginosa]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=A. Basile |author2=M. L. Vuotto |author3=M. T. L. Ielpo |author4=V. Moscatiello |author5=L. Ricciardi |author6=S. Giordano |author7=R. Castaldo Cobianchi |title=Antibacterial Activity inRhynchostegiumriparioides(Hedw.) Card. Extract (Bryophyta) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(1998)12:1+%3CS146::AID-PTR278%3E3.0.CO;2-4 |journal=Phytotherapy Research |year=1998 |volume=12 |issue=S1 |pages=S146–S148 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(1998)12:1+<S146::AID-PTR278>3.0.CO;2-4 |s2cid=85109228 |via=Wiley Online Library |access-date=11 September 2023}}</ref> |
Acetone extract of ''Rhynchostegium riparioides'' showed antibiotic activity on some Gram-negative bacteria, including ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', ''[[Proteus mirabilis]]'', ''[[Enterobacter cloacae|Entero-bacter cloacae]]'' and ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa|Pseudomonas]]'' ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa|aeruginosa]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=A. Basile |author2=M. L. Vuotto |author3=M. T. L. Ielpo |author4=V. Moscatiello |author5=L. Ricciardi |author6=S. Giordano |author7=R. Castaldo Cobianchi |title=Antibacterial Activity inRhynchostegiumriparioides(Hedw.) Card. Extract (Bryophyta) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(1998)12:1+%3CS146::AID-PTR278%3E3.0.CO;2-4 |journal=Phytotherapy Research |year=1998 |volume=12 |issue=S1 |pages=S146–S148 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(1998)12:1+<S146::AID-PTR278>3.0.CO;2-4 |s2cid=85109228 |via=Wiley Online Library |access-date=11 September 2023}}</ref> |
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Ethanolic extract of ''Rhynchostegium vagans'' showed similar effect on some Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, with performance superior to [[chloramphenicol]] and [[fluconazole]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Negi |first1=Kavita |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=Preeti |date=2016-01-01 |title=In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of Rhynchostegium vagans A. Jaeger (moss) against commonly occurring pathogenic microbes of Indian sub-tropics |journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=10–14 |doi=10.1016/S2222-1808(15)60977-X |issn=2222-1808|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
Ethanolic extract of ''Rhynchostegium vagans'' showed similar effect on some Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, with performance superior to [[chloramphenicol]] and [[fluconazole]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Negi |first1=Kavita |last2=Chaturvedi |first2=Preeti |date=2016-01-01 |df=dmy-all |title=In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of Rhynchostegium vagans A. Jaeger (moss) against commonly occurring pathogenic microbes of Indian sub-tropics |journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=10–14 |doi=10.1016/S2222-1808(15)60977-X |issn=2222-1808|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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== Applications == |
== Applications == |
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=== Freshwater monitoring === |
=== Freshwater monitoring === |
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''[[Platyhypnidium riparioides|Rhynchostegium riparioides]]'' is used in monitoring of heavy metals concentration in freshwater in multiple regions around the world,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=García-Álvaro |first1=M. Angélica |last2=Martínez-Abaigar |first2=Javier |last3=Núñez-Olivera |first3=Encarnación |last4=Beaucourt |first4=Nathalie |date=September 2000 |title=Element Concentrations and Enrichment Ratios in the Aquatic Moss Rhynchostegium riparioides along the River Iregua (La Rioja, Northern Spain) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/the-bryologist/volume-103/issue-3/0007-2745_2000_103_0518_ECAERI_2.0.CO_2/Element-Concentrations-and-Enrichment-Ratios-in-the-Aquatic-Moss-Rhynchostegium/10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0518:ECAERI]2.0.CO;2.full |journal=The Bryologist |volume=103 |issue=3 |pages=518–533 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0518:ECAERI]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=86302267 |issn=0007-2745}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wehr |first1=J. D. |last2=Whitton |first2=B. A. |date=1983-01-01 |title=Accumulation of heavy metals by aquatic mosses. 2: Rhynchostegium riparioides |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00027433 |journal=Hydrobiologia |language=en |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=261–284 |doi=10.1007/BF00027433 |s2cid=40247998 |issn=1573-5117}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mouvet |first1=Christophe |last2=Claveri |first2=Bruno |date=1999-02-01 |title=Localization of copper accumulated in Rhynchostegium riparioides using sequential chemical extraction |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304377098001107 |journal=Aquatic Botany |language=en |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1016/S0304-3770(98)00110-7 |issn=0304-3770}}</ref> such as copper,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Claveri |first1=B. |last2=Morhain |first2=E. |last3=Mouvet |first3=C. |date=1994-06-01 |title=A methodology for the assessment of accidental copper pollution using the aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioides |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535%2894%2990150-3 |journal=Chemosphere |language=en |volume=28 |issue=11 |pages=2001–2010 |doi=10.1016/0045-6535(94)90150-3 |bibcode=1994Chmsp..28.2001C |issn=0045-6535}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Claveri |first1=B. |last2=Mouvet |first2=C. |date=1995-04-01 |title=Temperature effects on copper uptake and CO2 assimilation by the aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioides |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00213108 |journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology |language=en |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=314–320 |doi=10.1007/BF00213108 |s2cid=94456028 |issn=1432-0703}}</ref> zinc.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wehr |first1=J. D. |last2=Kelly |first2=M. G. |last3=Whitton |first3=B. A. |date=1987-12-01 |title=Factors affecting accumulation and loss of zinc by the aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioides (Hedw.) C. Jens. |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770%2887%2990020-9 |journal=Aquatic Botany |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=261–274 |doi=10.1016/0304-3770(87)90020-9 |issn=0304-3770}}</ref> ''R. riparioides'' as a neutrophilous species has been used in monitoring water acidification.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thiebaut |first1=Gabrielle |last2=Vanderpoorten |first2=Alain |last3=Guerold |first3=François |last4=Boudot |first4=Jean-Pierre |last5=Muller |first5=Serge |date=1998-03-01 |title=Bryological patterns and streamwater acidification in the Vosges Mountains (N.E. France): An analysis tool for the survey of acidification processes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653597003731 |journal=Chemosphere |language=en |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=1275–1289 |doi=10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00373-1 |bibcode=1998Chmsp..36.1275T |issn=0045-6535}}</ref> |
''[[Platyhypnidium riparioides|Rhynchostegium riparioides]]'' is used in monitoring of heavy metals concentration in freshwater in multiple regions around the world,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=García-Álvaro |first1=M. Angélica |last2=Martínez-Abaigar |first2=Javier |last3=Núñez-Olivera |first3=Encarnación |last4=Beaucourt |first4=Nathalie |date=September 2000 |title=Element Concentrations and Enrichment Ratios in the Aquatic Moss Rhynchostegium riparioides along the River Iregua (La Rioja, Northern Spain) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/the-bryologist/volume-103/issue-3/0007-2745_2000_103_0518_ECAERI_2.0.CO_2/Element-Concentrations-and-Enrichment-Ratios-in-the-Aquatic-Moss-Rhynchostegium/10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0518:ECAERI]2.0.CO;2.full |journal=The Bryologist |volume=103 |issue=3 |pages=518–533 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0518:ECAERI]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=86302267 |issn=0007-2745|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wehr |first1=J. D. |last2=Whitton |first2=B. A. |date=1983-01-01 |title=Accumulation of heavy metals by aquatic mosses. 2: Rhynchostegium riparioides |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00027433 |journal=Hydrobiologia |language=en |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=261–284 |doi=10.1007/BF00027433 |s2cid=40247998 |issn=1573-5117}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mouvet |first1=Christophe |last2=Claveri |first2=Bruno |date=1999-02-01 |title=Localization of copper accumulated in Rhynchostegium riparioides using sequential chemical extraction |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304377098001107 |journal=Aquatic Botany |language=en |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1016/S0304-3770(98)00110-7 |issn=0304-3770|url-access=subscription }}</ref> such as copper,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Claveri |first1=B. |last2=Morhain |first2=E. |last3=Mouvet |first3=C. |date=1994-06-01 |title=A methodology for the assessment of accidental copper pollution using the aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioides |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535%2894%2990150-3 |journal=Chemosphere |language=en |volume=28 |issue=11 |pages=2001–2010 |doi=10.1016/0045-6535(94)90150-3 |bibcode=1994Chmsp..28.2001C |issn=0045-6535|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Claveri |first1=B. |last2=Mouvet |first2=C. |date=1995-04-01 |title=Temperature effects on copper uptake and CO2 assimilation by the aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioides |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00213108 |journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology |language=en |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=314–320 |doi=10.1007/BF00213108 |s2cid=94456028 |issn=1432-0703}}</ref> zinc.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wehr |first1=J. D. |last2=Kelly |first2=M. G. |last3=Whitton |first3=B. A. |date=1987-12-01 |title=Factors affecting accumulation and loss of zinc by the aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioides (Hedw.) C. Jens. |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770%2887%2990020-9 |journal=Aquatic Botany |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=261–274 |doi=10.1016/0304-3770(87)90020-9 |issn=0304-3770}}</ref> ''R. riparioides'' as a neutrophilous species has been used in monitoring water acidification.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thiebaut |first1=Gabrielle |last2=Vanderpoorten |first2=Alain |last3=Guerold |first3=François |last4=Boudot |first4=Jean-Pierre |last5=Muller |first5=Serge |date=1998-03-01 |title=Bryological patterns and streamwater acidification in the Vosges Mountains (N.E. France): An analysis tool for the survey of acidification processes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653597003731 |journal=Chemosphere |language=en |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=1275–1289 |doi=10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00373-1 |bibcode=1998Chmsp..36.1275T |issn=0045-6535|url-access=subscription }}</ref> |
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== List of species == |
== List of species == |
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The World Flora Online lists 221 species of ''Rhynchostegium.''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Search |url=http://www.worldfloraonline.org/search?query=Rhynchostegium |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=www.worldfloraonline.org}}</ref> |
The World Flora Online lists 221 species of ''Rhynchostegium.''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Search |url=http://www.worldfloraonline.org/search?query=Rhynchostegium |df=dmy-all |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=www.worldfloraonline.org}}</ref> |
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{{div col|colwidth=22em}} |
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* ''[[Rhynchostegium acanthophyllum]]'' <small>(Mont.) A. Jaeger</small> |
* ''[[Rhynchostegium acanthophyllum]]'' <small>(Mont.) A. Jaeger</small> |
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* ''[[Rhynchostegium obtusatum]]'' <small>Broth.</small> |
* ''[[Rhynchostegium obtusatum]]'' <small>Broth.</small> |
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* ''[[Rhynchostegium obtusifolium]]'' <small>(Mitt.) A. Jaeger</small> |
* ''[[Rhynchostegium obtusifolium]]'' <small>(Mitt.) A. Jaeger</small> |
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* ''[[Rhynchostegium occultum]]'' <small>Larraín, Huttunen, Ignatova & Ignatov</small><ref name=":4">{{cite journal |author1=JUAN BERNARDO LARRAÍN |author2=SANNA HUTTUNEN |author3=ELENA IGNATOVA |author4=MICHAEL IGNATOV |date=July |
* ''[[Rhynchostegium occultum]]'' <small>Larraín, Huttunen, Ignatova & Ignatov</small><ref name=":4">{{cite journal |author1=JUAN BERNARDO LARRAÍN |author2=SANNA HUTTUNEN |author3=ELENA IGNATOVA |author4=MICHAEL IGNATOV |date=23 July 2020 |title=Rhynchostegium occultum (Brachytheciaceae), a new species from relict forests of central Chile |url=https://www.biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/view/phytotaxa.453.3.3 |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=453 |issue=3 |pages=199–217 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.453.3.3 |s2cid=225464571 |access-date=11 September 2023}}</ref> |
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* ''[[Rhynchostegium omocrates]]'' <small>W.R. Buck</small> |
* ''[[Rhynchostegium omocrates]]'' <small>W.R. Buck</small> |
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* ''[[Rhynchostegium ovalfolium]]'' <small>S. Okamura</small> |
* ''[[Rhynchostegium ovalfolium]]'' <small>S. Okamura</small> |
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{{reflist|refs= |
{{reflist|refs= |
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<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Hedenäs |first=Lars |title=RHYNCHOSTEGIUM |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/Mosses_online/Brachytheciaceae_Rhynchostegium.pdf |website=Australian Mosses Online |access-date= |
<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Hedenäs |first=Lars |title=RHYNCHOSTEGIUM |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/Mosses_online/Brachytheciaceae_Rhynchostegium.pdf |website=Australian Mosses Online |access-date=4 April 2022}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 09:08, 31 December 2023
Rhynchostegium | |
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Rhynchostegium murale | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Division: | Bryophyta |
Class: | Bryopsida |
Subclass: | Bryidae |
Order: | Hypnales |
Family: | Brachytheciaceae |
Genus: | Rhynchostegium Bruch & Schimp. 1852[1] |
Rhynchostegium is a genus of pleurocarpous mosses belonging to the family Brachytheciaceae.[2] The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution across different climatological regions except the polar regions, mostly in tropic to north temperate regions.[2][1] The genus contains both aquatic and terrestrial species.[1][3] The genus was named for their rostrate opercula.[1] The type species of this genus is Rhynchostegium confertum (Dicks.) Schimp.[1]
Etymology
The genus name comes from the Greek rhyncho- (beaked) and stegos (a lid), which refers to the rostrate operculum of the sporophyte.[1]
History
The genus was first described by Bruch and Wilhelm Philippe Schimper in 1852.[2][1]
Habitats
Terrestrial species of Rhynchostegium live in moist to wet or shaded habitats, on rock, soil, tree base, tree stem, and logs.[1][4][5]
Aquatic species live by or in running water, including streams, springs, rivers, beds of waterfalls, and seepy cliffs.[3][6]
Morphology
Gametophyte
Rhynchostegium are small to large mosses that form either loose tuft or extensive mats on the substrate, with irregular or regular branching.[1][3] The younger plants are generally deep green or light green; aging plants could become whitish, brownish, or paler green.[1][3] Stems are creeping and lack hyaloderm, with acute to acuminate pseudoparaphyllia.[3] Stem leaves are erectopatent or erect.[1][3] Branch leaves are similar in morphology to stem leaves but smaller and sometimes narrower.[3] Leaves are commonly straightly to homomallously arranged; subimbricate, subcomplanate, or complanate arrangement are sometimes seen, especially in branch leaves.[1] Leaf base, decurrent or not, varies from ovate to ovate-cordate, occasionally lanceolate, and the narrowing from gradual to abrupt, towards a short- or long-acuminate apex, where sometimes a differentiated long acumen or apiculus is present.[1] The leaves have a single costa that generally smoothly ends 35-75% up the leaf, and more often in branch leaves in an abaxial spine.[1] Leaf surfaces vary from flat to slightly concave and not to strongly longitudinally plicate, with little to some pores and linear laminal cells.[1][3] Leaf margins are serrate to serrulate.[1][3] Axillary hairs constitute of 3-7 cells,[3] with 1-3 upper cells.[1] Alar cells are slightly enlarged, and either undifferentiated or quadrate to elongate-rectangular.[1][3]
Sporophyte
Rhynchostegium are autoicous.[3] Covered by a naked calyptra is a rostrate to long-rostrate operculum attached to a red-brown to brown, oblong-cylindric, weakly curved capsule, which is inclined or horizontal to a red-brown, smooth seta that has abruptly contracted perichaetial leaves at the base, with acumen straight to reflexed.[1][3] An annulus separates the operculum.[3] The peristome is xerochastic and perfect, which the red to orange-red exostomes have reduced trabeculae and cross-striolae at the base of the teeth; in rare cases the exostomes are narrow and yellow.[1][3] The broadly or narrowly perforated endostomes and developed to vestigial cilia are supported by a low or high basal membrane.[1] Spore diameters range between 9-16 µm.[3]
Biochemistry
Allelopathy
Allelopathy has been studied on Rhynchostegium pallidifolium, which usually form pure colonies in their natural habitat.[7][8] Methanol extract of R.pallidifolium represses the seedling of cress, alfalfa, lettuce, ryegrass, timothy,and Digitaria sanguinalis in a concentration-dependent manner.[7] A combination of ESI-MS and 1H NMR analyses identified the inhibitory chemical as 3-hydroxy-β-ionone.[7] Further study showed a minimal 3-hydroxy-β-ionone concentration of 1 µM for the inhibition of cress hypocotyl growth, and 3 µM for cress root growth, while the endogenous concentration.[8] The presence of 3-hydroxy-β-ionone in their natural substrate and the growing medium suggested secretion to the environment, which may imply an important role of 3-hydroxy-β-ionone in competition with other plants and the forming of pure colonies.[8]
Antibacterial
Acetone extract of Rhynchostegium riparioides showed antibiotic activity on some Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Entero-bacter cloacae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[9]
Ethanolic extract of Rhynchostegium vagans showed similar effect on some Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, with performance superior to chloramphenicol and fluconazole.[10]
Applications
Freshwater monitoring
Rhynchostegium riparioides is used in monitoring of heavy metals concentration in freshwater in multiple regions around the world,[11][12][13] such as copper,[14][15] zinc.[16] R. riparioides as a neutrophilous species has been used in monitoring water acidification.[17]
List of species
The World Flora Online lists 221 species of Rhynchostegium.[18]
- Rhynchostegium acanthophyllum (Mont.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium acicula (Broth.) Broth.
- Rhynchostegium acutifolium (Hook. f. & Wilson) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium alboviridum R.S. Williams
- Rhynchostegium algirianum (Brid. ex P. Beauv.) Lindb.
- Rhynchostegium alopecuroides (Brid.) A.J.E. Sm.
- Rhynchostegium altisetum Müll. Hal.
- Rhynchostegium ambiguum (Schwägr.) W.R. Buck
- Rhynchostegium anceps (Bosch & Sande Lac.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium aneuron Kindb.
- Rhynchostegium angustifolium Renauld & Cardot
- Rhynchostegium apophysatum (Hornsch.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium aquaticum A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium arcticum (I. Hagen) Ignatov & Huttunen
- Rhynchostegium asperisetum (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium assumptionis Besch.
- Rhynchostegium bello-intricatum (Broth.) Paris
- Rhynchostegium bequaertii Thér. & Naveau
- Rhynchostegium berteroanum (Mont.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium beskeanum (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium bifariellum (Kindb.) Kindb.
- Rhynchostegium brachypterum (Hornsch.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium brachypyxis Renauld & Cardot
- Rhynchostegium brachythecioides Dixon & P. de la Varde
- Rhynchostegium brandegei (Austin) Renauld & Cardot
- Rhynchostegium brevicuspis Müll. Hal.
- Rhynchostegium brevinerve Huttunen & Ignatov
- Rhynchostegium brevirete Broth.
- Rhynchostegium buluense (Broth.) Paris
- Rhynchostegium cacticola (Müll. Hal.) Paris
- Rhynchostegium calderi Vohra
- Rhynchostegium caloosiense (Austin) Renauld & Cardot
- Rhynchostegium campylocarpum (Müll. Hal.) De Not.
- Rhynchostegium campylocladulum Müll. Hal.
- Rhynchostegium cataractarum Thér. & P. de la Varde
- Rhynchostegium celebicum (Sande Lac.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium chrysophylloides A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium circinatum (Brid.) De Not.
- Rhynchostegium cirrosum (Schwägr.) De Not.
- Rhynchostegium collatum (Hook. & Wilson) Broth. & Watts
- Rhynchostegium comorae (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium complanum (Mitt.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium compridense (Müll. Hal. ex Broth.) Paris
- Rhynchostegium conchophyllum (Taylor) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium confertum (Dicks.) Schimp.
- Rhynchostegium confusum Cezón, J. Muñoz, Hedenäs & Huttunen[4]
- Rhynchostegium congruens (Hampe) Mitt.
- Rhynchostegium conostomus (Mont.) Huttunen & Ignatov
- Rhynchostegium contortulum Tixier
- Rhynchostegium contractum Cardot
- Rhynchostegium crassinervium (Taylor) De Not.
- Rhynchostegium cylindritheca Dixon
- Rhynchostegium dasyphyllum Müll. Hal.
- Rhynchostegium delicatulum James
- Rhynchostegium demissum (Wilson) Schimp.
- Rhynchostegium dentiferum (Hampe) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium deplanatum (Bruch & Schimp. ex Sull.) Kindb.
- Rhynchostegium depressum (Brid.) Schimp.
- Rhynchostegium distans Besch.
- Rhynchostegium distratum (Hampe) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium drepanocladioides (Müll. Hal.) Kindb.
- Rhynchostegium duthiei Müll. Hal. ex Dixon
- Rhynchostegium elusum (Mitt.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium erythropodium (Hampe) Mitt.
- Rhynchostegium esquirolii Cardot & Thér.
- Rhynchostegium exiguum (Blandow) Brockm.
- Rhynchostegium exilissimum (Sull.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium fabroniadelphus (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium fauriei Cardot
- Rhynchostegium finitimum (Hampe) Ångström
- Rhynchostegium fissidens (Müll. Hal.) Kindb.
- Rhynchostegium fissidentellum Besch.
- Rhynchostegium fragilicuspis Dixon
- Rhynchostegium fuegianum (Cardot) Huttunen & Ignatov
- Rhynchostegium funckii (Schimp.) De Not.
- Rhynchostegium gaudichaudii (Mont.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium georgianum Dixon & Grout
- Rhynchostegium glaucovirescens (Müll. Hal.) Kindb.
- Rhynchostegium globipyxis (Müll. Hal.) Kindb.
- Rhynchostegium gracilipes Thér.
- Rhynchostegium graminicolor (Brid.) A.L. Andrews
- Rhynchostegium herbaceum (Mitt.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium hians (Hedw.) Delogne
- Rhynchostegium homaliocaulon (Müll. Hal.) Kindb.
- Rhynchostegium hookeri A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium hopfferi (Welw. & Duby) A. Gepp
- Rhynchostegium horridum Broth.
- Rhynchostegium huitomalconum (Müll. Hal.) Besch.
- Rhynchostegium humillimum (Mitt.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium hunanense Ignatov & Huttunen
- Rhynchostegium huttonii (Hampe ex Beckett) Paris
- Rhynchostegium illecebrum (Schimp.) Delogne
- Rhynchostegium inaequale Dixon
- Rhynchostegium inclinatum (Mitt.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium inerme (Mitt.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium irriguum Dixon
- Rhynchostegium isopterygioides Cardot
- Rhynchostegium jamesii Sull.
- Rhynchostegium javanicum (Bél.) Besch.
- Rhynchostegium jovet-astiae Bizot
- Rhynchostegium laevisetum (Geh.) Mitt.
- Rhynchostegium lamasicum (Spruce ex Mitt.) Besch.
- Rhynchostegium laxatum (Mitt.) Paris
- Rhynchostegium laxirete Broth.
- Rhynchostegium leptoblastum (Müll. Hal.) Kindb.
- Rhynchostegium leptomerocarpum (Müll. Hal.) Besch.
- Rhynchostegium leptopteridium Müll. Hal.
- Rhynchostegium leucodictyon Müll. Hal.
- Rhynchostegium lindmanii (Broth.) Paris
- Rhynchostegium lusitanicum (Kindb.) Broth.
- Rhynchostegium luteonitens (Welw. & Duby) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium mac-owanianum Paris
- Rhynchostegium malmei (Broth.) Paris
- Rhynchostegium megapolitanum (Blandow ex F. Weber & D. Mohr) Schimp.
- Rhynchostegium membranaceum (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
- Rhynchostegium menadense (Sande Lac.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium meridionale (Schimp.) De Not.
- Rhynchostegium micans (Sw.) Austin
- Rhynchostegium microthamnioides Müll. Hal.
- Rhynchostegium minutum Müll. Hal.
- Rhynchostegium muelleri A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium murale (Hedw.) Schimp.
- Rhynchostegium muriculatum (Hook. f. & Wilson) Reichardt
- Rhynchostegium mutatum (Ochyra & Vanderp.) Huttunen & Ignatov
- Rhynchostegium myosuroides (Brid.) De Not.
- Rhynchostegium nanopennatum (Broth.) Kindb.
- Rhynchostegium nanothecium Müll. Hal. ex Dixon
- Rhynchostegium nervosum (Kiaer ex Renauld) Broth. ex Cardot
- Rhynchostegium nigrescens Besch.
- Rhynchostegium oblongifolium Broth. & Watts
- Rhynchostegium obtusatum Broth.
- Rhynchostegium obtusifolium (Mitt.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium occultum Larraín, Huttunen, Ignatova & Ignatov[5]
- Rhynchostegium omocrates W.R. Buck
- Rhynchostegium ovalfolium S. Okamura
- Rhynchostegium oxyodon (Welw. & Duby) A. Gepp
- Rhynchostegium pallidifolium (Mitt.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium pallidius (Hampe) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium pampae (Müll. Hal.) Kindb.
- Rhynchostegium parvulum Broth.
- Rhynchostegium patulifolium Cardot & Thér.
- Rhynchostegium patulum A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium pectinatum (Mitt.) Paris
- Rhynchostegium pellucidum Dixon
- Rhynchostegium pendulum (Brid.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium peruviense (R.S. Williams) Ochyra
- Rhynchostegium pervilleanum (Schimp.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium philippinense (Duby) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium piliferum (Hedw.) De Not.
- Rhynchostegium pinnicaule (Müll. Hal.) Kindb.
- Rhynchostegium plagiotheciella Müll. Hal.
- Rhynchostegium planifolium Müll. Hal.
- Rhynchostegium planiusculum (Mitt.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium praecox (Hedw.) De Not.
- Rhynchostegium praelongum (Hedw.) De Not.
- Rhynchostegium pringlei Cardot
- Rhynchostegium pseudoconfertum (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium pseudodistans Cardot
- Rhynchostegium pseudomurale (Hampe) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium pseudoserrulatum (Kindb.) Kindb.
- Rhynchostegium psilopodium Ignatov & Huttunen
- Rhynchostegium pulchellum (Hedw.) H. Rob.
- Rhynchostegium pumilum (Wilson) De Not.
- Rhynchostegium raphidorrhynchum (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium recurvans (Michx.) Besch.
- Rhynchostegium revelstokense (Kindb.) Kindb.
- Rhynchostegium riparioides (Hedw.) Cardot
- Rhynchostegium rivale (Hampe) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium robustum W.R. Buck
- Rhynchostegium rotundifolium (Scop. ex Brid.) Schimp.
- Rhynchostegium royae (Austin) Renauld & Cardot
- Rhynchostegium ruvenzorense (Broth.) Paris
- Rhynchostegium santaiense (Broth. & Paris) Broth.
- Rhynchostegium sarcoblastum Broth. & Paris
- Rhynchostegium savatieri Paris
- Rhynchostegium scariosum (Taylor) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium selaginellifolium Müll. Hal.
- Rhynchostegium sellowii (Hornsch.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium semiscabrum (E.B. Bartram) H. Rob.
- Rhynchostegium semitortulum Kindb.
- Rhynchostegium semitortum A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium senodictyon (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium serpenticaule (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
- Rhynchostegium serrulatum (Hedw.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium shawii Hutsemekers & Vanderp.
- Rhynchostegium sinense (Broth. & Paris) Broth.
- Rhynchostegium sparsirameum (Geh. & Hampe) Paris
- Rhynchostegium stokesii (Turner) De Not.
- Rhynchostegium stramineoides (Sauerb.) Wijk & Margad.
- Rhynchostegium striatum (Schreb. ex Hedw.) De Not.
- Rhynchostegium strigosum (Hoffm. ex F. Weber & D. Mohr) De Not.
- Rhynchostegium strongylense (Bott.) W.R. Buck & Privitera
- Rhynchostegium styriacum (Limpr.) Kindb.
- Rhynchostegium subacutifolium (Müll. Hal. ex Geh.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium subbrachypterum Broth. & Bryhn
- Rhynchostegium subclavatum (Hampe) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium subconfertum (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium subenerve A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium submenadense Thér. & P. de la Varde
- Rhynchostegium subperspicuum (Müll. Hal.) Broth.
- Rhynchostegium subrectocarpum (Dixon) Vohra
- Rhynchostegium subrotundum (Hampe) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium subrusciforme (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium subserrulatum (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium subspeciosum (Müll. Hal.) Müll. Hal.
- Rhynchostegium subtrachypterum Bryhn ex P. Syd.
- Rhynchostegium surrectum (Mitt.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium taphrophilum Müll. Hal.
- Rhynchostegium tenellum (Dicks.) Schimp.
- Rhynchostegium tenuifolium (Hedw.) Reichardt
- Rhynchostegium tenuivagum (Broth.) Paris
- Rhynchostegium tocaremae (Hampe) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium trachynotum (Müll. Hal.) Kindb.
- Rhynchostegium trachypelma (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium trieblingii Müll. Hal.
- Rhynchostegium tubaronense Müll. Hal.
- Rhynchostegium ulicon (Taylor) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium validum (Herzog) Ochyra
- Rhynchostegium vitianum E.B. Bartram & Dixon
- Rhynchostegium volkensii (Broth.) Paris
- Rhynchostegium vriesei (Dozy & Molk.) A. Jaeger
- Rhynchostegium zeyheri (Spreng. ex Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger
References
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Rhynchostegium in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
- ^ a b Cezón, Katia; Muñoz, Jesús; Hedenäs, Lars; Huttunen, Sanna (1 March 2010). "Rhynchostegium confusum, a new species from the Iberian Peninsula and its relation to R. confertum based on morphological and molecular data". Journal of Bryology. 32 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1179/037366810X12578498135832. ISSN 0373-6687. S2CID 86836787.
- ^ a b JUAN BERNARDO LARRAÍN; SANNA HUTTUNEN; ELENA IGNATOVA; MICHAEL IGNATOV (23 July 2020). "Rhynchostegium occultum (Brachytheciaceae), a new species from relict forests of central Chile". Phytotaxa. 453 (3): 199–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.453.3.3. S2CID 225464571. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
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- ^ a b c Kato-Noguchi, Hisashi; Seki, Takahiro; Shigemori, Hideyuki (15 April 2010). "Allelopathy and allelopathic substance in the moss Rhynchostegium pallidifolium". Journal of Plant Physiology. 167 (6): 468–471. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2009.10.018. ISSN 0176-1617. PMID 20018404.
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- ^ Mouvet, Christophe; Claveri, Bruno (1 February 1999). "Localization of copper accumulated in Rhynchostegium riparioides using sequential chemical extraction". Aquatic Botany. 63 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1016/S0304-3770(98)00110-7. ISSN 0304-3770.
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- ^ "Search". www.worldfloraonline.org. Retrieved 9 April 2022.