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|Header caption=
|Header caption=
|Ship class={{sclass|Commencement Bay|escort carrier}}
|Ship class={{sclass|Commencement Bay|escort carrier}}
|Ship displacement={{convert|11373|LT|t}}
|Ship displacement={{convert|21397|LT|t|lk=on}}
|Ship length={{cvt|557|ft|1|in|m}}
|Ship length={{cvt|557|ft|1|in|m}} [[length overall|loa]]
|Ship beam={{cvt|75|ft|m}}
|Ship beam={{cvt|75|ft|m}}
|Ship draft={{cvt|32|ft|m}}
|Ship draft={{cvt|32|ft|m}}
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[[File:USS Mindoro (CVE-120) underway at sea on 23 October 1953 (NNAM.1996.488.035.049).jpg|thumb|left|''Mindoro'' underway in 1953]]
[[File:USS Mindoro (CVE-120) underway at sea on 23 October 1953 (NNAM.1996.488.035.049).jpg|thumb|left|''Mindoro'' underway in 1953]]


In 1941, as United States participation in [[World War II]] became increasingly likely, the [[US Navy]] embarked on a construction program for [[escort carrier]]s, which were converted from [[transport ship]]s of various types. Many of the escort carrier types were converted from [[Type C3-class ship|C3-type transports]], but the {{sclass|Sangamon|escort carrier|1}}s were instead rebuilt [[oil tanker]]s. These proved to be very successful ships, and the {{sclass|Commencement Bay|escort carrier|4}}, authorized for Fiscal Year 1944, were an improved version of the ''Sangamon'' design. The new ships were faster, had improved aviation facilities, and had better internal [[Compartment (ship)|compartmentation]].{{sfn|Friedman|pp=107–111}}
In 1941, as United States participation in [[World War II]] became increasingly likely, the [[US Navy]] embarked on a construction program for [[escort carrier]]s, which were converted from [[transport ship]]s of various types. Many of the escort carrier types were converted from [[Type C3-class ship|C3-type transports]], but the {{sclass|Sangamon|escort carrier|1}}s were instead rebuilt [[oil tanker]]s. These proved to be very successful ships, and the {{sclass|Commencement Bay|escort carrier|4}}, authorized for Fiscal Year 1944, were an improved version of the ''Sangamon'' design. The new ships were faster, had improved aviation facilities, and had better internal [[Compartment (ship)|compartmentation]].{{sfn|Friedman 1986|pp=107–111}} They proved to be the most successful of the escort carriers, and the only class to be retained in active service after the war, since they were large enough to operate newer aircraft.{{sfn|Friedman 1983|p=199}}


''Mindoro'' was {{cvt|557|ft|1|in|m}} [[long overall]], with a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{cvt|75|ft|m}} at the [[waterline]], which extended to {{cvt|105|ft|2|in}} at maximum. She [[Displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|21397|LT|t}} at [[full load]], of which {{cvt|12876|LT|t}} could be [[fuel oil]] (though some of her storage tanks were converted to permanently store seawater for [[ballast]]), and at full load she had a [[Draft (ship)|draft]] of {{cvt|27|ft|11|in}}. She had a complement of 1,066 officers and enlisted men.{{sfn|Friedman|p=111}}
''Mindoro'' was {{cvt|557|ft|1|in|m}} [[long overall]], with a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{cvt|75|ft|m}} at the [[waterline]], which extended to {{cvt|105|ft|2|in}} at maximum. She [[Displacement (ship)|displaced]] {{convert|21397|LT|t}} at [[full load]], of which {{cvt|12876|LT|t}} could be [[fuel oil]] (though some of her storage tanks were converted to permanently store seawater for [[ballast]]), and at full load she had a [[Draft (ship)|draft]] of {{cvt|27|ft|11|in}}. The ship's [[superstructure]] consisted of a small island. She had a complement of 1,066 officers and enlisted men.{{sfn|Friedman 1986|p=111}}


The ship was powered by two [[Allis-Chalmers]] geared [[steam turbine]]s, each driving one [[screw propeller]], using steam provided by four [[Combustion Engineering]]-manufactured [[water-tube boilers]]. The propulsion system was rated to produce a total of {{cvt|16000|shp|lk=in}} for a top speed of {{convert|19|kn|lk=in}}. Given the very large storage capacity for oil, the ships of the ''Commencement Bay'' class could steam for some {{convert|23900|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of {{convert|15|kn}}.{{sfn|Friedman|p=111}}
The ship was powered by two [[Allis-Chalmers]] geared [[steam turbine]]s, each driving one [[screw propeller]], using steam provided by four [[Combustion Engineering]]-manufactured [[water-tube boilers]]. The propulsion system was rated to produce a total of {{cvt|16000|shp|lk=in}} for a top speed of {{convert|19|kn|lk=in}}. Given the very large storage capacity for oil, the ships of the ''Commencement Bay'' class could steam for some {{convert|23900|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of {{convert|15|kn}}.{{sfn|Friedman 1986|p=111}}


Her defensive [[anti-aircraft]] armament consisted of two [[5"/38 caliber gun|{{cvt|5|in|mm|0}}]] [[dual-purpose gun]]s in single mounts, thirty-six [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|{{cvt|40|mm|0}} Bofors guns]], and twenty [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|{{cvt|20|mm|0}} Oerlikon light AA cannon]]s. The Bofors guns were placed in three quadruple and twelve twin mounts, while the Oerlikon guns were all mounted individually. She carried 33 planes, which could be launched from two [[aircraft catapult]]s.{{sfn|Friedman|p=111}}
Her defensive [[anti-aircraft]] armament consisted of two [[5"/38 caliber gun|{{cvt|5|in|mm|0}}]] [[dual-purpose gun]]s in single mounts, thirty-six [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|{{cvt|40|mm|0}} Bofors guns]], and twenty [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|{{cvt|20|mm|0}} Oerlikon light AA cannon]]s. The Bofors guns were placed in three quadruple and twelve twin mounts, while the Oerlikon guns were all mounted individually. She carried 33 planes, which could be launched from two [[aircraft catapult]]s. Two elevators transferred aircraft from the [[hangar]] to the [[flight deck]].{{sfn|Friedman 1986|p=111}}


==Service history==
==Service history==
[[File:Blimp lands on USS Mindoro (CVE-120) c1950.jpg|thumb|A [[K-class blimp]] landing on ''Mindoro'' in the 1950s]]
[[File:Blimp lands on USS Mindoro (CVE-120) c1950.jpg|thumb|A [[K-class blimp]] landing on ''Mindoro'' in the 1950s]]


The [[keel]] for ''Mindoro'' was [[laid down]] at the [[Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation|Todd-Pacific Shipyards, Inc.]], in [[Tacoma, Washington]], on 2 January 1945. The completed [[hull (watercraft)|hull]] was [[Launched (ship)|launched]] on 27 June 1945. She was [[Commissioned (ship)|commissioned]] at Tacoma on 4 December 1945, too late to have seen action during the war.{{sfn|Friedman|p=111}} Following her completion, she embarked on a [[shakedown cruise]] to test the ship along the [[West Coast of the United States]], that lasted into January 1946; later that month, she departed for the [[East Coast of the United States]], arriving in [[Norfolk, Virginia]], on 15 February. Despite the fact that the United States was [[mobilization|demobilizing]] much of the armed forces that had been assembled during the war, the newly completed ''Mindoro'' would be kept in active service.{{sfn|DANFS Mindoro}}
The first fifteen ships of the ''Commencement Bay'' class were ordered on 23 January 1943, allocated to Fiscal Year 1944.{{sfn|Friedman 1983|p=199}} The [[keel]] for ''Mindoro'' was [[laid down]] at the [[Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation|Todd-Pacific Shipyards, Inc.]], in [[Tacoma, Washington]], on 2 January 1945. The completed [[hull (watercraft)|hull]] was [[Launched (ship)|launched]] on 27 June 1945. She was [[Commissioned (ship)|commissioned]] at Tacoma on 4 December 1945, too late to have seen action during the war.{{sfn|Friedman 1986|p=111}}{{sfn|Silverstone|p=27}} Following her completion, she embarked on a [[shakedown cruise]] to test the ship along the [[West Coast of the United States]], that lasted into January 1946; later that month, she departed for the [[East Coast of the United States]], arriving in [[Norfolk, Virginia]], on 15 February. Despite the fact that the United States was [[mobilization|demobilizing]] much of the armed forces that had been assembled during the war, the newly completed ''Mindoro'' would be kept in active service.{{sfn|DANFS Mindoro}}


''Mindoro'' was assigned to [[Carrier Division 14]], which she soon joined for training exercises to practice carrier operations. In May, she sailed to the [[West Indies]], where she took part in large scale maneuvers with ships from [[United States Eighth Fleet|8th Fleet]]. She spent the rest of the year cruising along the East Coast and as far south as Cuba; during this period, she conducted routine training exercises for her pilots and [[anti-submarine warfare]] exercises. She spent the next nine years operating on a similar routine of training exercises and fleet maneuvers, and she was based at Norfolk for this period.{{sfn|DANFS Mindoro}} In November 1947, she took part in the Civilian Cruise Program, a public relations program the Navy had begun after the end of the war in 1945.{{sfn|Seagoing Civilians|p=12}} She also made trips across the Atlantic to visit Britain, and in 1950 and 1954, she was sent on deployments to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] for assignments with the [[United States Sixth Fleet|6th Fleet]].{{sfn|DANFS Mindoro}} During these deployments, ''Mindoro'' served as part of the ASW screen for the fleet. She also brought her escorting [[cruiser]]s and [[destroyer]]s, which further strengthened the fleet.{{sfn|Polmar|p=92}}
''Mindoro'' was assigned to [[Carrier Division 14]], which she soon joined for training exercises to practice carrier operations. In May, she sailed to the [[West Indies]], where she took part in large scale maneuvers with ships from [[United States Eighth Fleet|8th Fleet]]. She spent the rest of the year cruising along the East Coast and as far south as Cuba; during this period, she conducted routine training exercises for her pilots and [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) exercises.{{sfn|DANFS Mindoro}} In the postwar period, the Navy adopted a combined-arms approach to ASW defense for the fleet and the US coast; escort carriers like ''Mindoro'' formed hunter-killer groups, which were supported by patrol craft and [[blimp]]s like the [[K-class blimp|K class]]. The blimps frequently practiced joint operations with the escort carriers, including landing on the flight deck.{{sfn|Grossnick|pp=64–66}} She spent the next nine years operating on a similar routine of training exercises and fleet maneuvers, and she was based at Norfolk for this period.{{sfn|DANFS Mindoro}} In November 1947, she took part in the Civilian Cruise Program, a public relations program the Navy had begun after the end of the war in 1945.{{sfn|Seagoing Civilians|p=12}} [[George Whelan Anderson Jr.]] captained ''Mindoro'' beginning in July 1948.{{sfn|Oudine|p=36}}


She also made trips across the Atlantic to visit Britain, and in 1950, she was sent on a deployment to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] for assignment with the [[United States Sixth Fleet|6th Fleet]].{{sfn|DANFS Mindoro}} During the deployment, ''Mindoro'' served as part of the ASW screen for the fleet. She also brought her escorting [[cruiser]]s and [[destroyer]]s, which further strengthened the fleet.{{sfn|Polmar|p=92}} The deployment was in response to the outbreak of the [[Korean War]] earlier in 1950; many warships from the 6th Fleet had been transferred to the Pacific to support operations in Korea, so ''Mindoro''{{'}}s ASW group was sent to reinforce the 6th Fleet.{{sfn|Field|p=398}} From 1951 to 1952, [[David L. McDonald]] served as the ship's commander.{{sfn|Oudine|p=36}} In September 1952, ''Mindoro'' took part in the major [[NATO]] naval exercise, [[Exercise Mainbrace]], off Norway and Denmark.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bombardment Of A Lofoten Islet |newspaper=[[The Times]] |date=18 September 1952 |issue=52420 |page=6}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Landing in Denmark |newspaper=The Times |date=23 September 1952 |issue=52424 |page=6}}</ref> In 1954, she made a second deployment to the Mediterranean with the 6th Fleet.{{sfn|DANFS Mindoro}}
⚫
The ship took part in her final training maneuvers off the [[Virginia Capes]] in January 1955, after which she sailed to [[Boston]] on the 17th. She was decommissioned there on 4 August and was assigned to the [[Atlantic Reserve Fleet]]. Her [[hull number]] was changed to AKV-20 on 7 May 1959, and later that year the navy decided to discard the ship. She was struck from the [[naval register]] on 1 December 1959, sold in June 1960, and then towed to [[Hong Kong]] later that year, where she was [[ship breaking|broken up]] for [[scrap]].{{sfn|DANFS Mindoro}}

⚫
The ship took part in her final training maneuvers off the [[Virginia Capes]] in January 1955, after which she sailed to [[Boston]] on the 17th. She was decommissioned there on 4 August and was assigned to the [[Atlantic Reserve Fleet]].{{sfn|DANFS Mindoro}} By this time, the Navy had begun replacing the ''Commencement Bay''-class ships with much larger {{sclass|Essex|aircraft carrier|1}}s, since the former were too small to operate newer and more effective anti-submarine patrol planes. Proposals to radically rebuild the ''Commencement Bay''s either with an [[angled flight deck]] and various structural improvements or lengthen their [[hull (watercraft)|hulls]] by {{cvt|30|ft}} and replace their propulsion machinery to increase speed came to nothing, as they were deemed to be too expensive.{{sfn|Friedman 1983|pp=339–342}} ''Mindoro''{{'}}s [[hull number]] was changed to AKV-20 on 7 May 1959, and later that year the navy decided to discard the ship. She was struck from the [[naval register]] on 1 December 1959, sold in June 1960, and then towed to [[Hong Kong]] later that year, where she was [[ship breaking|broken up]] for [[scrap]].{{sfn|DANFS Mindoro}}


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{reflist|20em}}


==References==
==References==
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|publisher=Government Printing Office
|publisher=Government Printing Office
|oclc=1131205
|oclc=1131205
|ref={{sfnref|James}}
|ref={{sfnref|Field}}
}}
}}
* {{cite book
* {{cite book
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|publisher=Conway Maritime Press
|publisher=Conway Maritime Press
|isbn=978-0-85177-245-5
|isbn=978-0-85177-245-5
|ref={{sfnRef|Friedman}}
|ref={{sfnRef|Friedman 1986}}
| url=https://archive.org/details/allworldsfightin00rgre
| url=https://archive.org/details/allworldsfightin00rgre
|name-list-style=amp
|name-list-style=amp
}}
* {{cite book
|last= Friedman
|first= Norman
|date= 1983
|title= U.S. Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated Design History
|location= Annapolis
|publisher= Naval Institute Press
|isbn= 978-0-87021-739-5
|ref={{sfnref|Friedman 1983}}
}}
* {{cite book
|editor-last=Grossnick
|editor-first=Roy A.
|title=Kite Balloons to Airships: The Navy's Lighter-than-air Experience
|year=1987
|location=Washington DC
|publisher=Government Printing Office
|oclc=17273140
|ref={{sfnref|Grossnick}}
}}
}}
* {{cite DANFS
* {{cite DANFS
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| ref = {{sfnRef|DANFS Mindoro}}
| ref = {{sfnRef|DANFS Mindoro}}
}}{{PD-notice}}
}}{{PD-notice}}
* {{Cite magazine
|editor-last=Oudine
|editor-first=John A.
|title=Meet Your New CNO: ADM McDonald Succeeds ADM Anderson
|magazine=[[All Hands]]
|date=August 1963
|publisher=United States Navy
|issue=559
|pages=36–37
|ref={{sfnref|Oudine}}
}}
* {{cite book
* {{cite book
|last=Polmar
|last=Polmar
Line 132: Line 165:
|ref={{sfnref|Seagoing Civilians}}
|ref={{sfnref|Seagoing Civilians}}
|page=12
|page=12
|issn=0028-1417
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Silverstone
| first = Paul H.
| title = The Navy of World War II, 1922–1947
| publisher = Routledge
| year = 2012
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-1-135-86472-9
|ref={{sfnref|Silverstone}}
}}
}}


Revision as of 10:43, 11 May 2024

For other ships with the same name, see USS Mindoro.
USS Mindoro (CVE-120) underway in April 1952
History
United States
NameUSS Mindoro
NamesakeMindoro
BuilderTodd Pacific Shipyards
Laid down2 January 1945
Launched27 June 1945
Commissioned4 December 1945
Decommissioned4 August 1955
Stricken1 December 1959
FateSold June 1960, and scrapped in Hong Kong
General characteristics
Class and typeCommencement Bay-class escort carrier
Displacement21,397 long tons (21,740 t)
Length557 ft 1 in (169.80 m) loa
Beam75 ft (23 m)
Draft32 ft (9.8 m)
Installed power
Propulsion
Speed19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph)
Complement1,066
Armament
Aircraft carried33
Aviation facilities2 × aircraft catapults

USS Mindoro (hull number: CVE-120) was a Commencement Bay-class escort carrier of the United States Navy. The ship was a converted oil tanker, and she had a capacity to carry up to thirty-three aircraft. She was built during World War II, but was completed too late to see action during the conflict. She nevertheless saw service with the 8th Fleet in the late 1940s and early 1950s in the Atlantic Ocean. She also made two deployments to the Mediterranean Sea, in 1950 and 1954, before being decommissioned in January 1955 and assigned to the Atlantic Reserve Fleet. She was retained for just four years before being struck from the naval register in December 1959 and thereafter scrapped.

Design

Main article: Commencement Bay-class escort carrier
Mindoro underway in 1953

In 1941, as United States participation in World War II became increasingly likely, the US Navy embarked on a construction program for escort carriers, which were converted from transport ships of various types. Many of the escort carrier types were converted from C3-type transports, but the Sangamon-class escort carriers were instead rebuilt oil tankers. These proved to be very successful ships, and the Commencement Bay class, authorized for Fiscal Year 1944, were an improved version of the Sangamon design. The new ships were faster, had improved aviation facilities, and had better internal compartmentation.[1] They proved to be the most successful of the escort carriers, and the only class to be retained in active service after the war, since they were large enough to operate newer aircraft.[2]

Mindoro was 557 ft 1 in (169.80 m) long overall, with a beam of 75 ft (23 m) at the waterline, which extended to 105 ft 2 in (32.05 m) at maximum. She displaced 21,397 long tons (21,740 t) at full load, of which 12,876 long tons (13,083 t) could be fuel oil (though some of her storage tanks were converted to permanently store seawater for ballast), and at full load she had a draft of 27 ft 11 in (8.51 m). The ship's superstructure consisted of a small island. She had a complement of 1,066 officers and enlisted men.[3]

The ship was powered by two Allis-Chalmers geared steam turbines, each driving one screw propeller, using steam provided by four Combustion Engineering-manufactured water-tube boilers. The propulsion system was rated to produce a total of 16,000 shp (12,000 kW) for a top speed of 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph). Given the very large storage capacity for oil, the ships of the Commencement Bay class could steam for some 23,900 nautical miles (44,300 km; 27,500 mi) at a speed of 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph).[3]

Her defensive anti-aircraft armament consisted of two 5 in (127 mm) dual-purpose guns in single mounts, thirty-six 40 mm (2 in) Bofors guns, and twenty 20 mm (1 in) Oerlikon light AA cannons. The Bofors guns were placed in three quadruple and twelve twin mounts, while the Oerlikon guns were all mounted individually. She carried 33 planes, which could be launched from two aircraft catapults. Two elevators transferred aircraft from the hangar to the flight deck.[3]

Service history

A K-class blimp landing on Mindoro in the 1950s

The first fifteen ships of the Commencement Bay class were ordered on 23 January 1943, allocated to Fiscal Year 1944.[2] The keel for Mindoro was laid down at the Todd-Pacific Shipyards, Inc., in Tacoma, Washington, on 2 January 1945. The completed hull was launched on 27 June 1945. She was commissioned at Tacoma on 4 December 1945, too late to have seen action during the war.[3][4] Following her completion, she embarked on a shakedown cruise to test the ship along the West Coast of the United States, that lasted into January 1946; later that month, she departed for the East Coast of the United States, arriving in Norfolk, Virginia, on 15 February. Despite the fact that the United States was demobilizing much of the armed forces that had been assembled during the war, the newly completed Mindoro would be kept in active service.[5]

Mindoro was assigned to Carrier Division 14, which she soon joined for training exercises to practice carrier operations. In May, she sailed to the West Indies, where she took part in large scale maneuvers with ships from 8th Fleet. She spent the rest of the year cruising along the East Coast and as far south as Cuba; during this period, she conducted routine training exercises for her pilots and anti-submarine warfare (ASW) exercises.[5] In the postwar period, the Navy adopted a combined-arms approach to ASW defense for the fleet and the US coast; escort carriers like Mindoro formed hunter-killer groups, which were supported by patrol craft and blimps like the K class. The blimps frequently practiced joint operations with the escort carriers, including landing on the flight deck.[6] She spent the next nine years operating on a similar routine of training exercises and fleet maneuvers, and she was based at Norfolk for this period.[5] In November 1947, she took part in the Civilian Cruise Program, a public relations program the Navy had begun after the end of the war in 1945.[7] George Whelan Anderson Jr. captained Mindoro beginning in July 1948.[8]

She also made trips across the Atlantic to visit Britain, and in 1950, she was sent on a deployment to the Mediterranean Sea for assignment with the 6th Fleet.[5] During the deployment, Mindoro served as part of the ASW screen for the fleet. She also brought her escorting cruisers and destroyers, which further strengthened the fleet.[9] The deployment was in response to the outbreak of the Korean War earlier in 1950; many warships from the 6th Fleet had been transferred to the Pacific to support operations in Korea, so Mindoro's ASW group was sent to reinforce the 6th Fleet.[10] From 1951 to 1952, David L. McDonald served as the ship's commander.[8] In September 1952, Mindoro took part in the major NATO naval exercise, Exercise Mainbrace, off Norway and Denmark.[11][12] In 1954, she made a second deployment to the Mediterranean with the 6th Fleet.[5]

The ship took part in her final training maneuvers off the Virginia Capes in January 1955, after which she sailed to Boston on the 17th. She was decommissioned there on 4 August and was assigned to the Atlantic Reserve Fleet.[5] By this time, the Navy had begun replacing the Commencement Bay-class ships with much larger Essex-class aircraft carriers, since the former were too small to operate newer and more effective anti-submarine patrol planes. Proposals to radically rebuild the Commencement Bays either with an angled flight deck and various structural improvements or lengthen their hulls by 30 ft (9.1 m) and replace their propulsion machinery to increase speed came to nothing, as they were deemed to be too expensive.[13] Mindoro's hull number was changed to AKV-20 on 7 May 1959, and later that year the navy decided to discard the ship. She was struck from the naval register on 1 December 1959, sold in June 1960, and then towed to Hong Kong later that year, where she was broken up for scrap.[5]

Notes

  1. ^ Friedman 1986, pp. 107–111.
  2. ^ a b Friedman 1983, p. 199.
  3. ^ a b c d Friedman 1986, p. 111.
  4. ^ Silverstone, p. 27.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g DANFS Mindoro.
  6. ^ Grossnick, pp. 64–66.
  7. ^ Seagoing Civilians, p. 12.
  8. ^ a b Oudine, p. 36.
  9. ^ Polmar, p. 92.
  10. ^ Field, p. 398.
  11. ^ "Bombardment Of A Lofoten Islet". The Times. No. 52420. 18 September 1952. p. 6.
  12. ^ "Landing in Denmark". The Times. No. 52424. 23 September 1952. p. 6.
  13. ^ Friedman 1983, pp. 339–342.

References

External links

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