You: Difference between revisions

Content deleted Content added

Inline

Latest revision as of 11:36, 19 April 2024

In Modern English, the word "you" is the second-person pronoun. It is grammatically plural, and was historically used only for the dative case, but in most^{[citation needed]} modern dialects is used for all cases and numbers.

History

You comes from the Proto-Germanic demonstrative base *juz-, *iwwiz from Proto-Indo-European *yu- (second-person plural pronoun).^[1] Old English had singular, dual, and plural second-person pronouns. The dual form was lost by the twelfth century,^[2]^: 117 and the singular form was lost by the early 1600s.^[3] The development is shown in the following table.^[2]^{: 117, 120, 121}

Second-person pronoun in Old English, Middle English, & Modern English
	Singular			Dual			Plural
	OE	ME	Mod	OE	ME	Mod	OE	ME	Mod
Nominative	þu	þu		ġit			ġe	ȝē	you
Accusative	þe	þē		inc			ēow	ȝou
Dative	þe	þē		inc			ēow	ȝou
Genitive	þīn	þī(n)		incer			ēower	ȝour(es)	your(s)

Early Modern English distinguished between the plural ye and the singular thou. As in many other European languages, English at the time had a T–V distinction, which made the plural forms more respectful and deferential; they were used to address strangers and social superiors.^[3] This distinction ultimately led to familiar thou becoming obsolete in modern English, although it persists in some English dialects.

Yourself had developed by the early 14th century, with the plural yourselves attested from 1520.^[4]

Morphology

In Standard Modern English, you has five shapes representing six distinct word forms:^[5]

you: the nominative (subjective) and accusative (objective or oblique case^[6]^: 146) forms
your: the dependent genitive (possessive) form
yours: independent genitive (possessive) form
yourselves: the plural reflexive form
yourself: the singular reflexive form

Plural forms from other varieties

Although there is some dialectal retention of the original plural ye and the original singular thou, most English-speaking groups have lost the original forms. Because of the loss of the original singular-plural distinction, many English dialects belonging to this group have innovated new plural forms of the second person pronoun. Examples of such pronouns sometimes seen and heard include:

y'all, or you all – southern United States,^[7] African-American Vernacular English, the Abaco Islands,^[8] St. Helena^[8] and Tristan da Cunha.^[8] Y'all however, is also occasionally used for the second-person singular in the North American varieties.
you guys [ju gajz~juɣajz] – United States,^[9] particularly in the Midwest, Northeast, South Florida and West Coast; Canada, Australia. Gendered usage varies; for mixed groups, "you guys" is nearly always used. For groups consisting of only women, forms like "you girls" or "you gals" might appear instead, though "you guys" is sometimes used for a group of only women as well.
you lot – United Kingdom,^[10] Palmerston Island,^[11] Australia
you mob – Australia^[12]
you-all, all-you – Caribbean English,^[13] Saba^[11]
a(ll)-yo-dis – Guyana^[13]
allyuh – Trinidad and Tobago^[14]
among(st)-you – Carriacou, Grenada, Guyana,^[13] Utila^[11]
wunna – Barbados^[13]
yinna – Bahamas^[13]
unu/oona – Jamaica, Belize, Cayman Islands, Barbados,^[13] San Salvador Island^[8]
yous(e) – Ireland,^[15] Tyneside,^[16] Merseyside,^[17] Central Scotland,^[18] Australia,^[19] Falkland Islands,^[8] New Zealand,^[11] Philadelphia,^[20] parts of the Midwestern US,^[21] Cape Breton and rural Canada^{[citation needed]}
yous(e) guys – in the United States, particularly in New York City region, Philadelphia, Northeastern Pennsylvania, and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan;^{[citation needed]}
you-uns, or yinz – Western Pennsylvania, the Ozarks, the Appalachians^[22]
ye, yee, yees, yiz – Ireland,^[23] Tyneside,^[24] Newfoundland and Labrador^[11]

Semantics

You prototypically refers to the addressee along with zero or more other persons, excluding the speaker. You is also used to refer to personified things (e.g., why won't you start? addressed to a car).^[25] You is always definite even when it is not specific.

Semantically, you is both singular and plural, though syntactically it is almost always plural: i.e. always takes a verb form that originally marked the word as plural, (i.e. you are, in common with we are and they are).

First person usage

The practice of referring to oneself as you, occasionally known as tuism,^[26]^[27] is common when talking to oneself.^[28]^[29] It is less common in conversations with others, as it could easily result in confusion. Since English lacks a distinct first person singular imperative mood, you and let's function as substitutes.

Third person usage

You is used to refer to an indeterminate person, as a more common alternative to the very formal indefinite pronoun one.^[30] Though this may be semantically third person, for agreement purposes, you is always second person.

Example: "One should drink water frequently" or "You should drink water frequently".

Syntax

Agreement

You almost always triggers plural verb agreement, even when it is semantically singular.

Functions

You can appear as a subject, object, determiner or predicative complement.^[5] The reflexive form also appears as an adjunct. You occasionally appears as a modifier in a noun phrase.

Subject: You're there; your being there; you paid for yourself to be there.
Object: I saw you; I introduced her to you; You saw yourself.
Predicative complement: The only person there was you.
Dependent determiner: I met your friend.
Independent determiner: This is yours.
Adjunct: You did it yourself.
Modifier: This sounds like a you problem.

Dependents

Pronouns rarely take dependents, but it is possible for you to have many of the same kind of dependents as other noun phrases.

Relative clause modifier: you who believe
Determiner: the real you; *the you
Adjective phrase modifier: the real you; *real you
Adverb phrase external modifier: Not even you

Pronunciation

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the following pronunciations are used:


Form	Plain	Unstressed	Recording
you	(UK) /juː/ (US) /jə/	/ju/ /jə/	female speaker with US accent
your	(UK) /jɔː/ (US) /jɔr/	/jʊə/ /jʊ(ə)r/	female speaker with US accent
yours	(UK) /jɔːz/ (US) /jɔrz/	/jʊəz/ /jʊ(ə)rz/	female speaker with US accent
yourselves	(UK) /jɔːˈsɛlvz/, /jʊəˈsɛlvz/ (US) /jɔrˈsɛlvz/, /jʊrˈsɛlvz/	/jəˈsɛlvz/ /jərˈsɛlvz/
yourself	(UK) /jɔːˈsɛlf/, /jʊəˈsɛlf/ (US) /jɔrˈsɛlf/, /jʊrˈsɛlf/	/jəˈsɛlf/ /jərˈsɛlf/	female speaker with US accent

References

^ "Origin and meaning of it". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
^ ^a ^b Blake, Norman, ed. (1992). The Cambridge history of the English Language: Volume II 1066–1476. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^ ^a ^b "thee". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
^ "yourselves". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
^ ^a ^b Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002). The Cambridge grammar of the English language. Cambridge University Press.
^ Lass, Roger, ed. (1999). The Cambridge history of the English Language: Volume III 1476–1776. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
^ Rios, Delia M (2004-06-01). "'You-guys': It riles Miss Manners and other purists, but for most it adds color to language landscape". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Schreier, Daniel; Trudgill, Peter; Schneider, Edgar W.; Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. (2013). The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139487412.
^ Jochnowitz, George (1984). "Another View of You Guys". American Speech. 58 (1): 68–70. doi:10.2307/454759. JSTOR 454759.
^ Finegan, Edward (2011). Language: Its Structure and Use. Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc p. 489. ISBN 978-0495900412
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Williams, Jeffrey P.; Schneider, Edgar W.; Trudgill, Peter; Schreier, Daniel, eds. (2015). Further Studies in the Lesser-Known Varieties of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02120-4.
^ "Expressions". The Aussie English Podcast. Archived from the original on Aug 23, 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Allsopp, Richard (2003) [1996]. Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage. Kingston: The University of the West Indies Press. ISBN 978-976-640-145-0.
^ "Dictionary of Trinidad and Tobago". Chateau Guillaumme Bed and Breakfast.
^ Dolan, T. P. (2006). A Dictionary of Hiberno-English. Gill & Macmillan. p. 26. ISBN 978-0717140398
^ Wales, Katie (1996). Personal Pronouns in Present-Day English. Cambridge University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0521471022
^ Kortmann, Bernd; Upton, Clive (2008). Varieties of English: The British Isles. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 378. ISBN 978-3110196351
^ Taavitsainen, Irma; Jucker, Andreas H. (2003). Diachronic Perspectives on Address Term Systems. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 351. ISBN 978-9027253484
^ Butler, Susan (Aug 30, 2013). "Pluralising 'you' to 'youse'". www.macquariedictionary.com.au. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
^ My sweet | Philadelphia Inquirer | 02/03/2008 Archived April 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
^ McClelland, Edward (Feb 6, 2017). "Here's hoping all youse enjoy this". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2020-03-10.
^ Rehder, John B. (2004). Appalachian folkways. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-7879-4. OCLC 52886851.
^ Howe, Stephen (1996). The Personal Pronouns in the Germanic Languages: A Study of Personal Morphology and Change in the Germanic Languages from the First Records to the Present Day. p. 174. Walter de Gruyter & Co. ISBN 978-3110146363
^ Graddol, David et al. (1996). English History, Diversity and Change. Routledge. p. 244. ISBN 978-0415131186
^ "you, pron., adj., and n." Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
^ Roy Blount, Jr. (2008). Alphabet Juice: The Energies, Gists, and Spirits of Letters, Words, and Combinations Thereof; Their Roots, Bones, Innards, Piths, Pips, and Secret Parts, Tinctures, Tonics, and Essences; With Examples of Their Usage Foul and Savory. New York: Sarah Crichton Books. ISBN 978-0-374-10369-9.
^ Marcus Nordlund (2017). Shakespearean Inside: A Study of the Complete Soliloquies and Solo Asides. The Tun: Edinburgh University Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4744-1899-7.
^ Gammage, Kimberley L; Hardy, James; Hall, Craig R (October 2001). "A description of self-talk in exercise". Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2 (4): 233–247. doi:10.1016/S1469-0292(01)00011-5.
^ Dolcos, Sanda; Albarracin, Dolores (October 2014). "The inner speech of behavioral regulation: Intentions and task performance strengthen when you talk to yourself as a You: Self-talk person and self-regulation". European Journal of Social Psychology. 44 (6): 636–642. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2048.
^ Garner, Bryan A. (2016). Garner's Modern English Usage. Oxford University Press. p. 651. ISBN 978-0-19-049148-2.

[1] "Origin and meaning of it". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2021-03-20.

[:03-2] Blake, Norman, ed. (1992). The Cambridge history of the English Language: Volume II 1066–1476. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[etymonline.com-3] "thee". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2021-03-29.

[4] "yourselves". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2021-03-29.

[:142-5] Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002). The Cambridge grammar of the English language. Cambridge University Press.

[:02-6] Lass, Roger, ed. (1999). The Cambridge history of the English Language: Volume III 1476–1776. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[7] Rios, Delia M (2004-06-01). "'You-guys': It riles Miss Manners and other purists, but for most it adds color to language landscape". The Seattle Times. Retrieved 2007-03-30.

[:1-8] Schreier, Daniel; Trudgill, Peter; Schneider, Edgar W.; Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. (2013). The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139487412.

[9] Jochnowitz, George (1984). "Another View of You Guys". American Speech. 58 (1): 68–70. doi:10.2307/454759. JSTOR 454759.

[10] Finegan, Edward (2011). Language: Its Structure and Use. Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc p. 489. ISBN 978-0495900412

[:2-11] Williams, Jeffrey P.; Schneider, Edgar W.; Trudgill, Peter; Schreier, Daniel, eds. (2015). Further Studies in the Lesser-Known Varieties of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02120-4.

[12] "Expressions". The Aussie English Podcast. Archived from the original on Aug 23, 2018.

[:0-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Allsopp, Richard (2003) [1996]. Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage. Kingston: The University of the West Indies Press. ISBN 978-976-640-145-0.

[cguillaumme-14] "Dictionary of Trinidad and Tobago". Chateau Guillaumme Bed and Breakfast.

[15] Dolan, T. P. (2006). A Dictionary of Hiberno-English. Gill & Macmillan. p. 26. ISBN 978-0717140398

[16] Wales, Katie (1996). Personal Pronouns in Present-Day English. Cambridge University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0521471022

[17] Kortmann, Bernd; Upton, Clive (2008). Varieties of English: The British Isles. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 378. ISBN 978-3110196351

[18] Taavitsainen, Irma; Jucker, Andreas H. (2003). Diachronic Perspectives on Address Term Systems. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 351. ISBN 978-9027253484

[19] Butler, Susan (Aug 30, 2013). "Pluralising 'you' to 'youse'". www.macquariedictionary.com.au. Retrieved 2016-02-02.

[20] My sweet | Philadelphia Inquirer | 02/03/2008 Archived April 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

[21] McClelland, Edward (Feb 6, 2017). "Here's hoping all youse enjoy this". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2020-03-10.

[Rehder_2004-22] Rehder, John B. (2004). Appalachian folkways. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-7879-4. OCLC 52886851.

[23] Howe, Stephen (1996). The Personal Pronouns in the Germanic Languages: A Study of Personal Morphology and Change in the Germanic Languages from the First Records to the Present Day. p. 174. Walter de Gruyter & Co. ISBN 978-3110146363

[24] Graddol, David et al. (1996). English History, Diversity and Change. Routledge. p. 244. ISBN 978-0415131186

[25] "you, pron., adj., and n." Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 2021-03-29.

[26] Roy Blount, Jr. (2008). Alphabet Juice: The Energies, Gists, and Spirits of Letters, Words, and Combinations Thereof; Their Roots, Bones, Innards, Piths, Pips, and Secret Parts, Tinctures, Tonics, and Essences; With Examples of Their Usage Foul and Savory. New York: Sarah Crichton Books. ISBN 978-0-374-10369-9.

[27] Marcus Nordlund (2017). Shakespearean Inside: A Study of the Complete Soliloquies and Solo Asides. The Tun: Edinburgh University Press Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4744-1899-7.

[28] Gammage, Kimberley L; Hardy, James; Hall, Craig R (October 2001). "A description of self-talk in exercise". Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2 (4): 233–247. doi:10.1016/S1469-0292(01)00011-5.

[29] Dolcos, Sanda; Albarracin, Dolores (October 2014). "The inner speech of behavioral regulation: Intentions and task performance strengthen when you talk to yourself as a You: Self-talk person and self-regulation". European Journal of Social Psychology. 44 (6): 636–642. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2048.

[30] Garner, Bryan A. (2016). Garner's Modern English Usage. Oxford University Press. p. 651. ISBN 978-0-19-049148-2.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Personal pronoun to denote the interlocutor}}
+{{italic title}}
 {{About|the pronoun}}
 {{hatnote|"You" and "Your" are not to be confused with [[U]], [[Ewe (disambiguation)|Ewe]], [[Yew]], or [[Ure (disambiguation)|Ure]].}}
 {{pp-semi-indef}}
-{{Wiktionary|you|yours|your|yourself|yourselves}}{{italic title}}
-In [[Modern English]], '''''you''''' is the [[Grammatical person|second-person]] [[English pronouns|pronoun]]. It is [[Grammatical number|grammatically plural]], and was historically used only for the [[dative case]], but in most{{fact|date=November 2021}} modern dialects is used for all cases and numbers.
+In [[Modern English]], the word "'''''you'''''" is the [[Grammatical person|second-person]] [[English pronouns|pronoun]]. It is [[Grammatical number|grammatically plural]], and was historically used only for the [[dative case]], but in most{{fact|date=November 2021}} modern dialects is used for all cases and numbers.
 == History ==
@@ Line 67: / Line 68: @@
 ===Plural forms from other varieties===
 Although there is some dialectal retention of the original plural ''ye'' and the original singular ''thou'', most English-speaking groups have lost the original forms. Because of the loss of the original singular-plural distinction, many English dialects belonging to this group have innovated new plural forms of the second person pronoun. Examples of such pronouns sometimes seen and heard include:
-* ''[[y'all]]'', or ''you all''&nbsp;– [[Southern American English|southern United States]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Rios |first=Delia M |date=2004-06-01 |title='You-guys': It riles Miss Manners and other purists, but for most it adds color to language landscape |publisher=[[The Seattle Times]] |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=20040601&slug=youguys01 |access-date=2007-03-30}}</ref> [[African-American Vernacular English]], the [[Abaco Islands]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Lesser_Known_Varieties_of_English/-TGSgT2SyH0C?hl=en |title=The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9781139487412 |editor-last=Schreier |editor-first=Daniel |location=Cambridge |editor-last2=Trudgill |editor-first2=Peter |editor-last3=Schneider |editor-first3=Edgar W. |editor-last4=Williams |editor-first4=Jeffrey P.}}</ref> [[Saint Helena|St. Helena]]<ref name=":1"/> and [[Tristan da Cunha]].<ref name=":1" /> ''Y'all'' however, is also occasionally used for the second-person singular in the North American varieties.
+* ''[[y'all]]'', or ''you all''&nbsp;– [[Southern American English|southern United States]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Rios |first=Delia M |date=2004-06-01 |title='You-guys': It riles Miss Manners and other purists, but for most it adds color to language landscape |publisher=[[The Seattle Times]] |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=20040601&slug=youguys01 |access-date=2007-03-30}}</ref> [[African-American Vernacular English]], the [[Abaco Islands]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TGSgT2SyH0C |title=The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=9781139487412 |editor-last=Schreier |editor-first=Daniel |location=Cambridge |editor-last2=Trudgill |editor-first2=Peter |editor-last3=Schneider |editor-first3=Edgar W. |editor-last4=Williams |editor-first4=Jeffrey P.}}</ref> [[Saint Helena|St. Helena]]<ref name=":1"/> and [[Tristan da Cunha]].<ref name=":1" /> ''Y'all'' however, is also occasionally used for the second-person singular in the North American varieties.
 * ''{{Wikt-lang|en|you guys|italic=no}}'' [ju gajz~juɣajz]&nbsp;– United States,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jochnowitz|first=George|year=1984|title=Another View of You Guys|journal=American Speech|volume=58|issue=1|pages=68–70|doi=10.2307/454759|jstor=454759}}</ref> particularly in the Midwest, Northeast, South Florida and West Coast; [[Canadian English|Canada]], [[Australian English|Australia]]. Gendered usage varies; for mixed groups, "you guys" is nearly always used. For groups consisting of only women, forms like "you girls" or "you gals" might appear instead, though "you guys" is sometimes used for a group of only women as well.
-* ''{{Wikt-lang|en|you lot|italic=no}}''&nbsp;– [[British English|United Kingdom]],<ref>Finegan, Edward (2011). ''[[iarchive:languageitsstru000fine|Language: Its Structure and Use]]''. Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc p. 489. {{ISBN|978-0495900412}}</ref> [[Palmerston Island]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Further_Studies_in_the_Lesser_Known_Vari/z1a3BwAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=Further Studies in the Lesser-Known Varieties of English |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-107-02120-4 |editor-last=Williams |editor-first=Jeffrey P. |location=Cambridge |editor-last2=Schneider |editor-first2=Edgar W. |editor-last3=Trudgill |editor-first3=Peter |editor-last4=Schreier |editor-first4=Daniel}}</ref> Australia
+* ''{{Wikt-lang|en|you lot|italic=no}}''&nbsp;– [[British English|United Kingdom]],<ref>Finegan, Edward (2011). ''[[iarchive:languageitsstru000fine|Language: Its Structure and Use]]''. Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc p. 489. {{ISBN|978-0495900412}}</ref> [[Palmerston Island]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z1a3BwAAQBAJ |title=Further Studies in the Lesser-Known Varieties of English |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-107-02120-4 |editor-last=Williams |editor-first=Jeffrey P. |location=Cambridge |editor-last2=Schneider |editor-first2=Edgar W. |editor-last3=Trudgill |editor-first3=Peter |editor-last4=Schreier |editor-first4=Daniel}}</ref> Australia
 * ''you mob'' – Australia<ref>{{Cite web |title=Expressions |url=https://theaussieenglishpodcast.com/tag/expression/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823041922/https://theaussieenglishpodcast.com/tag/expression/ |archive-date=Aug 23, 2018 |website=The Aussie English Podcast}}</ref>
 * ''{{Wikt-lang|en|you-all|italic=no}}, all-you'' – [[Caribbean English]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Allsopp|first=Richard|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofcari0000unse|title=Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage|date=2003|publisher=The University of the West Indies Press|isbn=978-976-640-145-0|location=Kingston|orig-year=1996|url-access=registration}}</ref> [[Saban English|Saba]]<ref name=":2" />
@@ Line 78: / Line 79: @@
 * ''yinna'' – [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]]<ref name=":0" />
 * ''{{Wikt-lang|en|unu|italic=no}}/oona'' –  [[Jamaican English|Jamaica]], [[Belize]], [[Cayman Islands English|Cayman Islands]], Barbados,<ref name=":0" /> [[San Salvador Island]]<ref name=":1" />
-* ''{{Wikt-lang|en|youse|yous(e)|italic=no}}''&nbsp;– [[Hiberno-English|Ireland]],<ref>Dolan, T. P. (2006). ''[[iarchive:dictionaryofhibe0000dola|A Dictionary of Hiberno-English]]''. Gill & Macmillan. p. 26. {{ISBN|978-0717140398}}</ref> [[Geordie|Tyneside]],<ref>Wales, Katie (1996). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=d68sHzfpWVMC&pg=PA76 Personal Pronouns in Present-Day English]''. Cambridge University Press. p. 76. {{ISBN|978-0521471022}}</ref> [[Scouse|Merseyside]],<ref>Kortmann, Bernd; Upton, Clive (2008). ''[[iarchive:britishisles0000unse_o6i2|Varieties of English: The British Isles]]''. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 378. {{ISBN|978-3110196351}}</ref> Central Scotland,<ref>Taavitsainen, Irma; Jucker, Andreas H. (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=92SqCciTOIQC&pg=PT358 Diachronic Perspectives on Address Term Systems]''. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 351. {{ISBN|978-9027253484}}</ref> Australia,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Butler |first=Susan |date=Aug 30, 2013 |title=Pluralising 'you' to 'youse' |url=https://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/news/view/editor/article/148/ |access-date=2016-02-02 |website=www.macquariedictionary.com.au}}</ref> [[Falkland Islands English|Falkland Islands]],<ref name=":1" /> [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]],<ref name=":2" /> [[Philadelphia English|Philadelphia]],<ref>[http://www.philly.com/inquirer/currents/15153756.html My sweet | Philadelphia Inquirer | 02/03/2008<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422175131/http://www.philly.com/inquirer/currents/15153756.html|date=April 22, 2008}}</ref> parts of the midwest{{Clarify|date=March 2023|reason=Midewst of where?}},<ref>{{Cite web |last=McClelland |first=Edward |date=Feb 6, 2017 |title=Here's hoping all youse enjoy this |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-language-yinz-youse-perspec-ya-ll-you-guys-perspec-0207-jm-20170206-story.html |access-date=2020-03-10 |website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> [[Cape Breton Island|Cape Breton]] and rural [[Canada]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}
+* ''{{Wikt-lang|en|youse|yous(e)|italic=no}}''&nbsp;– [[Hiberno-English|Ireland]],<ref>Dolan, T. P. (2006). ''[[iarchive:dictionaryofhibe0000dola|A Dictionary of Hiberno-English]]''. Gill & Macmillan. p. 26. {{ISBN|978-0717140398}}</ref> [[Geordie|Tyneside]],<ref>Wales, Katie (1996). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=d68sHzfpWVMC&pg=PA76 Personal Pronouns in Present-Day English]''. Cambridge University Press. p. 76. {{ISBN|978-0521471022}}</ref> [[Scouse|Merseyside]],<ref>Kortmann, Bernd; Upton, Clive (2008). ''[[iarchive:britishisles0000unse_o6i2|Varieties of English: The British Isles]]''. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 378. {{ISBN|978-3110196351}}</ref> Central Scotland,<ref>Taavitsainen, Irma; Jucker, Andreas H. (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=92SqCciTOIQC&pg=PT358 Diachronic Perspectives on Address Term Systems]''. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 351. {{ISBN|978-9027253484}}</ref> Australia,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Butler |first=Susan |date=Aug 30, 2013 |title=Pluralising 'you' to 'youse' |url=https://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/news/view/editor/article/148/ |access-date=2016-02-02 |website=www.macquariedictionary.com.au}}</ref> [[Falkland Islands English|Falkland Islands]],<ref name=":1" /> [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]],<ref name=":2" /> [[Philadelphia English|Philadelphia]],<ref>[http://www.philly.com/inquirer/currents/15153756.html My sweet | Philadelphia Inquirer | 02/03/2008<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422175131/http://www.philly.com/inquirer/currents/15153756.html|date=April 22, 2008}}</ref> parts of the [[Midwestern United States|Midwestern US]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=McClelland |first=Edward |date=Feb 6, 2017 |title=Here's hoping all youse enjoy this |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-language-yinz-youse-perspec-ya-ll-you-guys-perspec-0207-jm-20170206-story.html |access-date=2020-03-10 |website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> [[Cape Breton Island|Cape Breton]] and rural [[Canada]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}
 * ''yous(e) guys''&nbsp;– in the United States, particularly in [[New York City English|New York City]] region, [[Philadelphia]], [[Northeastern Pennsylvania]], and the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan]];{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}
 * ''[[you-uns|you-uns, or yinz]]''&nbsp;– [[Western Pennsylvania English|Western Pennsylvania]], the [[Ozarks]], the [[Appalachian English|Appalachians]]<ref name="Rehder 2004">{{cite book|last=Rehder|first=John B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MU-43z3ZiToC&q=%22you+ones%22+appalachia&pg=PA300|title=Appalachian folkways|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8018-7879-4|location=Baltimore|oclc=52886851}}</ref>
@@ Line 86: / Line 87: @@
 ''You'' prototypically refers to the [[Grammatical person|addressee]] along with zero or more other [[person]]s, excluding the speaker. ''You'' is also used to refer to personified things (e.g., ''why won't you start?'' addressed to a car).<ref>{{Cite web |title=you, pron., adj., and n. |url=https://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/232147 |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=Oxford English Dictionary |language=en}}</ref> ''You'' is always [[Definiteness|definite]] even when it is not [[Specificity (linguistics)|specific]].
-Semantically, ''you'' is both singular and plural, though syntactically it is always plural: it always takes a [[verb]] form that originally marked the word as plural, (i.e. ''you are'', in common with ''we are'' and ''they are'').
+Semantically, ''you'' is both singular and plural, though syntactically it is almost always plural: i.e. always takes a [[verb]] form that originally marked the word as plural, (i.e. ''you are'', in common with ''we are'' and ''they are'').
+===First person usage===
+The practice of referring to oneself as ''you'', occasionally known as ''tuism'',<ref>{{cite book|author=Roy Blount, Jr.|title=Alphabet Juice: The Energies, Gists, and Spirits of Letters, Words, and Combinations Thereof; Their Roots, Bones, Innards, Piths, Pips, and Secret Parts, Tinctures, Tonics, and Essences; With Examples of Their Usage Foul and Savory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xZWKctOqg8YC|year=2008|location=New York|publisher=Sarah Crichton Books|ISBN=978-0-374-10369-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Marcus Nordlund|title=Shakespearean Inside: A Study of the Complete Soliloquies and Solo Asides|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjZYDwAAQBAJ|year=2017|publisher=Edinburgh University Press Ltd|location=The Tun|ISBN=978-1-4744-1899-7}}</ref> is common when [[talking to oneself]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gammage |first1=Kimberley L |last2=Hardy |first2=James |last3=Hall |first3=Craig R |title=A description of self-talk in exercise |journal=Psychology of Sport and Exercise |date=October 2001 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=233–247 |doi=10.1016/S1469-0292(01)00011-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dolcos |first1=Sanda |last2=Albarracin |first2=Dolores |title=The inner speech of behavioral regulation: Intentions and task performance strengthen when you talk to yourself as a You: Self-talk person and self-regulation |journal=European Journal of Social Psychology |date=October 2014 |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=636–642 |doi=10.1002/ejsp.2048}}</ref> It is less common in conversations with others, as it could easily result in confusion. Since English lacks a distinct first person singular [[imperative mood]], ''you'' and ''[[let's]]'' function as substitutes.
 ===Third person usage===
 {{Details|Generic you||}}
-''You'' is used to refer to an indeterminate person, as a more common alternative to the very formal [[indefinite pronoun]] ''[[One (pronoun)|one]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Garner |first1=Bryan A. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Garner_s_Modern_English_Usage/mSjnCwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA651&printsec=frontcover |title=Garner's Modern English Usage |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-049148-2 |page=651 |author-link1=Bryan A. Garner}}</ref> Though this may be semantically third person, for agreement purposes, ''you'' is always second person.
+''You'' is used to refer to an indeterminate person, as a more common alternative to the very formal [[indefinite pronoun]] ''[[One (pronoun)|one]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Garner |first1=Bryan A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mSjnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA651 |title=Garner's Modern English Usage |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-049148-2 |page=651 |author-link1=Bryan A. Garner}}</ref> Though this may be semantically third person, for agreement purposes, ''you'' is always second person.
 :Example: "''One'' should drink water frequently" or "''You'' should drink water frequently".
@@ Line 96: / Line 100: @@
 === Agreement ===
-''You'' always triggers plural verb [[Agreement (linguistics)|agreement]], even when it is semantically singular.
+''You'' almost always triggers plural verb [[Agreement (linguistics)|agreement]], even when it is semantically singular.
 === Functions ===
@@ Line 106: / Line 110: @@
 * Independent determiner: ''This is <u>yours</u>.''
 * Adjunct: ''You did it <u>yourself</u>.''
-* Modifier: (no known examples)
+* Modifier: ''This sounds like a <u>you</u> problem.''
 === Dependents ===
@@ Line 116: / Line 120: @@
 == Pronunciation ==
-According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary|''Oxford English Dictionary'']], the following pronunciations are used:
+According to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the following pronunciations are used:
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+
@@ Line 161: / Line 165: @@
 ==See also==
+{{Wiktionary|you|yours|your|yourself|yourselves}}
 * [[Generic you]]
 * [[English personal pronouns]]

v t e Modern English personal pronouns
I he she it who one we you they (standard)
y'all ye yinz (non-standard)
See also Modern English English personal pronouns and third-person pronouns