Peronospora farinosa: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Species of single-celled organism}}
{{italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Taxobox
| image = Pseudoperonospora farinosa f.sp. spinaciae at Spinacia oleracea (6).jpg
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| name = ''Peronospora farinosa''
| image_caption = '' Pseudoperonospora effusa'' on''Spinacia oleracea'' 'Breedblad scherpzaad'
| regnum = [[Chromalveolata]]
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| genus = Peronospora
| phylum = [[Heterokontophyta]]
| species = effusa
| classis = [[Oomycetes]]
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| authority = ([[Grev.]]) [[Rabenh.]] (1854)<br/>
| ordo = [[Peronosporales]]
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| synonyms = ''Botrytis effusa'' <small>[[Grev.]] (1824)</small><br/>
| familia = [[Peronosporaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Peronospora]]''
| species = '''''P. farinosa'''''
| binomial = ''Peronospora farinosa''
| binomial_authority = ([[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]) Fr. (1849)
| synonyms =
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''Botrytis effusa'' <small>[[Grev.]] (1824)</small><br>
''Botrytis farinosa'' <small>Fr. (1832)</small><br>
''Peronospora chenopodii'' <small>[[Schltdl.]] (1852)</small><br>
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''Peronospora effusa'' <small>(Grev.) [[Rabenh.]] (1854)</small><br>
''Peronospora variabilis'' <small>[[Gäum.]] </small>
}}
}}
'''''Peronospora farinosa''''' is a plant pathogen. It causes downy mildew on leaves of wild and cultivated ''Amaranthaceae'': ''Amaranthus'', ''Atriplex'', ''Bassia'', ''Beta'', ''Chenopodium'', ''Halimione'', ''Salsola'', ''Spinacia'', etc. In the past, the forms of ''Peronospora'' on these different genera, and their species, were given different species names,<ref name=Brandenburger>{{cite book | author = Brandenburger W | title = Parasitische Pilze an Gefässpflanzen in Europa | publisher = Gustav Fischer Verlag | year = 1985 | isbn = 3-437-30433-X}}</ref> but these downy mildews are now generally considered to be forms of one species ''P. farinosa'' (see ''Index Fungorum''). Some of the forms on important crop plants have been given names as ''formae speciales'',<ref name=Holliday>{{cite book | author = Holliday P | title = A Dictionary of Plant Pathology (2nd edition) | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-521-59458-5}}</ref> notably ''[[Peronospora farinosa f.sp. betae|f.sp. betae]]'' on sugar [[beet]] (= ''P. schachtii'') and f.sp. ''spinaciae'' on [[spinach]]. Such host specialization possibly also exists with respect to the various wild amaranthaceous hosts of ''P. farinosa''.


'''''Peronospora farinosa''''' is a species name that has been widely applied to [[downy mildew]] on leaves of wild and cultivated ''Amaranthaceae'': ''Amaranthus'', ''Atriplex'', ''Bassia'', ''Beta'', ''Chenopodium'', ''Halimione'', ''Salsola'', ''Spinacia'', etc. However, the species name has been taxonomically rejected ([https://imafungus.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.5598/imafungus.2017.08.01.12 see report 20 from the Nomenclature Committee for fungi)] as the original description contained reference to multiple species and could not unequivocally be attributed to a species of Peronospora. In the past, some of the species on important crop plants have been given names as ''formae speciales'',<ref name="Holliday">{{cite book|author=Holliday P|title=A Dictionary of Plant Pathology|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-521-59458-5|edition=2nd}}</ref> notably ''[[Peronospora farinosa f.sp. betae|f.sp. betae]]'' on sugar [[beet]] (= ''P. schachtii'') and f.sp. ''spinaciae'' on [[spinach]] (= ''P. effusa''). However, phylogentic reconstructions have revealed that these "forms" of ''Peronospora'' on different genera and their subdivisions, are distinct species,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Choi|first1=Young-Joon|last2=Klosterman|first2=Steven J.|last3=Kummer|first3=Volker|last4=Voglmayr|first4=Hermann|last5=Shin|first5=Hyeon-Dong|last6=Thines|first6=Marco|date=May 2015|title=Multi-locus tree and species tree approaches toward resolving a complex clade of downy mildews (Straminipila, Oomycota), including pathogens of beet and spinach|url= |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|language=en|volume=86|pages=24–34|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2015.03.003|pmc=5736102|pmid=25772799}}</ref> most of which already have previously published scientific names<ref name=Brandenburger>{{cite book | author = Brandenburger W | title = Parasitische Pilze an Gefässpflanzen in Europa | publisher = Gustav Fischer Verlag | year = 1985 | isbn = 978-3-437-30433-0}}</ref> (see ''Index Fungorum''). Such host specialization possibly also exists with respect to the various wild amaranthaceous species given as hosts of ''P. farinosa''.
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Downy mildew is a moderately important disease of [[sugar beet]] (''Beta vulgaris'').<ref name=Smith /> The pathogen persists as oospores in the soil, or on beet seed crops, or on overwintered volunteer beet plants . Attacks are most important at the seedling stage. The cotyledons are systemically infected, becoming discoloured and distorted. Loss of seedlings causes uneven crop development. Beet leaves are less affected, so a crop can to a substantial effect recover from an attack on seedlings. Control relies on adequate [[crop rotation]], and avoidance of sources of infection (e.g. adequate control of the disease on beet seed crops). Individual infected plants may be removed. It is not generally necessary to apply fungicides.<ref name=EPPO12>{{cite book | author = OEPP/EPPO | title = ''Beet''. EPPO Standards PP2 Good Plant Protection Practice, no. 12 | publisher = European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization | year = 1997}}</ref>


⚫
Downy mildew is a moderately important disease of [[sugar beet]] (''Beta vulgaris'').<ref name=Smith /> The pathogen persists as [[oospore]]s in the soil, or on beet seed crops, or on overwintered volunteer beet plants. Attacks are most important at the seedling stage. The cotyledons are systemically infected, becoming discoloured and distorted. Loss of seedlings causes uneven crop development. Beet leaves are less affected, so a crop can to a substantial effect recover from an attack on seedlings. Control relies on adequate [[crop rotation]] and avoidance of sources of infection (e.g. adequate control of the disease on beet seed crops), as oospores survive only 2–3 years in the soil. Individual infected plants may also be removed. It is not generally necessary to apply fungicides.<ref name=EPPO12>{{cite book | author = OEPP | author2 = EPPO | title = ''Beet''. EPPO Standards PP2 Good Plant Protection Practice, no. 12 | publisher = European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization | year = 1997}}</ref>
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Downy mildew has more direct importance on [[spinach]] (''Spinacia oleracea''),<ref name=Smith>{{cite book | author = Smith IM, Dunez J, Lelliott RA, Phillips DH, Archer SA (editors) | title = European Handbook of Plant Diseases | publisher = Blackwell Scientific Publications | year = 1988 | isbn = 978-0-632-01222-0}}</ref> since it affects the harvested part (leaves). Yellow lesions appear on the older leaves. Fungicide treatments are effective, and resistant cultivars are available. Oospores survive only 2–3 years in the soil, so crop rotation may be used.


⚫
Downy mildew has more direct importance on [[spinach]] (''Spinacia oleracea''),<ref name=Smith>{{cite book | veditors = Smith IM, Dunez J, Lelliott RA, Phillips DH, Archer SA | title = European Handbook of Plant Diseases | publisher = Blackwell Scientific Publications | year = 1988 | isbn = 978-0-632-01222-0}}</ref> since it affects the harvested part (leaves). Yellow lesions appear on the older leaves. If rotating crops and removing individual infected plants fails, fungicide treatments are effective, and resistant cultivars are available.
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== References ==
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{{Reflist|2}}


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==References==
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== Further Reading ==
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{{Reflist|30em}}
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{{cite journal|last1=Yamauchi|first1=Norihito|last2=Horinouchi|first2=Hayato|last3=Sakai|first3=Kazuhiko|title=First report of spinach downy mildew caused by race Pfs:8 of Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae in Japan|journal=JOURNAL OF GENERAL PLANT PATHOLOGY|date=July 2011|volume=77|issue=4|pages=260-262|doi=10.1007/s10327-011-0313-2}}
{{cite journal|last1=Curti|first1=R.N.|last2=Andrade|first2=A.J.|last3=Bramardi|first3=S.J.|last4=Vega|first4=A.J. de la|last5=Bertero|first5=H.D.|title=Multi-environmental evaluation for grain yield and its physiological determinants of quinoa genotypes across Northwest Argentina|journal=Elsevier|date=26 June 2014|page=57|pages=11|url=www.elsevier.com/locate/fcr|accessdate=13 February 2015}}</ref>


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==Further reading==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Pseudoperonospora farinosa}}
* [http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp Index Fungorum]
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*{{cite journal|last1=Yamauchi|first1=Norihito|last2=Horinouchi|first2=Hayato|last3=Sakai|first3=Kazuhiko|title=First report of spinach downy mildew caused by race Pfs:8 of Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae in Japan|journal=Journal of General Plant Pathology|date=July 2011|volume=77|issue=4|pages=260–262|doi=10.1007/s10327-011-0313-2|s2cid=22237073}}
* [http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases USDA ARS Fungal Database]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7169460}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Peronospora Farinosa}}
[[Category:Water mould plant pathogens and diseases]]
[[Category:Water mould plant pathogens and diseases]]
[[Category:Vegetable diseases]]
[[Category:Vegetable diseases]]
[[Category:Peronosporales]]
[[Category:Peronosporales]]
[[Category:Species described in 1849]]
[[Category:Protists described in 1824]]
[[Category:Oomycete species]]

Latest revision as of 18:59, 14 April 2024

Peronospora farinosa
Pseudoperonospora effusa onSpinacia oleracea 'Breedblad scherpzaad'
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Clade: Stramenopiles
Phylum: Oomycota
Order: Peronosporales
Family: Peronosporaceae
Genus: Peronospora
Species:
P. effusa
Binomial name
Peronospora effusa
(Grev.) Rabenh. (1854)
Synonyms

Botrytis effusa Grev. (1824)

Peronospora farinosa is a species name that has been widely applied to downy mildew on leaves of wild and cultivated Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus, Atriplex, Bassia, Beta, Chenopodium, Halimione, Salsola, Spinacia, etc. However, the species name has been taxonomically rejected (see report 20 from the Nomenclature Committee for fungi) as the original description contained reference to multiple species and could not unequivocally be attributed to a species of Peronospora. In the past, some of the species on important crop plants have been given names as formae speciales,[1] notably f.sp. betae on sugar beet (= P. schachtii) and f.sp. spinaciae on spinach (= P. effusa). However, phylogentic reconstructions have revealed that these "forms" of Peronospora on different genera and their subdivisions, are distinct species,[2] most of which already have previously published scientific names[3] (see Index Fungorum). Such host specialization possibly also exists with respect to the various wild amaranthaceous species given as hosts of P. farinosa.

Downy mildew is a moderately important disease of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris).[4] The pathogen persists as oospores in the soil, or on beet seed crops, or on overwintered volunteer beet plants. Attacks are most important at the seedling stage. The cotyledons are systemically infected, becoming discoloured and distorted. Loss of seedlings causes uneven crop development. Beet leaves are less affected, so a crop can to a substantial effect recover from an attack on seedlings. Control relies on adequate crop rotation and avoidance of sources of infection (e.g. adequate control of the disease on beet seed crops), as oospores survive only 2–3 years in the soil. Individual infected plants may also be removed. It is not generally necessary to apply fungicides.[5]

Downy mildew has more direct importance on spinach (Spinacia oleracea),[4] since it affects the harvested part (leaves). Yellow lesions appear on the older leaves. If rotating crops and removing individual infected plants fails, fungicide treatments are effective, and resistant cultivars are available.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Holliday P (2001). A Dictionary of Plant Pathology (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59458-5.
  2. ^ Choi, Young-Joon; Klosterman, Steven J.; Kummer, Volker; Voglmayr, Hermann; Shin, Hyeon-Dong; Thines, Marco (May 2015). "Multi-locus tree and species tree approaches toward resolving a complex clade of downy mildews (Straminipila, Oomycota), including pathogens of beet and spinach". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 86: 24–34. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.03.003. PMC 5736102. PMID 25772799.
  3. ^ Brandenburger W (1985). Parasitische Pilze an Gefässpflanzen in Europa. Gustav Fischer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-437-30433-0.
  4. ^ a b Smith IM, Dunez J, Lelliott RA, Phillips DH, Archer SA, eds. (1988). European Handbook of Plant Diseases. Blackwell Scientific Publications. ISBN 978-0-632-01222-0.
  5. ^ OEPP; EPPO (1997). Beet. EPPO Standards PP2 Good Plant Protection Practice, no. 12. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization.

Further reading[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pseudoperonospora farinosa.
  • Yamauchi, Norihito; Horinouchi, Hayato; Sakai, Kazuhiko (July 2011). "First report of spinach downy mildew caused by race Pfs:8 of Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae in Japan". Journal of General Plant Pathology. 77 (4): 260–262. doi:10.1007/s10327-011-0313-2. S2CID 22237073.
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