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{{Short description|Lithuanian Roman Catholic noble}}
{{for|the 20th-century historian|Michal Giedroyc}}
{{for|the 20th-century historian|Michal Giedroyc}}
{{Infobox saint
{{Infobox saint
|image = File:Michał Giedrojc. Міхал Гедройц (A. Tarasievič, XVII).jpg
|image = File:Michał Giedrojc. Міхал Гедройц (A. Tarasievič, XVII).jpg
|caption = 17th-century engraving of Giedroyć
|caption = 17th-century engraving of Giedroyć
|name = [[Beatification|Blessed]]<br />Michał Giedroyć
|honorific_prefix= [[Beatification|Blessed]]
|name = Michał Giedroyć
|birth_date = {{circa|1425}}
|birth_date = {{circa|1425}}
|birth_place = [[Giedraičiai]], [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]
|birth_place = [[Giedraičiai]], [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]
|death_date = 4 May 1485 (aged 59–60)
|death_date = 4 May 1485 (aged 59–60)
|death_place = [[Kraków]], [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]]
|death_place = [[Kraków]], [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]]
|titles = Religious
|titles =
|venerated_in = [[Roman Catholic Church]]
|venerated_in = [[Roman Catholic Church]]
|feast_day = 4 May
|feast_day = [[4 May]]
|attributes = [[Crucifix]]
|attributes =
|patronage = {{unbulleted list|Sick and disabled|[[Sacristan|Sacristans]]|[[Pontifical University of John Paul II]]|{{ill|Congregation of the Sisters of Saint Hedwig|pl|Jadwiżanki wawelskie}}{{sfn|Katolicka Agencja Informacyjna|2019}}{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=36}}}}
|patronage = {{unbulleted list|Sick and disabled|[[Sacristan|Sacristans]]|[[Pontifical University of John Paul II]]|Congregation of the Sisters of Saint Hedwig{{sfn|Katolicka Agencja Informacyjna|2019}}{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=36}}}}
|beatified_date = 7 November 2018
|beatified_date = 7 November 2018
|beatified_place = [[Apostolic Palace]], [[Vatican City]]
|beatified_place = [[Apostolic Palace]], [[Vatican City]]
|beatified_by = [[Pope Francis]]
|beatified_by = [[Pope Francis]] }}
}}


'''Michał Giedroyć''' ({{lang-lt|Mykolas Giedraitis}}; {{circa|1425}} – 4 May 1485) was a [[Lithuanian nobility|Lithuanian]] [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] noble and [[Brother (Christian)|brother]] of the [[Canons Regular of the Penitence of the Blessed Martyrs]]. Giedroyć did not have any great accomplishments, but his life followed [[Devotio Moderna]], a movement calling for genuine pious practices such as humility, obedience, and simplicity of life.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=24}}
Blessed '''Michał Giedroyć''' ({{lang-lt|Mykolas Giedraitis}}; {{circa|1425}} – 4 May 1485) was a [[Lithuanian nobility|Lithuanian]] [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] noble and [[Brother (Christian)|brother]] of the [[Canons Regular of the Penitence of the Blessed Martyrs]]. Giedroyć did not have any great accomplishments, but his life followed the ''[[Devotio moderna]]'', a movement calling for genuine pious practices such as humility, obedience, and simplicity of life.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=24}}


Giedroyć was born to nobles in the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. One of his feet was paralyzed and he had to use crutches when walking. He later became a religious in the Canons Regular of the Penitence of the Blessed Martyrs, an [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] order. In 1460, he moved to [[Kraków]], [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]], where he received a university degree and remained until his death. He lived an austere life as a hermit in a hut attached to the {{ill|Church of St. Mark, Kraków|pl|Kościół św. Marka w Krakowie}} where he served as a [[sacristan]]. He practiced [[self-flagellation]]. He was said to have received a vision from [[Jesus Christ]] and to have the gift of [[prophesy]].
Giedroyć was born to a noble family in the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. One of his feet was paralyzed and he had to use crutches when walking. He later became a religious in the Canons Regular of the Penitence of the Blessed Martyrs, an [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] order. In 1460, he moved to [[Kraków]], [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]], where he received a university degree and remained until his death. He lived an austere life as a hermit in a hut attached to the Church of St. Mark, Kraków where he served as a [[sacristan]]. He practiced [[self-flagellation]]. He was said to have received a vision from [[Jesus Christ]] and to have the gift of [[prophesy]].


His cause for canonization was launched sometime after his death and his relics were raised and enshrined in 1624. However, the beatification stalled and was abandoned in the 17th century. The cause was revived in the 1980s and in 2001 he was recognized as a [[Servant of God]]. On 7 November 2018, [[Pope Francis]] authorized equipollent beatification upon him due to recognition of his longstanding local ''cultus'' (veneration).
The cause for his canonization was launched sometime after his death and his relics were raised and enshrined in 1624. However, the beatification stalled and was abandoned in the 17th century. The cause was revived in the 1980s and in 2001 he was recognized as a [[Servant of God]]. On 7 November 2018, [[Pope Francis]] authorized his equipollent beatification due to recognition of his longstanding local ''cultus'' (veneration).


==Life==
==Life==
Michał Giedroyć was born around 1420–1425 to the princely [[Giedroyć family]] of [[Lithuanian nobles]]. His place of birth is usually indicated as [[Giedraičiai]], but some researchers suggest it could be [[Videniškiai]].{{sfn|Giniūnienė|2004|p=124}}{{sfn|Rabikauskas|2002|p=196}} His year of birth is estimated based on his signature witnessing a donation by the [[Radziwiłł family]] to the Franciscans in Vilnius in 1439 – i.e. he had to be at least 15-years old.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=23}} The [[Christianization of Lithuania|Grand Duchy of Lithuania was officially converted to Catholicism]] only in 1387, making Giedroyć only the second generation to be baptized.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=23}}
Michał Giedroyć was born around 1420–1425 to the princely [[Giedroyć family]] of [[Lithuanian nobles]]. His place of birth is usually indicated as [[Giedraičiai]], but some researchers suggest it could be [[Videniškiai]].{{sfn|Giniūnienė|2004|p=124}}{{sfn|Rabikauskas|2002|p=196}} His year of birth is not known and is estimated based on his signature witnessing a donation by the [[Radziwiłł family]] to the Franciscans in Vilnius in 1439 – i.e. he had to be at least 15-years old.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=23}} The [[Christianization of Lithuania|Grand Duchy of Lithuania was officially converted to Catholicism]] only in 1387, making Giedroyć only the second generation to be baptized.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=23}}


He suffered from frail health including lower than average height. A childhood accident left one of his feet paralyzed and he had to use crutches.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=25}} Later examination of his remains revealed one of his legs was much shorter than the other.{{sfn|Zabielski}} His disability likely influenced his later hermit tendencies and his devotion to [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucified Christ]].{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|pp=25–26}} He did not want to be a burden and wanted to serve others. Therefore, he started making likely wooden boxes for the [[Eucharist]] that could be bought to the sick in their homes.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|pp=27–28}}
He suffered from frail health including lower than average height. A childhood accident left one of his feet paralyzed and he had to use crutches.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=25}} Later examination of his remains revealed one of his legs was much shorter than the other.{{sfn|Zabielski|2015}} His disability likely influenced his later hermit tendencies and his devotion to [[Crucifixion of Jesus|crucified Christ]].{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|pp=25–26}} He did not want to be a burden and wanted to serve others. Therefore, he started making boxes (most likely from wood) for the [[Eucharist]] that could be brought to the sick in their homes.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|pp=27–28}}
[[File:Michał Giedrojc. Міхал Гедройц.jpg|thumb|left|Painting of Giedroyć from [[Videniškiai]] with silver plated [[riza]] from mid-18th century{{sfn|Giniūnienė|2015}}]]
[[File:Michał Giedrojc. Міхал Гедройц.jpg|thumb|left|Painting of Giedroyć from [[Videniškiai]] with silver plated [[riza]] from mid-18th century{{sfn|Giniūnienė|2015}}]]
He joined the [[Canons Regular of the Penitence of the Blessed Martyrs]], an [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] order that had a convent in {{ill|Bystryca|be|Быстрыца (Астравецкі раён)}} in present-day Belarus.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=29}} They wore a white robe with a symbol of a red heart in front and thus were known as the White Augustinians.{{sfn|Giniūnienė|2015}} In 1460, together with the [[general superior]] of an Augustinian monastery and several other novices, he left for [[Kraków]] and the following year enrolled into the [[Jagiellonian University]]. He studied the [[liberal arts]] and graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1465.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=30}} However, Lithuanian researcher {{ill|Paulius Rabikauskas|de|lt}} argued that the university records related to a different person as his early hagiographies (written by university professors) mentioned nothing about his university education and student lists were publicized by [[Albert Wijuk Kojałowicz]] in 1650.{{sfn|Rabikauskas|2002|p=199}} He became close friends with the {{ill|Świętosław Milczący|pl}} and also knew fellow Augustinian {{ill|Izajasz Boner|pl}}. His contemporaries in Kraków included [[John Cantius]], [[Stanisław Kazimierczyk]], [[Szymon of Lipnica]], and [[Ladislas of Gielniów]]. The group was said to bring ''Felix saeculum Cracoviae'' (the happy age of Krakow).{{sfn|Swierzawski|1985|pp=403–404, 414–415}}
He joined the [[Canons Regular of the Penitence of the Blessed Martyrs]], an [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] order that had a convent in Bystryca in present-day Belarus.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=29}} They wore a white robe with a symbol of a red heart in front and thus were known as the White Augustinians.{{sfn|Giniūnienė|2015}} In 1460, together with the [[general superior]] of an Augustinian monastery and several other novices, he left for [[Kraków]] and the following year enrolled into the [[Jagiellonian University]]. He studied the [[liberal arts]] and graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1465.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=30}} However, Lithuanian researcher Paulius Rabikauskas argued that the university records related to a different person by the same name as his early hagiographies (written by university professors) mentioned nothing about his university education until student lists were publicized by [[Albert Wijuk Kojałowicz]] in 1650.{{sfn|Rabikauskas|2002|p=199}} He became close friends with Świętosław Milczący and also knew fellow Augustinian Izajasz Boner. His contemporaries in Kraków included holy men [[John Cantius]], [[Stanisław Kazimierczyk]], [[Szymon of Lipnica]], and [[Ladislas of Gielniów]]. The group was said to bring ''Felix saeculum Cracoviae'' (the happy age of Krakow).{{sfn|Swierzawski|1985|pp=403–404, 414–415}}


After his studies, Giedroyć became a [[sacristan]] at the {{ill|Church of St. Mark, Kraków|pl|Kościół św. Marka w Krakowie}}. He received permission from his superiors to live as a hermit in a tiny hut attached to the church.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|pp=31–32}} He was not [[Ordination in the Catholic Church|ordained]] to the [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|priesthood]] and remained a [[Brother (Christian)|religious brother]] helping clean, maintain, and decorate the church. He lived a reclusive and austere life and practiced [[Mortification in Roman Catholic teaching|mortifications]] and [[self-flagellation]]. Attracted by his charism, people started seeking out Giedroyć for his advice and prayer as they believed that he could prophesy.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|pp=32–33, 35}} He ate poorly, refusing meat and often fasting on bread and salt alone.{{sfn|Swierzawski|1985|p=417}} He most frequently prayed to the [[crucifix]] and image of the [[Madonna (art)|Madonna]].{{sfn|Swierzawski|1985|p=404}} The image of the Madonna is now known as the Madonna Giedroyciowa or Matka Boska Giedroyciowa.{{sfn|Swierzawski|1985|p=422}}{{sfn|Zabielski}} His prayers to Christ were so intense that he is said to have received a vision and heard Christ speak from the cross. According to a latter tradition, Christ spoke the words from the [[Revelation 2]]: ''Be faithful until death, and I will give you the crown of life''.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|pp=32–33}} The crucifix now hangs in the main altar of the church.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=32}}
After his studies, Giedroyć became a [[sacristan]] at the Church of St. Mark. He received permission from his superiors to live as a hermit in a tiny hut attached to the church.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|pp=31–32}} He was not [[Ordination in the Catholic Church|ordained]] as a [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|priest]] and remained a [[Brother (Christian)|religious brother]] helping clean, maintain, and decorate the church. He lived a reclusive and austere life and practiced [[Mortification in Roman Catholic teaching|mortifications]] and [[self-flagellation]]. Attracted by his [[charism]], people started seeking out Giedroyć for his advice and prayer as they believed that he could prophesy.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|pp=32–33, 35}} He ate poorly, refusing meat and often fasting on bread and salt alone.{{sfn|Swierzawski|1985|p=417}} He most frequently prayed to the [[crucifix]] and image of the [[Madonna (art)|Madonna]].{{sfn|Swierzawski|1985|p=404}} The image of the Madonna is now known as the Madonna Giedroyciowa or Matka Boska Giedroyciowa.{{sfn|Swierzawski|1985|p=422}}{{sfn|Zabielski|2015}} His prayers to Christ were so intense that he is said to have received a vision and heard Christ speak from the cross. According to a latter tradition, Christ spoke the words from the [[Revelation 2]]: ''Be faithful until death, and I will give you the crown of life''.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|pp=32–33}} The crucifix now hangs in the main altar of the church.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=32}}


Giedroyć died in 1485 and his remains were interred in the Church of Saint Mark. He was buried in the [[Chancel|presbytery]], on the left to the main altar. According to his hagiography, the message to bury him in such a prominent place was delivered by {{ill|Świętosław Milczący|pl}}.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=36}}
Giedroyć died in 1485 and his remains were interred in the Church of Saint Mark. He was buried in the [[Chancel|presbytery]], on the left to the main altar. According to his hagiography, the divine message to bury him in such a prominent place was delivered by Świętosław Milczący.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=36}}


==Veneration and miracles==
==Veneration and miracles==
[[File:Michał Giedrojc. Міхал Гедройц (XVII) (3).jpg|thumb|300px|Painting of Giedroyć's vision with twelve scenes from his life and of other miracles]]
[[File:Michał Giedrojc. Міхал Гедройц (XVII) (3).jpg|thumb|300px|Painting of Giedroyć's vision with twelve scenes from his life and of other miracles]]


The first mention of Giedroyć and his pious life comes from ''Chronica Polonorum'' written by [[Maciej Miechowita]] in 1519. A complete [[hagiography]] was written by {{ill|Jan of Trzciana|pl|Jan z Trzciany}}, a professor at the [[Jagiellonian University]], in 1544. Published in 1605 in Latin and in 1615 in Polish, it remains the main source of information on Giedroyć's life.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=22}} There is evidence that there was an earlier manuscript written right after Giedroyć's death but it was burned in a church fire in 1494 or 1520.{{sfn|Swierzawski|1985|p=405}} His grave was first opened in 1521 and his remains were found in good condition.{{sfn|Swierzawski|1985|p=404}}{{sfn|Prašmantaitė|2019}} The first known [[votive offering|votive painting]] is from 1521. It was gifted by a city resident in gratitude for reviving her stillborn child and depicted the miracle. In 1614–1615, five soldiers of the [[Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)]] left votive paintings in gratitude for surviving the war.{{sfn|Śnieżyńska-Stolot|Krzysztofowicz-Kozakowska|1989|p=109}} Researchers count five published biographies of Giedroyć in the 17th century, eight in the 18th century, and fourteen in the 19th century.{{sfn|Swierzawski|1985|p=406}}
The first mention of Giedroyć and his pious life comes from ''Chronica Polonorum'' written by [[Maciej Miechowita]] in 1519. A complete [[hagiography]] was written by Jan of Trzciana, a professor at the [[Jagiellonian University]], in 1544. Published in 1605 in Latin and in 1615 in Polish, it remains the main source of information on Giedroyć's life.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=22}} There is evidence that there was an earlier manuscript written right after Giedroyć's death but it was lost in a church fire in 1494 or 1520.{{sfn|Swierzawski|1985|p=405}} Researchers count five published biographies of Giedroyć in the 17th century, eight in the 18th century, and fourteen in the 19th century.{{sfn|Swierzawski|1985|p=406}}


His grave was first opened in 1521 and his remains were found in good condition.{{sfn|Swierzawski|1985|p=404}}{{sfn|Prašmantaitė|2019}} The first known [[votive offering|votive painting]] is from 1521. It was gifted by a city resident in gratitude for reviving her stillborn child and depicted the miracle. In 1614–1615, five soldiers of the [[Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)]] left votive paintings in gratitude for surviving the war.{{sfn|Śnieżyńska-Stolot|Krzysztofowicz-Kozakowska|1989|p=109}}
⚫
His tomb was reopened again on 4 June 1624 and his [[Translation (relic)|relics were translated]] to a new [[sarcophagus]] suitable for public veneration on 11 August 1625.{{sfn|Śnieżyńska-Stolot|Krzysztofowicz-Kozakowska|1989|pp=109, 111}} A late Renaissance tomb which survives to this day was built at the same time.{{sfn|Giniūnienė|2004|p=125}} In 1624, a large painting was completed depicting key scenes from Giedroyć's life. The central part depicts the key miracle – the message from the crucified Jesus. In a window behind him, there are burning houses and people rushing away – a reference to the tradition confirmed by Miechowita that Giedroyć was an effective patron from fires.{{sfn|Śnieżyńska-Stolot|Krzysztofowicz-Kozakowska|1989|p=110}} Twelve smaller scenes illustrate episodes from his life on the left and miracles attributed to him on the right. These episodes include the miraculous rescue of the church of St. Mark from a fire, satanic torture that Giedroyć experienced during his prayers, prophesying to city residents.{{sfn|Śnieżyńska-Stolot|Krzysztofowicz-Kozakowska|1989|pp=110–111}} His posthumous miracles include the message delivered by Świętosław Milczący regarding the proper burial place for Giedroyć, healing Katarzyna Rybarka (she was a [[Demonic possession|possessed]] woman and it was the first recorded posthumous miracle attributed to Giedroyć), saving two young boys from drowning (a son of a Hungarian merchant who drowned in the [[Danube]] and a boy in the village of [[Spytkowice, Wadowice County|Spytkowice]]), and reviving a stillborn child. At the bottom, there are portraits of six other holy men who were Giedroyć's contemporaries in Kraków.{{sfn|Śnieżyńska-Stolot|Krzysztofowicz-Kozakowska|1989|pp=110–111}}


⚫
His tomb was reopened again on 4 June 1624 and his [[Translation (relic)|relics were translated]] to a new [[sarcophagus]] suitable for public veneration on 11 August 1625.{{sfn|Śnieżyńska-Stolot|Krzysztofowicz-Kozakowska|1989|pp=109, 111}} A late Renaissance tomb which survives to this day was built at the same time.{{sfn|Giniūnienė|2004|p=125}} In 1624, a large painting was completed depicting key scenes from Giedroyć's life. The central part depicts the key miracle – the message from the crucified Jesus. In a window behind him, there are burning houses and people rushing away – a reference to the tradition confirmed by Miechowita that Giedroyć was a protector from fires.{{sfn|Śnieżyńska-Stolot|Krzysztofowicz-Kozakowska|1989|p=110}} Twelve smaller scenes illustrate episodes from his life on the left and miracles attributed to him on the right. These episodes include the miraculous rescue of the church of St. Mark from a fire, satanic torture that Giedroyć experienced during his prayers, and prophesying to city residents.{{sfn|Śnieżyńska-Stolot|Krzysztofowicz-Kozakowska|1989|pp=110–111}} His posthumous miracles include the message delivered by Świętosław Milczący regarding the proper burial place for Giedroyć, healing of Katarzyna Rybarka (she was a [[Demonic possession|possessed]] woman and it was the first recorded posthumous miracle attributed to Giedroyć), saving two young boys from drowning (a son of a Hungarian merchant who drowned in the [[Danube]] and a boy in the village of [[Spytkowice, Wadowice County|Spytkowice]]), and reviving a stillborn child. At the bottom, there are portraits of six other holy men who were Giedroyć's contemporaries in Kraków.{{sfn|Śnieżyńska-Stolot|Krzysztofowicz-Kozakowska|1989|pp=110–111}}
⚫
His cult continued to center in Poland and particularly Kraków, but also spread to Lithuania in the 17–18th centuries.{{sfn|Giniūnienė|2015}} Paintings of him can be found in churches of [[Videniškiai]], [[Giedraičiai]], and [[Tverečius]]. His paintings were mentioned in church records but do not survive in [[Veliuona]], [[Jūžintai]], and [[Papilys]].{{sfn|Giniūnienė|2004|p=123}} The church in Videniškiai was founded by his relatives, voivode {{ill|Martynas Marcelis Giedraitis|lt}} and bishop [[Merkelis Giedraitis]]. In 1617, Martynas Marcelis also founded a monastery of the Canons Regular of the Penitence in Videniškiai.{{sfn|Giniūnienė|2004|p=128}} The painting of Giedroyć originally hung in a chapel-mausoleum where members of the [[Giedroyć family]] were interned.{{sfn|Giniūnienė|2004|p=128}} In September 2019, a relic of Giedroyć was solemnly installed in the {{ill|Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Vilnius|ru|Костёл Вознесения Пресвятой Девы Марии (Вильнюс)}}, by Archbishop [[Gintaras Grušas]].{{sfn|Made in Vilnius|2019}}

⚫
His cult continued to center in Poland and particularly Kraków, but also spread to Lithuania in the 17–18th centuries.{{sfn|Giniūnienė|2015}} Paintings of him can be found in churches of [[Videniškiai]], [[Giedraičiai]], and [[Tverečius]]. His paintings were mentioned in church records but do not survive in [[Veliuona]], [[Jūžintai]], and [[Papilys]].{{sfn|Giniūnienė|2004|p=123}} The church in Videniškiai was founded by his relatives, Martynas Marcelis Giedraitis| and Bishop [[Merkelis Giedraitis]]. In 1617, Martynas Marcelis also founded a monastery of the Canons Regular of the Penitence in Videniškiai.{{sfn|Giniūnienė|2004|p=128}} The painting of Giedroyć originally hung in a chapel-mausoleum where members of the [[Giedroyć family]] were interred.{{sfn|Giniūnienė|2004|p=128}} In September 2019, a relic of Giedroyć was solemnly installed in the [[Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Vilnius]], by Archbishop [[Gintaras Grušas]].{{sfn|Made in Vilnius|2019}}


==Beatification==
==Beatification==
[[File:Faelix Saeculum Cracoviae.JPG|thumb|''Faelix Saeculum Cracoviae'': holy men who lived in Kraków in the 15th century. Giedroyć is on the left]]
[[File:Faelix Saeculum Cracoviae.JPG|thumb|''Faelix Saeculum Cracoviae'': holy men who lived in Kraków in the 15th century. Giedroyć is on the left]]
Giedroyć's burial in the [[Chancel|presbytery]] might be an indication of plans for his beatification already at the time of his death.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=36}} However, the [[Protestant Reformation]] attacked the cult of saints and there were no new canonizations between 1523 and 1588.{{sfn|Ahlgren|1998|p=145}} Cardinal [[Jerzy Radziwiłł (1556–1600)|Jerzy Radziwiłł]] (1556–1600) investigated the possibility of his canonization.{{sfn|Giniūnienė|2004|p=124}} 1620s saw a surge in his veneration, but [[Pope Urban VIII]] issued a decree in March 1625 that codified rules of beatification and restricted certain signs of veneration or holiness (e.g. depiction of [[Halo (religious iconography)|haloes]]) only to those who were officially beatified or canonized. In 1634, the pope further removed bishops' right to beatify people and reserved it to the pope. It is likely that Giedroyć's beatification efforts were abandoned because of these new rules.{{sfn|Prašmantaitė|2019}}{{sfn|Misztal|1985|pp=428, 431}} His congregation, the Canons Regular of the Penitence, declined and was suppressed by the authorities of the [[Russian Empire]] in 1832.{{sfn|Jagminas|2018}}
Giedroyć's burial in the [[Chancel|presbytery]] might be an indication of plans for his beatification already at the time of his death.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=36}} However, the [[Protestant Reformation]] attacked the cult of saints and there were no new canonizations between 1523 and 1588.{{sfn|Ahlgren|1998|p=145}} Cardinal [[Jerzy Radziwiłł (1556–1600)|Jerzy Radziwiłł]] (1556–1600) investigated the possibility of his canonization.{{sfn|Giniūnienė|2004|p=124}} The 1620s saw a surge in his veneration, but [[Pope Urban VIII]] issued a decree in March 1625 that codified rules of beatification and restricted certain signs of veneration or holiness (e.g. depiction of [[Halo (religious iconography)|haloes]]) only to those who were officially beatified or canonized. In 1634, the pope further removed bishops' right to beatify people and reserved it to the pope. It is likely that Giedroyć's beatification efforts were abandoned because of these new rules.{{sfn|Prašmantaitė|2019}}{{sfn|Misztal|1985|pp=428, 431}} His congregation, the Canons Regular of the Penitence, declined and was suppressed by the authorities of the [[Russian Empire]] in 1832.{{sfn|Jagminas|2018}}


The cult of Giedroyć was revived in 1980s largely due to efforts of [[Wacław Świerzawski]] who became rector of St. Mark's in 1968. He organized a small sanctuary known as Giedroycianum and regular masses in Giedroyć's honor.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=36}} The sanctuary consists of three rooms: the Hall of Roots with memorabilia of the Canons Regular of the Penitence, the White Room with a Gothic and Renaissance triptych from 1520 which depicts Giedroyć with [[Saint Casimir|Casimir Jagiellon]] before the Mother of God, and a chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Giedroyć (Matka Boska Giedroyciowa).{{sfn|Zabielski}}{{sfn|Woźniak}} The 500th anniversary of Giedroyć's death in 1985 was marked with a large ceremony presided by Cardinal [[Józef Glemp]] at the [[St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków]]. [[Pope John Paul II]] sent a letter supporting renewed interest in Giedroyć.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=36}} His beatification case was re-launched by Cardinal [[Franciszek Macharski]] alongside fellow Cardinals [[Józef Glemp]] and [[Henryk Gulbinowicz]]. The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kraków|Kraków Archdiocese]] closed the diocesan stage on 24 April 1998.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=37}} Giedroyć became a Servant of God on 27 July 2001 after the [[Congregation for the Causes of Saints]] (CCS) issued the "[[nihil obstat]]" (no objections) decree which meant the beatification cause could go ahead. In 2017, the postulation submitted the ''[[positio]]'' dossier to the CCS for further assessment.{{sfn|Katolicka Agencja Informacyjna|2019}} On 7 November 2018, [[Pope Francis]] beatified him and authorized the CCS to promulgate the decree on his [[heroic virtue]]s and on the confirmation of his cult since time immemorial (i.e. equipollent beatification which is used when a canonical process is not possible due to the lack of sufficient historical sources).{{sfn|Katolicka Agencja Informacyjna|2019}}{{sfn|Congregazione delle Cause dei Santi}}
The cult of Giedroyć was revived in 1980s largely due to the efforts of [[Wacław Świerzawski]] who became rector of St. Mark's in 1968. He organized a small sanctuary known as Giedroycianum and regular masses in Giedroyć's honor.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=36}} The sanctuary consists of three rooms: the Hall of Roots with memorabilia of the Canons Regular of the Penitence, the White Room with a Gothic and Renaissance triptych from 1520 which depicts Giedroyć with [[Saint Casimir|Casimir Jagiellon]] before the Mother of God, and a chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Giedroyć (''Matka Boska Giedroyciowa'').{{sfn|Zabielski|2015}}{{sfn|Woźniak}} The 500th anniversary of Giedroyć's death in 1985 was marked with a large ceremony presided by Cardinal [[Józef Glemp]] at the [[St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków]]. [[Pope John Paul II]] sent a letter supporting renewed interest in Giedroyć.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=36}} The beatification case was re-launched by Cardinal [[Franciszek Macharski]] alongside fellow Cardinals [[Józef Glemp]] and [[Henryk Gulbinowicz]]. The [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kraków|Kraków Archdiocese]] closed the diocesan stage on 24 April 1998.{{sfn|Sielepin|2018|p=37}} Giedroyć became a [[Servant of God]] on 27 July 2001 after the [[Congregation for the Causes of Saints]] (CCS) issued the ''[[nihil obstat]]'' (no objections) decree which meant the beatification process could go ahead. In 2017, the postulation submitted the ''[[positio]]'' dossier to the CCS for further assessment.{{sfn|Katolicka Agencja Informacyjna|2019}} On 7 November 2018, [[Pope Francis]] beatified him and authorized the CCS to promulgate the decree on his [[heroic virtue]]s and on the confirmation of his cult since time immemorial (i.e. equipollent beatification which is used when the canonical process is not possible due to the lack of sufficient historical sources).{{sfn|Katolicka Agencja Informacyjna|2019}}{{sfn|Congregazione delle Cause dei Santi}}


==References==
==References==
;In-line
{{Reflist|20em}}
{{Reflist|20em}}


;Bibliography
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |first= Gillian T. W. |last=Ahlgren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQamgE0fFs0C&pg=PA145 |title=Teresa of Avila and the Politics of Sanctity |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1998 |isbn=9780801485725 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |first= Gillian T. W. |last=Ahlgren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQamgE0fFs0C&pg=PA145 |title=Teresa of Avila and the Politics of Sanctity |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1998 |isbn=9780801485725 }}
*{{cite web |author=Congregazione delle Cause dei Santi |title=Decreti Pubblicati nel 2018 |url=http://www.causesanti.va/it/archivio-della-congregazione-cause-santi/promulgazione-di-decreti/decreti-pubblicati-nel-2018.html |lang=it |ref=harv |accessdate=1 January 2020}}
*{{cite web |author=Congregazione delle Cause dei Santi |title=Decreti Pubblicati nel 2018 |url=http://www.causesanti.va/it/archivio-della-congregazione-cause-santi/promulgazione-di-decreti/decreti-pubblicati-nel-2018.html |lang=it |access-date=1 January 2020}}
*{{cite journal |first=Asta |last= Giniūnienė |title=Dievo tarno Mykolo Giedraičio ikonografija |volume=35. Pirmavaizdis ir kartotė: Vaizdinių transformacijos tyrimai |journal=Acta Academiae Artium Vilnensis |year=2004 |issn=1392-0316 |url=https://etalpykla.lituanistikadb.lt/object/LT-LDB-0001:J.04~2004~1367161981152/J.04~2004~1367161981152.pdf |ref=harv| lang=lt}}
*{{cite journal |first=Asta |last= Giniūnienė |title=Palaimintasis Mykolas Giedraitis |url=https://www.magnificat.lt/palaimintasis-mykolas-giedraitis-2/ |journal=Magnificat |date=May 2015 |volume=5 |issue=63 |ref=harv| lang=lt |accessdate=31 December 2019}}
*{{cite journal |first=Asta |last= Giniūnienė |title=Dievo tarno Mykolo Giedraičio ikonografija |volume=35. Pirmavaizdis ir kartotė: Vaizdinių transformacijos tyrimai |journal=Acta Academiae Artium Vilnensis |year=2004 |issn=1392-0316 |url=https://etalpykla.lituanistikadb.lt/object/LT-LDB-0001:J.04~2004~1367161981152/J.04~2004~1367161981152.pdf | lang=lt}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |first=Leonardas |last=Jagminas |date=2018-08-01 |url=https://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/atgailos-kanauninkai-66335 |title=atgailos kanauninkai |encyclopedia=[[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] |publisher=Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras | ref=harv |lang=lt}}
*{{cite journal |first=Asta |last= Giniūnienė |title=Palaimintasis Mykolas Giedraitis |url=https://www.magnificat.lt/palaimintasis-mykolas-giedraitis-2/ |journal=Magnificat |date=May 2015 |volume=5 |issue=63 | lang=lt |access-date=31 December 2019}}
⚫
*{{cite encyclopedia |first=Leonardas |last=Jagminas |date=2018-08-01 |url=https://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/atgailos-kanauninkai-66335 |title=atgailos kanauninkai |encyclopedia=[[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] |publisher=Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras |lang=lt}}
*{{cite web |author=Katolicka Agencja Informacyjna |title=Dziękczynienie za beatyfikację Bł. Michała Giedroycia |date=8 June 2019 |url=https://ekai.pl/cierpliwy-az-do-smierci-dzis-w-krakowie-dziekczynienie-za-beatyfikacje-bl-michala-giedroycia/ |ref=harv | lang=pl |accessdate=1 January 2020}}
*{{cite web| author=Made in Vilnius |title=Palaimintojo Mykolo Giedraičio relikvijos atkeliauja į Vilnių |url=https://madeinvilnius.lt/naujienos/gyvenimas/palaimintojo-mykolo-giedraicio-relikvijos-atkeliauja-i-vilniu/ |date=15 September 2019 |publisher=Naujosios medijos grupė |lang=lt |ref=harv |accessdate=1 January 2020}}
*{{cite web |author=Katolicka Agencja Informacyjna |title=Dziękczynienie za beatyfikację Bł. Michała Giedroycia |date=8 June 2019 |url=https://ekai.pl/cierpliwy-az-do-smierci-dzis-w-krakowie-dziekczynienie-za-beatyfikacje-bl-michala-giedroycia/ | lang=pl |access-date=1 January 2020}}
*{{cite web| author=Made in Vilnius |title=Palaimintojo Mykolo Giedraičio relikvijos atkeliauja į Vilnių |url=https://madeinvilnius.lt/naujienos/gyvenimas/palaimintojo-mykolo-giedraicio-relikvijos-atkeliauja-i-vilniu/ |date=15 September 2019 |publisher=Naujosios medijos grupė |lang=lt |access-date=1 January 2020}}
*{{cite journal |first=Henryk |last=Misztal |title=Sprawa beatyfikacji Michała Giedroycia|year=1985 |journal=Analecta Cracoviensia |volume=XVII |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331361774_Sprawa_beatyfikacji_Michala_Giedroycia |issn=2391-6842 |doi=10.15633/acr.3242 |lang=pl |ref=harv|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |first=Henryk |last=Misztal |title=Sprawa beatyfikacji Michała Giedroycia|year=1985 |journal=Analecta Cracoviensia |volume=XVII |page=427 |url=https://czasopisma.upjp2.edu.pl/analectacracoviensia/article/download/3242/3107 |issn=2391-6842 |doi=10.15633/acr.3242 |lang=pl |doi-access=free }}
⚫
*{{cite encyclopedia |first=Aldona |last=Prašmantaitė |date=2019-05-29 |origyear=2004 |url=https://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/Mykolas-Giedraitis-43945 |title=Mykolas Giedraitis |encyclopedia=[[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] |publisher=Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras | ref=harv |lang=lt}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |first=Aldona |last=Prašmantaitė |date=2019-05-29 |orig-year=2004 |url=https://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/Mykolas-Giedraitis-43945 |title=Mykolas Giedraitis |encyclopedia=[[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] |publisher=Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras |lang=lt}}
*{{cite book |first=Paulius |last=Rabikauskas |title=Krikščioniškoji Lietuva |publisher=Aidai |year=2002 |isbn=9955-445-36-X | ref=harv |lang=lt}}
*{{cite journal |first=Adelajda |last=Sielepin |title=Michael Giedrojć (1420?–1485): A Christian of Timeless Spirituality. Before His Beatification |url=https://etalpykla.lituanistikadb.lt/object/LT-LDB-0001:J.04~2018~1523341135157/J.04~2018~1523341135157.pdf |journal=Soter |year=2018 |volume=65 |issue=93 |issn=2335-8785 |doi=10.7220/2335-8785.65(93).2 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |first=Paulius |last=Rabikauskas |title=Krikščioniškoji Lietuva |publisher=Aidai |year=2002 |isbn=9955-445-36-X |lang=lt}}
*{{cite journal |first=Adelajda |last=Sielepin |title=Michael Giedrojć (1420?–1485): A Christian of Timeless Spirituality. Before His Beatification |url=https://etalpykla.lituanistikadb.lt/object/LT-LDB-0001:J.04~2018~1523341135157/J.04~2018~1523341135157.pdf |journal=Soter |year=2018 |volume=65 |issue=93 |pages=21–40 |issn=2335-8785 |doi=10.7220/2335-8785.65(93).2 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |first1=Ewa |last1=Śnieżyńska-Stolot |first2=Stefania |last2=Krzysztofowicz-Kozakowska |title=Obrazki wotywne przy grobie Michała Giedroycia |journal=Nasza Przeszłość: studia z dziejów Kościoła i kultury katolickiej w Polsce |volume=71 |year=1989 |lang=pl |ref=harv |issn=0137-3218 |url=http://naszaprzeszlosc.pl/files/tom071_06.pdf}}
*{{cite journal |first1=Ewa |last1=Śnieżyńska-Stolot |first2=Stefania |last2=Krzysztofowicz-Kozakowska |title=Obrazki wotywne przy grobie Michała Giedroycia |journal=Nasza Przeszłość: Studia z dziejów Kościoła i kultury katolickiej w Polsce |volume=71 |year=1989 |lang=pl |issn=0137-3218 |url=http://naszaprzeszlosc.pl/files/tom071_06.pdf}}
*{{cite journal |first=Wacław |last=Swierzawski |title=Michał Giedroyć (1425–1485). Życie i duchowość |year=1985 |journal=Analecta Cracoviensia |volume=XVII |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331361817_Michal_Giedroyc_1425-1485_Zycie_i_duchowosc |issn=2391-6842 |doi=10.15633/acr.3241 |lang=pl |ref=harv|doi-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |first=Wacław |last=Swierzawski |title=Michał Giedroyć (1425–1485). Życie i duchowość |year=1985 |journal=Analecta Cracoviensia |volume=XVII |page=401 |url=https://czasopisma.upjp2.edu.pl/analectacracoviensia/article/download/3241/3106 |issn=2391-6842 |doi=10.15633/acr.3241 |lang=pl |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite web |first=Krystyna |last=Woźniak |title=Giedroycianum |publisher=Bractwo Świętej Zofii czyli Mądrości Bożej|url=http://bractwozofii.pl/historycznie/przewodnik/ |ref=harv | lang=pl |accessdate=1 January 2020}}
*{{cite web |first=Krystyna |last=Woźniak |title=Giedroycianum |publisher=Bractwo Świętej Zofii czyli Mądrości Bożej|url=http://bractwozofii.pl/historycznie/przewodnik/ | lang=pl |access-date=1 January 2020}}
*{{cite web |first=Wojciech |last=Zabielski |title=Michał Giedroyć zw. błogosławionym | url=http://krakow-przewodnik.com.pl/zwyczajni-wielcy-swieci/michal-giedroyc-zw-blogoslawionym/ |website=Przewodnik Kraków |ref=harv | lang=pl |accessdate=1 January 2020}}
*{{cite web |first=Wojciech |last=Zabielski |title=Michał Giedroyć zw. błogosławionym | url=http://krakow-przewodnik.com.pl/zwyczajni-wielcy-swieci/michal-giedroyc-zw-blogoslawionym/ |website=Przewodnik Kraków |date=12 November 2015 | lang=pl |access-date=1 January 2020}}
{{refend}}


==External links==
==External links==
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[[Category:1485 deaths]]
[[Category:1485 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century Lithuanian people]]
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[[Category:15th-century Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:15th-century venerated Christians]]
[[Category:15th-century venerated Christians]]
[[Category:Beatifications by Pope Francis]]
[[Category:Beatifications by Pope Francis]]

Latest revision as of 23:13, 20 February 2024

For the 20th-century historian, see Michal Giedroyc.
Blessed

Michał Giedroyć
17th-century engraving of Giedroyć
Bornc. 1425
Giedraičiai, Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Died4 May 1485 (aged 59–60)
Kraków, Kingdom of Poland
Venerated inRoman Catholic Church
Beatified7 November 2018, Apostolic Palace, Vatican City by Pope Francis
Feast4 May
Patronage

Blessed Michał Giedroyć (Lithuanian: Mykolas Giedraitis; c. 1425 – 4 May 1485) was a Lithuanian Roman Catholic noble and brother of the Canons Regular of the Penitence of the Blessed Martyrs. Giedroyć did not have any great accomplishments, but his life followed the Devotio moderna, a movement calling for genuine pious practices such as humility, obedience, and simplicity of life.[3]

Giedroyć was born to a noble family in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. One of his feet was paralyzed and he had to use crutches when walking. He later became a religious in the Canons Regular of the Penitence of the Blessed Martyrs, an Augustinian order. In 1460, he moved to Kraków, Kingdom of Poland, where he received a university degree and remained until his death. He lived an austere life as a hermit in a hut attached to the Church of St. Mark, Kraków where he served as a sacristan. He practiced self-flagellation. He was said to have received a vision from Jesus Christ and to have the gift of prophesy.

The cause for his canonization was launched sometime after his death and his relics were raised and enshrined in 1624. However, the beatification stalled and was abandoned in the 17th century. The cause was revived in the 1980s and in 2001 he was recognized as a Servant of God. On 7 November 2018, Pope Francis authorized his equipollent beatification due to recognition of his longstanding local cultus (veneration).

Life[edit]

Michał Giedroyć was born around 1420–1425 to the princely Giedroyć family of Lithuanian nobles. His place of birth is usually indicated as Giedraičiai, but some researchers suggest it could be Videniškiai.[4][5] His year of birth is not known and is estimated based on his signature witnessing a donation by the Radziwiłł family to the Franciscans in Vilnius in 1439 – i.e. he had to be at least 15-years old.[6] The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was officially converted to Catholicism only in 1387, making Giedroyć only the second generation to be baptized.[6]

He suffered from frail health including lower than average height. A childhood accident left one of his feet paralyzed and he had to use crutches.[7] Later examination of his remains revealed one of his legs was much shorter than the other.[8] His disability likely influenced his later hermit tendencies and his devotion to crucified Christ.[9] He did not want to be a burden and wanted to serve others. Therefore, he started making boxes (most likely from wood) for the Eucharist that could be brought to the sick in their homes.[10]

Painting of Giedroyć from Videniškiai with silver plated riza from mid-18th century[11]

He joined the Canons Regular of the Penitence of the Blessed Martyrs, an Augustinian order that had a convent in Bystryca in present-day Belarus.[12] They wore a white robe with a symbol of a red heart in front and thus were known as the White Augustinians.[11] In 1460, together with the general superior of an Augustinian monastery and several other novices, he left for Kraków and the following year enrolled into the Jagiellonian University. He studied the liberal arts and graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1465.[13] However, Lithuanian researcher Paulius Rabikauskas argued that the university records related to a different person by the same name as his early hagiographies (written by university professors) mentioned nothing about his university education until student lists were publicized by Albert Wijuk Kojałowicz in 1650.[14] He became close friends with Świętosław Milczący and also knew fellow Augustinian Izajasz Boner. His contemporaries in Kraków included holy men John Cantius, Stanisław Kazimierczyk, Szymon of Lipnica, and Ladislas of Gielniów. The group was said to bring Felix saeculum Cracoviae (the happy age of Krakow).[15]

After his studies, Giedroyć became a sacristan at the Church of St. Mark. He received permission from his superiors to live as a hermit in a tiny hut attached to the church.[16] He was not ordained as a priest and remained a religious brother helping clean, maintain, and decorate the church. He lived a reclusive and austere life and practiced mortifications and self-flagellation. Attracted by his charism, people started seeking out Giedroyć for his advice and prayer as they believed that he could prophesy.[17] He ate poorly, refusing meat and often fasting on bread and salt alone.[18] He most frequently prayed to the crucifix and image of the Madonna.[19] The image of the Madonna is now known as the Madonna Giedroyciowa or Matka Boska Giedroyciowa.[20][8] His prayers to Christ were so intense that he is said to have received a vision and heard Christ speak from the cross. According to a latter tradition, Christ spoke the words from the Revelation 2: Be faithful until death, and I will give you the crown of life.[21] The crucifix now hangs in the main altar of the church.[22]

Giedroyć died in 1485 and his remains were interred in the Church of Saint Mark. He was buried in the presbytery, on the left to the main altar. According to his hagiography, the divine message to bury him in such a prominent place was delivered by Świętosław Milczący.[2]

Veneration and miracles[edit]

Painting of Giedroyć's vision with twelve scenes from his life and of other miracles

The first mention of Giedroyć and his pious life comes from Chronica Polonorum written by Maciej Miechowita in 1519. A complete hagiography was written by Jan of Trzciana, a professor at the Jagiellonian University, in 1544. Published in 1605 in Latin and in 1615 in Polish, it remains the main source of information on Giedroyć's life.[23] There is evidence that there was an earlier manuscript written right after Giedroyć's death but it was lost in a church fire in 1494 or 1520.[24] Researchers count five published biographies of Giedroyć in the 17th century, eight in the 18th century, and fourteen in the 19th century.[25]

His grave was first opened in 1521 and his remains were found in good condition.[19][26] The first known votive painting is from 1521. It was gifted by a city resident in gratitude for reviving her stillborn child and depicted the miracle. In 1614–1615, five soldiers of the Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) left votive paintings in gratitude for surviving the war.[27]

His tomb was reopened again on 4 June 1624 and his relics were translated to a new sarcophagus suitable for public veneration on 11 August 1625.[28] A late Renaissance tomb which survives to this day was built at the same time.[29] In 1624, a large painting was completed depicting key scenes from Giedroyć's life. The central part depicts the key miracle – the message from the crucified Jesus. In a window behind him, there are burning houses and people rushing away – a reference to the tradition confirmed by Miechowita that Giedroyć was a protector from fires.[30] Twelve smaller scenes illustrate episodes from his life on the left and miracles attributed to him on the right. These episodes include the miraculous rescue of the church of St. Mark from a fire, satanic torture that Giedroyć experienced during his prayers, and prophesying to city residents.[31] His posthumous miracles include the message delivered by Świętosław Milczący regarding the proper burial place for Giedroyć, healing of Katarzyna Rybarka (she was a possessed woman and it was the first recorded posthumous miracle attributed to Giedroyć), saving two young boys from drowning (a son of a Hungarian merchant who drowned in the Danube and a boy in the village of Spytkowice), and reviving a stillborn child. At the bottom, there are portraits of six other holy men who were Giedroyć's contemporaries in Kraków.[31]

His cult continued to center in Poland and particularly Kraków, but also spread to Lithuania in the 17–18th centuries.[11] Paintings of him can be found in churches of Videniškiai, Giedraičiai, and Tverečius. His paintings were mentioned in church records but do not survive in Veliuona, Jūžintai, and Papilys.[32] The church in Videniškiai was founded by his relatives, Martynas Marcelis Giedraitis| and Bishop Merkelis Giedraitis. In 1617, Martynas Marcelis also founded a monastery of the Canons Regular of the Penitence in Videniškiai.[33] The painting of Giedroyć originally hung in a chapel-mausoleum where members of the Giedroyć family were interred.[33] In September 2019, a relic of Giedroyć was solemnly installed in the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Vilnius, by Archbishop Gintaras Grušas.[34]

Beatification[edit]

Faelix Saeculum Cracoviae: holy men who lived in Kraków in the 15th century. Giedroyć is on the left

Giedroyć's burial in the presbytery might be an indication of plans for his beatification already at the time of his death.[2] However, the Protestant Reformation attacked the cult of saints and there were no new canonizations between 1523 and 1588.[35] Cardinal Jerzy Radziwiłł (1556–1600) investigated the possibility of his canonization.[4] The 1620s saw a surge in his veneration, but Pope Urban VIII issued a decree in March 1625 that codified rules of beatification and restricted certain signs of veneration or holiness (e.g. depiction of haloes) only to those who were officially beatified or canonized. In 1634, the pope further removed bishops' right to beatify people and reserved it to the pope. It is likely that Giedroyć's beatification efforts were abandoned because of these new rules.[26][36] His congregation, the Canons Regular of the Penitence, declined and was suppressed by the authorities of the Russian Empire in 1832.[37]

The cult of Giedroyć was revived in 1980s largely due to the efforts of Wacław Świerzawski who became rector of St. Mark's in 1968. He organized a small sanctuary known as Giedroycianum and regular masses in Giedroyć's honor.[2] The sanctuary consists of three rooms: the Hall of Roots with memorabilia of the Canons Regular of the Penitence, the White Room with a Gothic and Renaissance triptych from 1520 which depicts Giedroyć with Casimir Jagiellon before the Mother of God, and a chapel dedicated to Our Lady of Giedroyć (Matka Boska Giedroyciowa).[8][38] The 500th anniversary of Giedroyć's death in 1985 was marked with a large ceremony presided by Cardinal Józef Glemp at the St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków. Pope John Paul II sent a letter supporting renewed interest in Giedroyć.[2] The beatification case was re-launched by Cardinal Franciszek Macharski alongside fellow Cardinals Józef Glemp and Henryk Gulbinowicz. The Kraków Archdiocese closed the diocesan stage on 24 April 1998.[39] Giedroyć became a Servant of God on 27 July 2001 after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints (CCS) issued the nihil obstat (no objections) decree which meant the beatification process could go ahead. In 2017, the postulation submitted the positio dossier to the CCS for further assessment.[1] On 7 November 2018, Pope Francis beatified him and authorized the CCS to promulgate the decree on his heroic virtues and on the confirmation of his cult since time immemorial (i.e. equipollent beatification which is used when the canonical process is not possible due to the lack of sufficient historical sources).[1][40]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Katolicka Agencja Informacyjna 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e Sielepin 2018, p. 36.
  3. ^ Sielepin 2018, p. 24.
  4. ^ a b Giniūnienė 2004, p. 124.
  5. ^ Rabikauskas 2002, p. 196.
  6. ^ a b Sielepin 2018, p. 23.
  7. ^ Sielepin 2018, p. 25.
  8. ^ a b c Zabielski 2015.
  9. ^ Sielepin 2018, pp. 25–26.
  10. ^ Sielepin 2018, pp. 27–28.
  11. ^ a b c Giniūnienė 2015.
  12. ^ Sielepin 2018, p. 29.
  13. ^ Sielepin 2018, p. 30.
  14. ^ Rabikauskas 2002, p. 199.
  15. ^ Swierzawski 1985, pp. 403–404, 414–415.
  16. ^ Sielepin 2018, pp. 31–32.
  17. ^ Sielepin 2018, pp. 32–33, 35.
  18. ^ Swierzawski 1985, p. 417.
  19. ^ a b Swierzawski 1985, p. 404.
  20. ^ Swierzawski 1985, p. 422.
  21. ^ Sielepin 2018, pp. 32–33.
  22. ^ Sielepin 2018, p. 32.
  23. ^ Sielepin 2018, p. 22.
  24. ^ Swierzawski 1985, p. 405.
  25. ^ Swierzawski 1985, p. 406.
  26. ^ a b Prašmantaitė 2019.
  27. ^ Śnieżyńska-Stolot & Krzysztofowicz-Kozakowska 1989, p. 109.
  28. ^ Śnieżyńska-Stolot & Krzysztofowicz-Kozakowska 1989, pp. 109, 111.
  29. ^ Giniūnienė 2004, p. 125.
  30. ^ Śnieżyńska-Stolot & Krzysztofowicz-Kozakowska 1989, p. 110.
  31. ^ a b Śnieżyńska-Stolot & Krzysztofowicz-Kozakowska 1989, pp. 110–111.
  32. ^ Giniūnienė 2004, p. 123.
  33. ^ a b Giniūnienė 2004, p. 128.
  34. ^ Made in Vilnius 2019.
  35. ^ Ahlgren 1998, p. 145.
  36. ^ Misztal 1985, pp. 428, 431.
  37. ^ Jagminas 2018.
  38. ^ Woźniak.
  39. ^ Sielepin 2018, p. 37.
  40. ^ Congregazione delle Cause dei Santi.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Ahlgren, Gillian T. W. (1998). Teresa of Avila and the Politics of Sanctity. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801485725.
  • Congregazione delle Cause dei Santi. "Decreti Pubblicati nel 2018" (in Italian). Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  • Giniūnienė, Asta (2004). "Dievo tarno Mykolo Giedraičio ikonografija" (PDF). Acta Academiae Artium Vilnensis (in Lithuanian). 35. Pirmavaizdis ir kartotė: Vaizdinių transformacijos tyrimai. ISSN 1392-0316.
  • Giniūnienė, Asta (May 2015). "Palaimintasis Mykolas Giedraitis". Magnificat (in Lithuanian). 5 (63). Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  • Jagminas, Leonardas (2018-08-01). "atgailos kanauninkai". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras.
  • Katolicka Agencja Informacyjna (8 June 2019). "Dziękczynienie za beatyfikację Bł. Michała Giedroycia" (in Polish). Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  • Made in Vilnius (15 September 2019). "Palaimintojo Mykolo Giedraičio relikvijos atkeliauja į Vilnių" (in Lithuanian). Naujosios medijos grupė. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  • Misztal, Henryk (1985). "Sprawa beatyfikacji Michała Giedroycia". Analecta Cracoviensia (in Polish). XVII: 427. doi:10.15633/acr.3242. ISSN 2391-6842.
  • Prašmantaitė, Aldona (2019-05-29) [2004]. "Mykolas Giedraitis". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras.
  • Rabikauskas, Paulius (2002). Krikščioniškoji Lietuva (in Lithuanian). Aidai. ISBN 9955-445-36-X.
  • Sielepin, Adelajda (2018). "Michael Giedrojć (1420?–1485): A Christian of Timeless Spirituality. Before His Beatification" (PDF). Soter. 65 (93): 21–40. doi:10.7220/2335-8785.65(93).2. ISSN 2335-8785.
  • Śnieżyńska-Stolot, Ewa; Krzysztofowicz-Kozakowska, Stefania (1989). "Obrazki wotywne przy grobie Michała Giedroycia" (PDF). Nasza Przeszłość: Studia z dziejów Kościoła i kultury katolickiej w Polsce (in Polish). 71. ISSN 0137-3218.
  • Swierzawski, Wacław (1985). "Michał Giedroyć (1425–1485). Życie i duchowość". Analecta Cracoviensia (in Polish). XVII: 401. doi:10.15633/acr.3241. ISSN 2391-6842.
  • Woźniak, Krystyna. "Giedroycianum" (in Polish). Bractwo Świętej Zofii czyli Mądrości Bożej. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  • Zabielski, Wojciech (12 November 2015). "Michał Giedroyć zw. błogosławionym". Przewodnik Kraków (in Polish). Retrieved 1 January 2020.

External links[edit]

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