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{{Short description|Genus of amphibians}}
{{italic title}}{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Skeleton frogs
| name = Bright-eyed frogs
| image = Boophis Jaegeri Andasibe Madagascar.jpg
| image = Boophis ankaratra02.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = [[Green Skeleton Frog]], ''Boophis jaegeri''<br/>Note [[skull]] visible through skin
| image_caption = ''[[Boophis ankaratra]]''
| parent_authority = [[Miguel Vences|Vences]] & [[Frank Glaw|Glaw]], 2001
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| taxon = Boophis
| authority = [[Johann Jakob von Tschudi|Tschudi]], 1838
| classis = [[Amphibia]]
| subclassis = [[Lissamphibia]]
| type_species = ''[[Boophis goudotii]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Johann Jakob von Tschudi|Tschudi]], 1838
| ordo = [[Frog|Anura]]
| synonyms =
| subordo = [[Neobatrachia]]
* ''Buccinator'' {{small|Gistel, 1848}}
| familia = [[Mantellidae]]
| subfamilia = '''Boophinae'''
| subfamilia_authority = Vences & Glaw, 2001
| genus = '''''Boophis'''''
| genus_authority = Tschudi, 1838
| diversity_link = #Species
| diversity = Nearly 60 described [[species]] ''see below''.
}}
}}
[[File:Bright-eyed frog (Boophis sp. aff. picturatus) Montagne d’Ambre.jpg|thumb|Juvenile ''Boophis'' cf. ''roseipalmatus''<br />Montagne d'Ambre]]
[[File:Boophis entingae.jpg|thumb|''Boophis entingae'' from Montagne d'Ambre, photographed in 2017]]


'''''Boophis''''' is a [[frog]] [[genus]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Mantellidae]]. Like other frogs of their family, they are small, toxic, arboreal, and colorful.<ref>AmphibiaWeb (2006)</ref> They have [[adaptation (biology)|adaptation]]s simiar to the unrelated [[tree frog]]s. This genus can only be found on [[Madagascar]] and [[Mayotte Island]] ([[Comoros]]) and is the single member of the [[subfamily]] '''Boophinae'''.<ref>Frost & AMNH (2007)</ref>
'''''Boophis''''' is the only [[genus]] in the [[Mantellidae|mantellid]] [[frog]] [[subfamily]] '''Boophinae'''. They are commonly known as '''bright-eyed''' or '''skeleton frogs'''. They show typical 'tree frog' traits, and are a good example of [[convergent evolution]] with morphologically similar species in the families [[Hylidae]] and [[Rhacophoridae]], among others. This genus can only be found on [[Madagascar]] and [[Mayotte Island]] ([[Comoros]]).<ref name="GnV07">{{cite book|last1=Glaw|first1=Frank|last2=Vences|first2=Miguel|title=A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar|date=2007|publisher=Vences & Glaw Verlags|location=Cologne, Germany|isbn=978-3929449037|edition=3rd}}</ref>


==Taxonomy==
Many [[species]] of ''Boophis'' have nearly [[translucent]] skin, allowing bones and internal organs to be observed like in the unrelated [[glass frog]]s (Centrolenidae) of the tropical [[Americas]]. This has led to the vernacular name '''skeleton frogs''' for the present genus.
The genus ''Boophis'' was described by [[Johann Jakob von Tschudi]] in 1838.<ref name="Tschudi38">{{cite book|last1=Tschudi|first1=J. J. v.|title=Classification der Batrachier mit Berücksichtigung der fossilen Thiere dieser Abtheilung der Reptilien|date=1838|publisher=Petitpierre|location=Neuchâtel}}</ref> It was originally considered a member of the African-Asian [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Rhacophoridae]], but was moved to the family [[Mantellidae]] in 2001,<ref name="VG01">{{cite journal|last1=Vences|first1=Miguel|last2=Glaw|first2=Frank|title=When molecules claim for taxonomic changes: New proposals on the classification of Old World treefrogs|journal=Spixiana|date=2001|volume=24|issue=1|pages=85–92}}</ref> into its own subfamily, '''Boophinae''' <small>[[Miguel Vences|Vences]] & [[Frank Glaw|Glaw]], 2001</small>.

==Morphology==
''Boophis'' are arboreal frogs, exhibiting many traits that define 'tree frogs', such as expanded toe discs, long hindlimbs, and large eyes.<ref name="GnV07" /> ''Boophis'' are especially characterised by bright colouration of the iris, which is typically intricately patterned towards its inside, and often green or blue, but occasionally also red, purple, or yellow in the outer iris area.<ref name="GnV07" /> This has led to the vernacular name of '''bright-eyed frogs''' for the genus. Many [[species]] of ''Boophis'' have almost [[translucent]] skin, allowing bones and internal organs to be observed as in the unrelated [[glass frog]]s (Centrolenidae) of the tropical [[Americas]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hutter|first1=Carl|last2=Lambert|first2=Shea M.|last3=Andriampenomanana|first3=Zo F.|last4=Glaw|first4=Frank|last5=Vences|first5=Miguel|date=2018-10-01|title=Molecular phylogeny and diversification of Malagasy bright-eyed tree frogs (Mantellidae: Boophis)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=127|pages=568–578|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.027|pmid=29894731|issn=1055-7903}}</ref> This has led to the vernacular name '''skeleton frogs''' for some members of the genus.


==Species==
==Species==
The genus has presently nearly 60 [[species]]; new ones are being described every few months on average. This list is not exhaustive.
The genus has nearly 80 [[species]]; new ones are being described every few months on average. This list may not be exhaustive.
[[File:Boophis occidentalis03.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Boophis occidentalis]]'' [[tadpole]]]]
[[File:Boophis occidentalis03.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Boophis occidentalis]]'' [[tadpole]]]]
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
<div float="left">
* ''[[Boophis albilabris]]'' <small>([[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1888)</small>
{{col-begin|width=60%}}
* ''[[Boophis albipunctatus]]'' <small>[[Frank Glaw|Glaw]] & [[species:Burkhard Thiesmeier|Thiesmeier]], 1993</small>
{{col-1-of-2}}
* ''[[Boophis albilabris]]'' <small>(Boulenger, 1888)</small>
* ''[[Boophis andohahela]]'' <small>[[species:Franco Andreone|Andreone]], [[species:Riccardo Nincheri|Nincheri]] & [[species:Roberto Piazza|Piazza]], 1995</small>
* ''[[Boophis albipunctatus]]'' <small>Glaw & Thiesmeier, 1993</small>
* ''[[Boophis andrangoloaka]]'' <small>([[Ernst Ahl|Ahl]], 1928)</small>
* ''[[Boophis andohahela]]'' <small>Andreone, Nincheri & Piazza, 1995</small>
* ''[[Boophis andreonei]]'' <small>Glaw & [[Miguel Vences|Vences]], 1994</small>
* ''[[Boophis andreonei]]'' <small>Glaw & Vences, 1994</small>
* ''[[Boophis anjanaharibeensis]]'' <small>Andreone, 1996</small>
* ''[[Boophis anjanaharibeensis]]'' <small>Andreone, 1996</small>
* ''[[Boophis ankarafensis]]'' <small>[[species:Samuel G. Penny|Penny]], Andreone, [[species:Angelica Crottini|Crottini]], [[species:Marc W. Holderied|Holderied]], [[species:Lovasoa Manuelle Sylviane Rakotozafy|Rakotozafy]], [[species:Christoph Schwitzer|Schwitzer]] & [[species:Gonçalo M. Rosa|Rosa]], 2014</small>
* ''[[Boophis ankaratra]]'' <small>Andreone, 1993</small>
* ''[[Boophis ankaratra]]'' <small>Andreone, 1993</small>
* ''[[Boophis baetkei]]'' <small>Köhler, Glaw & Vences, 2008</small><!-- Zootaxa1814:37. -->
* ''[[Boophis arcanus]]'' <small>Glaw, [[Jörn Köhler|J. Köhler]], [[species:Ignacio J. De la Riva|De la Riva]], [[species:David R. Vieites|Vieites]] & Vences, 2010</small>
* ''[[Boophis axelmeyeri]]'' <small>Vences, Andreone & Veities, 2005</small>
* ''[[Boophis baetkei]]'' <small>J. Köhler, Glaw & Vences, 2008</small><!-- Zootaxa1814:37. -->
* ''[[Boophis blommersae]]'' <small>Glaw & Vences, 1994</small>
* ''[[Boophis blommersae]]'' <small>Glaw & Vences, 1994</small>
* ''[[Boophis boehmei]]'' <small>Glaw & Vences, 1992</small>
* ''[[Boophis boehmei]]'' <small>Glaw & Vences, 1992</small>
* ''[[Boophis boppa]]'' <small>[[species:Carl R. Hutter|Hutter]], [[species:Shea M. Lambert|Lambert]], [[species:Zo Faniry Andriampenomanana|Andriampenomanana]] & Vences, 2015</small>
* ''[[Boophis bottae]]'' <small>Vences & Glaw, 2002</small>
* ''[[Boophis bottae]]'' <small>Vences & Glaw, 2002</small>
* ''[[Boophis brachychir]]'' <small>Boettger, 1882</small>
* ''[[Boophis brachychir]]'' <small>[[Oskar Boettger|Boettger]], 1882</small>
* ''[[Boophis burgeri]]'' <small>Glaw & Vences, 1994</small>
* ''[[Boophis burgeri]]'' <small>Glaw & Vences, 1994</small>
* ''[[Boophis doulioti]]'' <small>Angel, 1934</small>
* ''[[Boophis calcaratus]]'' <small>[[species:Denis Vallan|Vallan]], Vences & Glaw, 2010</small>
* ''[[Boophis doulioti]]'' <small>[[Fernand Angel|Angel]], 1934</small>
* ''[[Boophis elenae]]'' <small>Andreone, 1993</small>
* ''[[Boophis elenae]]'' <small>Andreone, 1993</small>
* ''[[Boophis englaenderi]]'' <small>Glaw & Vences, 1994</small>
* ''[[Boophis englaenderi]]'' <small>Glaw & Vences, 1994</small>
* ''[[Boophis entingae]]'' <small>Glaw, J. Köhler, De la Riva, Vieites & Vences, 2010</small>
* ''[[Boophis erythrodactylus]]''
* ''[[Boophis erythrodactylus]]'' <small>([[Jean Marius René Guibé|Guibé]], 1953)</small>
* ''[[Boophis feonnyala]]''
* ''[[Boophis fayi]]'' <small>J. Köhler, Glaw, Rosa, [[species:Philip-Sebastian Gehring|Gehring]], [[species:Maciej Pabijan|Pabijan]], Andreone & Vences, 2011</small>
* ''[[Boophis goudotii]]''
* ''[[Boophis guibei]]''
* ''[[Boophis feonnyala]]'' <small>Glaw, Vences, Andreone & Vallan, 2001</small>
* ''[[Boophis haematopus]]''
* ''[[Boophis goudotii]]'' <small>[[Johann Jakob von Tschudi|Tschudi]], 1838</small>
* ''[[Boophis guibei]]'' <small>([[species:Colin John McCarthy|McCarthy]], 1978)</small>
* ''[[Boophis hillenii]]''
* ''[[Boophis idae]]''
* ''[[Boophis haematopus]]'' <small>Glaw, Vences, Andreone & Vallan, 2001</small>
* ''[[Boophis jaegeri]]'' &ndash; [[Green Skeleton Frog]]
* ''[[Boophis haingana]]'' <small>Glaw, J. Köhler, De la Riva, Vieites & Vences, 2010</small>
* ''[[Boophis laurenti]]''
* ''[[Boophis idae]]'' <small>([[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1867)</small>
* ''[[Boophis liami]]''
* ''[[Boophis jaegeri]]'' <small>Glaw & Vences, 1992</small> – [[Green Skeleton Frog]]
* ''[[Boophis lichenoides]]''
* ''[[Boophis laurenti]]'' <small>Guibé, 1947</small>
* ''[[Boophis lilianae]]'' <small>Köhler, Glaw & Vences, 2008</small><!-- Zootaxa1814:37. -->
* ''[[Boophis liami]]'' <small>Vallan, Vences & Glaw, 2003</small>
* ''[[Boophis lichenoides]]'' <small>Vallan, Glaw, Andreone & [[species:John E. Cadle|Cadle]], 1998</small>
* ''[[Boophis luteus]]''
* ''[[Boophis lilianae]]'' <small>J. Köhler, Glaw & Vences, 2008</small><!-- Zootaxa1814:37. -->
* ''[[Boophis madagascariensis]]''
* ''[[Boophis luciae]]'' <small>Glaw, J. Köhler, De la Riva, Vieites & Vences, 2010</small>
{{col-2-of-2}}
* ''[[Boophis majori]]''
* ''[[Boophis luteus]]'' <small>(Boulenger, 1882)</small>
* ''[[Boophis mandraka]]''
* ''[[Boophis madagascariensis]]'' <small>([[Wilhelm Peters|W. Peters]], 1874)</small>
* ''[[Boophis marojezensis]]''
* ''[[Boophis majori]]'' <small>(Boulenger, 1896)</small>
* ''[[Boophis mandraka]]'' <small>[[species:Rose M.A. Blommers-Schlösser|Blommers-Schlösser]], 1979</small>
* ''[[Boophis microtympanum]]''
* ''[[Boophis miniatus]]''
* ''[[Boophis marojezensis]]'' <small>Glaw & Vences, 1994</small>
* ''[[Boophis masoala]]'' <small>Glaw, [[species:Mark D. Scherz|Scherz]], [[species:David Prötzel|Prötzel]] & Vences, 2018</small>
* ''[[Boophis occidentalis]]''
* ''[[Boophis miadana]]'' <small>Glaw, J. Köhler, De la Riva, Vieites & Vences, 2010</small>
* ''[[Boophis opisthodon]]''
* ''[[Boophis pauliani]]''
* ''[[Boophis microtympanum]]'' <small>(Boettger, 1881)</small>
* ''[[Boophis periegetes]]''
* ''[[Boophis miniatus]]'' <small>([[François Mocquard|Mocquard]], 1902)</small>
* ''[[Boophis narinsi]]'' <small>Vences, [[Marcelo Gehara|Gehara]], J. Köhler & Glaw, 2012</small>
* ''[[Boophis picturatus]]''
* ''[[Boophis nauticus]]'' <small>Glaw, [[species:Oliver Hawlitschek|Hawlitschek]], [[species:Kathrin Glaw|K. Glaw]] & Vences, 2019</small>
* ''[[Boophis pyrrhus]]''
* ''[[Boophis rappiodes]]''
* ''[[Boophis obscurus]]'' <small>(Boettger, 1913)</small>
* ''[[Boophis reticulatus]]''
* ''[[Boophis occidentalis]]'' <small>Glaw & Vences, 1994</small>
* ''[[Boophis rhodoscelis]]''
* ''[[Boophis opisthodon]]'' <small>(Boulenger, 1888)</small>
* ''[[Boophis rufioculis]]''
* ''[[Boophis pauliani]]'' <small>(Guibé, 1953)</small>
* ''[[Boophis sambirano]]''
* ''[[Boophis periegetes]]'' <small>Cadle, 1995</small>
* ''[[Boophis schuboeae]]''
* ''[[Boophis picturatus]]'' <small>Glaw, Vences, Andreone & Vallan, 2001</small>
* ''[[Boophis piperatus]]'' <small>Glaw, J. Köhler, De la Riva, Vieites & Vences, 2010</small>
* ''[[Boophis septentrionalis]]''
* ''[[Boophis popi]]'' <small>J. Köhler, Glaw, Rosa, Gehring, Pabijan, Andreone & Vences, 2011</small>
* ''[[Boophis sibilans]]''
* ''[[Boophis praedictus]]'' <small>Glaw, J. Köhler, De la Riva, Vieites & Vences, 2010</small>
* ''[[Boophis solomaso]]''
* ''[[Boophis tampoka]]''
* ''[[Boophis pyrrhus]]'' <small>Glaw, Vences, Andreone & Vallan, 2001</small>
* ''[[Boophis tasymena]]''
* ''[[Boophis quasiboehmei]]'' <small>Vences, J. Köhler, Crottini & Glaw, 2010</small>
* ''[[Boophis tephraeomystax]]''
* ''[[Boophis rappiodes]]'' <small>(Ahl, 1928)</small>
* ''[[Boophis ulftunni]]'' <small>Wollenberg, Andreone, Glaw & Vences, 2008</small><!-- Zootaxa1684:58. -->
* ''[[Boophis reticulatus]]'' <small>Blommers-Schlösser, 1979</small>
* ''[[Boophis viridis]]''
* ''[[Boophis rhodoscelis]]'' <small>(Boulenger, 1882)</small>
* ''[[Boophis roseipalmatus]]'' <small>Glaw, J. Köhler, De la Riva, Vieites & Vences, 2010</small>
* ''[[Boophis vittatus]]''
* ''[[Boophis williamsi]]''
* ''[[Boophis rufioculis]]'' <small>Glaw & Vences, 1997</small>
* ''[[Boophis xerophilus]]''
* ''[[Boophis sambirano]]'' <small>Vences & Glaw, 2005</small>
* ''[[Boophis sandrae]]'' <small>Glaw, J. Köhler, De la Riva, Vieites & Vences, 2010</small>
{{col-end}}
* ''[[Boophis schuboeae]]'' <small>Glaw & Vences, 2002</small>
</div>
* ''[[Boophis septentrionalis]]'' <small>Glaw & Vences, 1994</small>
* ''[[Boophis sibilans]]'' <small>Glaw & Thiesmeier, 1993</small>
* ''[[Boophis solomaso]]'' <small>Vallan, Vences & Glaw, 2003</small>
* ''[[Boophis spinophis]]'' <small>Glaw, J. Köhler, De la Riva, Vieites & Vences, 2010</small>
* ''[[Boophis tampoka]]'' <small>J. Köhler, Glaw & Vences, 2007</small>
* ''[[Boophis tasymena]]'' <small>Vences & Glaw, 2002</small>
* ''[[Boophis tephraeomystax]]'' <small>([[Auguste Duméril|A.H.A. Duméril]], 1853)</small>
* ''[[Boophis tsilomaro]]'' <small>Vences, Andreone, [[species:Julian Glos|Glos]] & Glaw, 2010</small>
* ''[[Boophis ulftunni]]'' <small>[[species:Katharina C. Wollenberg|Wollenberg]], Andreone, Glaw & Vences, 2008</small>
* ''[[Boophis viridis]]'' <small>Blommers-Schlösser, 1979</small>
* ''[[Boophis vittatus]]'' <small>Glaw, Vences, Andreone & Vallan, 2001</small>
* ''[[Boophis williamsi]]'' <small>(Guibé, 1974)</small>
* ''[[Boophis xerophilus]]'' <small>Glaw & Vences, 1997</small>
{{div col end}}


''[[Nota bene]]'': A [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial authority]] in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than ''boophis''.
==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}


==References==
==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}
* {{aut|AmphibiaWeb}} (2006): [http://amphibiaweb.org/lists/Mantellidae.shtml Mantellidae]. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
* {{aut|Frost, Darrel R. & [[American Museum of Natural History]] (AMNH)}} (2007): [http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/references.php?id=16347 Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference]. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). Retrieved 2007-DEC-14.


{{Taxonbar|from=Q2322420}}
[[Category:Boophis|*]]

[[Category:Boophis| ]]
[[Category:Amphibians of Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of Madagascar]]
[[Category:Amphibian genera]]
[[Category:Fauna of Mayotte]]
[[Category:Fauna of Mayotte]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Jakob von Tschudi]]

[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]

{{Mantellidae-stub}}
{{Madagascar-stub}}
{{Mayotte-stub}}

[[ca:Boophis]]
[[es:Boophis]]
[[fr:Boophis]]
[[it:Boophis]]
[[nl:Boophis]]
[[pl:Boophis]]
[[pt:Boophis]]
[[ru:Мадагаскарские веслоноги]]
[[vi:Boophis]]

Latest revision as of 10:36, 12 March 2024

Bright-eyed frogs
Boophis ankaratra
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Mantellidae
Subfamily: Boophinae
Vences & Glaw, 2001
Genus: Boophis
Tschudi, 1838
Type species
Boophis goudotii
Tschudi, 1838
Synonyms
  • Buccinator Gistel, 1848
Juvenile Boophis cf. roseipalmatus
Montagne d'Ambre
Boophis entingae from Montagne d'Ambre, photographed in 2017

Boophis is the only genus in the mantellid frog subfamily Boophinae. They are commonly known as bright-eyed or skeleton frogs. They show typical 'tree frog' traits, and are a good example of convergent evolution with morphologically similar species in the families Hylidae and Rhacophoridae, among others. This genus can only be found on Madagascar and Mayotte Island (Comoros).[1]

Taxonomy[edit]

The genus Boophis was described by Johann Jakob von Tschudi in 1838.[2] It was originally considered a member of the African-Asian family Rhacophoridae, but was moved to the family Mantellidae in 2001,[3] into its own subfamily, Boophinae Vences & Glaw, 2001.

Morphology[edit]

Boophis are arboreal frogs, exhibiting many traits that define 'tree frogs', such as expanded toe discs, long hindlimbs, and large eyes.[1] Boophis are especially characterised by bright colouration of the iris, which is typically intricately patterned towards its inside, and often green or blue, but occasionally also red, purple, or yellow in the outer iris area.[1] This has led to the vernacular name of bright-eyed frogs for the genus. Many species of Boophis have almost translucent skin, allowing bones and internal organs to be observed as in the unrelated glass frogs (Centrolenidae) of the tropical Americas.[4] This has led to the vernacular name skeleton frogs for some members of the genus.

Species[edit]

The genus has nearly 80 species; new ones are being described every few months on average. This list may not be exhaustive.

Boophis occidentalis tadpole

Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than boophis.

References[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boophis.
  1. ^ a b c Glaw, Frank; Vences, Miguel (2007). A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar (3rd ed.). Cologne, Germany: Vences & Glaw Verlags. ISBN 978-3929449037.
  2. ^ Tschudi, J. J. v. (1838). Classification der Batrachier mit Berücksichtigung der fossilen Thiere dieser Abtheilung der Reptilien. Neuchâtel: Petitpierre.
  3. ^ Vences, Miguel; Glaw, Frank (2001). "When molecules claim for taxonomic changes: New proposals on the classification of Old World treefrogs". Spixiana. 24 (1): 85–92.
  4. ^ Hutter, Carl; Lambert, Shea M.; Andriampenomanana, Zo F.; Glaw, Frank; Vences, Miguel (2018-10-01). "Molecular phylogeny and diversification of Malagasy bright-eyed tree frogs (Mantellidae: Boophis)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 127: 568–578. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.027. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 29894731.
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