Servilia gens: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Partial summary of the gens Servilia (will finish today or tomorrow).
 
m Disambiguating links to Asculum (link changed to Ascoli Piceno) using DisamAssist.
 
(126 intermediate revisions by 41 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|Ancient Roman family}}
The '''''gens Servilia''''' was a [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]] family at [[Ancient Rome|Rome]]. The ''[[gens]]'' was celebrated during the early ages of the [[Roman Republic|Republic]], and the names of few ''gentes'' appear more frequently at this period in the [[Fasti|consular Fasti]]. It continued to produce men of influence in the state down to the latest times of the Republic, and even in the [[Roman Empire|imperial period]]. The first member of the ''gens'' who obtained the [[Roman consul|consulship]] was Publius Servilius Priscus Structus in 495 B.C., and the last of the name who appears in the consular Fasti is Quintus Servilius Silanus, in A.D. 189, thus occupying a prominent position in the Roman state for nearly seven hundred years.
The '''gens Servilia''' was a [[patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]] family at [[ancient Rome]]. The [[gens]] was celebrated during the early ages of the [[Roman Republic|Republic]], and the names of few gentes appear more frequently at this period in the [[Fasti consulares|consular Fasti]]. It continued to produce men of influence in the state down to the latest times of the Republic, and even in the [[Roman Empire|imperial period]]. The first member of the gens who obtained the [[Roman consul|consulship]] was [[Publius Servilius Priscus Structus (consul 495 BC)|Publius Servilius Priscus Structus]] in 495 BC, and the last of the name who appears in the consular Fasti is Quintus Servilius Silanus, in AD 189, thus occupying a prominent position in the Roman state for nearly seven hundred years.


Like other Roman ''gentes'', the Servilii of course had their own ''[[sacra (ancient Rome)|sacra]]''; and they are said to have worshipped a ''triens'', or copper coin, which is reported to have increased or diminished in size at various times, thus indicating the increase or diminution of the honors of the ''gens''. Although the Servilii were originally patricians, in the later Republic there were also plebeian Servilii.<ref>''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', [[William Smith (lexicographer)|William Smith]], Editor.</ref><ref>''[[Fasti|Fasti Capitolini]]''.</ref><ref>[[Pliny the Elder|Gaius Plinius Secundus]], ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Historia Naturalis]]'', xxxiv. 13. s. 38.</ref>
Like other Roman gentes, the Servilii of course had their own [[sacra (ancient Rome)|sacra]]; and they are said to have worshipped a ''triens'', or copper coin, which is reported to have increased or diminished in size at various times, thus indicating the increase or diminution of the honors of the gens. Although the Servilii were originally patricians, in the later Republic there were also [[plebeian]] Servilii.<ref name="DGRBM Servilia Gens">''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. III, p. 793 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Servilia gens|Servilia Gens]]").</ref><ref name="Fasti Capitolini">''[[Fasti Capitolini]]'', {{AE|1900|83}}; 1904, 114; {{AE|1927|101}}; 1940, 59, 60.</ref><ref>[[Pliny the Elder|Gaius Plinius Secundus]], ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Historia Naturalis]]'', xxxiv. 13. s. 38.</ref>


==Origin of the gens==
==Origin==
The Servilia ''gens'' was one of the [[Alba Longa|Alban]] houses removed to Rome by [[Tullus Hostilius]], and enrolled by him among the patricians. It was, consequently, one of the ''gentes minores''. The ''[[Roman naming convention|nomen]] Servilius'' is a patronymic surname, derived from the ''[[praenomen]] [[Servius (praenomen)|Servius]]'', which must have been borne by the ancestor of the ''gens''.<ref>[[Livy|Titus Livius]], ''[[Ab Urbe Condita (book)|Ab Urbe Condita]]'', i. 30.</ref><ref>George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', vol. VIII (1897).</ref>


According to tradition, the Servilia gens was one of the [[Alban people|Alban]] houses removed to Rome by [[Tullus Hostilius]], and enrolled by him among the patricians. It was, consequently, one of the ''gentes minores''. The [[Nomen gentilicium|nomen]] ''Servilius'' is a patronymic surname, derived from the [[praenomen]] ''[[Servius (praenomen)|Servius]]'' (meaning "one who keeps safe" or "preserves"), which must have been borne by the ancestor of the gens.<ref>[[Livy|Titus Livius]], ''[[Ab Urbe Condita (book)|Ab Urbe Condita]]'', i. 30.</ref><ref>George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', vol. VIII (1897).</ref>
==Praenomina used by the gens==


==Praenomina==
==Branches and cognomina of the gens==
The different branches of the Servilii each used slightly different sets of [[praenomen|praenomina]]. The oldest stirpes used the praenomina ''[[Publius (praenomen)|Publius]], [[Quintus (praenomen)|Quintus]], [[Spurius (praenomen)|Spurius]]'', and ''[[Gaius (praenomen)|Gaius]]''. The Servilii Caepiones used primarily ''[[Gnaeus (praenomen)|Gnaeus]]'' and ''Quintus''. The Servilii Gemini employed ''Gnaeus, Quintus, Publius, Gaius'', and ''[[Marcus (praenomen)|Marcus]]''. The ancestors of the gens must have used the praenomen ''Servius'', but the family no longer used it in historical times.
The Servilii were divided into numerous families; of these the names in the Republican period are ''Ahala, Axilla, Caepio, Casca, Geminus, Glaucia, Globulus, Priscus'' (with the ''agnomen Fidenas''), ''Rullus, Structus, Tucca'', and ''Vatia'' (with the ''agnomen Isauricus''). Other ''[[cognomen|cognomina]]'' appear under the Empire. The only surnames found on coins are those of ''Ahala, Caepio, Casca'', and ''Rullus''.<ref>''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', [[William Smith (lexicographer)|William Smith]], Editor.</ref><ref>[[Joseph Hilarius Eckhel]], ''Doctrina Numorum Veterum'', v. p. 308 ''ff.''</ref>


==Members of the gens==
==Branches and cognomina==
The Servilii were divided into numerous families; of these the names in the Republican period are ''Ahala, Axilla, Caepio, Casca, Geminus, Glaucia, Globulus, Priscus'' (with the agnomen ''Fidenas''), ''Rullus, Structus, Tucca'', and ''Vatia'' (with the agnomen ''Isauricus''). The Structi, Prisci, Ahalae, and Caepiones were patricians; the Gemini originally patrician, and later plebeian; the Vatiae and Cascae plebeians. Other [[cognomen|cognomina]] appear under the Empire. The only surnames found on coins are those of ''Ahala, Caepio, Casca'', and ''Rullus''.<ref name="DGRBM Servilia Gens"/><ref>[[Joseph Hilarius Eckhel]], ''Doctrina Numorum Veterum'', v. p. 308 ''ff.''</ref>
===Servilii Prisci===

The cognomen ''Structus'' almost always occurs in connection with those of ''Priscus'' or ''Ahala''. The only two Structi who are mentioned with this cognomen are Spurius Servilius Structus, who was [[tribuni militum consulari potestate|consular tribune]] in 368 BC, and Spurius Servilius Structus, consul in 476 BC. The fact that ''Structus'' appears in two of the oldest stirpes of the Servilii, neither of which clearly predates the other, could indicate that persons bearing this surname were ancestral to both great houses.<ref>''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. III, p. 928 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Structus|Structus]]").</ref>

The Prisci ("antique") were an ancient family of the Servilia gens, and filled the highest offices of the state during the early years of the Republic. They also bore the agnomen of ''Structus'', which is always appended to their name in the Fasti, till it was supplanted by that of ''Fidenas'', which was first obtained by Quintus Servilius Priscus Structus, who took [[Fidenae]] in his [[Roman dictator|dictatorship]], in 435 BC, and which was also borne by his descendants.<ref>''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. III, p. 528 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Servilius Priscus|Servilius Priscus]]").</ref>

''Ahala'', of which ''Axilla'' is merely another form, is a diminutive of ''ala'', a wing. A popular legend related that the name was first given to [[Gaius Servilius Ahala|Gaius Servilius]], [[magister equitum]] in 439 BC, because he hid the knife with which he slew [[Spurius Maelius]] in his armpit (also ''ala''). However, this does not appear to be the case, since the name had been in use by the family for at least a generation before that event.<ref>''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. I, pp. 83 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Ahala|Ahala]]"), 448 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Axilla|Axilla]]").</ref>

The surnames ''Caepio'' and ''Geminus'' appear almost simultaneously in the middle of the third century BC, with the consuls of 253 and 252. Each was the grandson of a Gnaeus Servilius, suggesting that the two cognomina belonged to two branches of the same family. ''Caepio'', an onion, belongs to a large class of surnames derived from ordinary objects, while ''Geminus'' originally denoted a twin, and was typically given to the younger of two brothers. In a discussion concerning appearances, [[Cicero]] mentions a certain Quintus Servilius Geminus, who was frequently mistaken for his brother, Publius, the consul of 252 BC. The Servilii Vatiae ("cross-legged") seem to be descended from the Gemini.<ref>''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', vol. I, pp. 533–535 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Caepio|Caepio]]"), vol. II, p. 239 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Geminus|Geminus]]"), vol. III, pp. 1232, 1233 ("[[s:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology/Vatia|Vatia]]").</ref><ref>Chase, pp. 111–113.</ref><ref>Cicero, ''Academica Priora'', ii. 84.</ref>

==Members==

===Servilii Prisci et Structi===
* [[Publius Servilius Priscus Structus]], consul in 495 BC, defeated the [[Sabine]]s and the [[Aurunci]].<ref>{{CIL|6|1279}}</ref>
* Quintus Servilius (Priscus Structus), [[magister equitum]] in 494 BC.<ref>Dionysius, vi. 40.</ref>
* [[Spurius Servilius Structus (consul 476 BC)|Spurius (or Gaius) Servilius (P. f.?) Structus]], consul in 476 BC, repulsed in his attempt to retake the [[Janiculum]] from the [[Etruscan culture|Etruscans]].{{sfn|''RE''|loc=vol. II A (2), col. 1809 ([[s:de:RE:Servilius 84|Servilius 84]])}}{{sfn|Broughton|loc=vol. I, p. 27 (and note 1)}}
* [[Quintus Servilius Priscus (consul 468 BC)|Quintus Servilius (Structus?) Priscus]], consul in 468 and 466 BC.
* [[Publius Servilius Priscus (consul 463 BC)|Publius Servilius Sp. f. P. n. Priscus]], consul in 463 BC, was carried off in his consulship by the great plague which raged at Rome in this year.<ref>Livy, iii. 6, 7.</ref><ref>Dionysius, ix. 67, 68.</ref><ref>Orosius, ii. 12.</ref>{{sfn|''RE''|loc=vol. II A (2), col. 1803 ([[s:de:RE:Servilius 73|Servilius 73]])}}{{sfn|Broughton|loc=vol. I, p. 34}}
* [[Quintus Servilius Priscus Fidenas|Quintus Servilius P. f. Sp. n. Priscus]], dictator in 435 and 418 BC, captured the town of [[Fidenae]], thereby obtaining the surname ''Fidenas''.{{sfn|''RE''|loc=vol. II A (2), cols. 1803, 1804 ([[s:de:RE:Servilius 75|Servilius 75]])}}{{sfn|Broughton|loc=vol. I, pp. 60, 61 (note 2)}}
* [[Quintus Servilius Fidenas (consular tribune 402 BC)|Quintus Servilius Q. f. P. n. Fidenas]], [[tribuni militum consulari potestate|consular tribune]] in 402, 398, 395, 390, 388, and 386 BC.
* Quintus Servilius Q. f. Q. n. Fidenas, consular tribune in 382, 378, and 369 BC.<ref>Livy, vi. 22, 31, 36.</ref>
* Spurius Servilius Priscus, censor in 378 BC.<ref>Livy, vi. 31.</ref>
* Gaius Servilius Structus, grandfather of the consular tribune in 368 BC.
* Gaius Servilius C. f. Structus, father of the consular tribune in 368 BC.
* Spurius Servilius C. f. C. n. Structus, consular tribune in 368 BC.<ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/><ref>Livy, vi. 38.</ref><ref>Diodorus Siculus, xv. 78.</ref>


===Servilii Ahalae===
===Servilii Ahalae===
* Gaius Servilius Structus Ahala, consul in 478 B.C., died in his year of office.<ref>[[Livy|Titus Livius]], ''[[Ab Urbe Condita (book)|Ab Urbe Condita]]'', ii. 49.</ref><ref>''[[Fasti|Fasti Capitolini]]''.</ref>
* Gaius Servilius Structus Ahala, consul in 478 BC, died in his year of office.<ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/><ref>Livy, ii. 49.</ref>
* [[Gaius Servilius Ahala|Gaius Servilius Structus Ahala]], ''magister equitum'' in 439 B.C., slew [[Spurius Maelius]].
* [[Gaius Servilius Ahala]], allegedly ''magister equitum'' in 439 BC, slew [[Spurius Maelius]].
* Quintus Servilius C. f. Structus Ahala, father of the consul of 427 B.C.
* Quintus Servilius C. f. Ahala, father of Gaius Servilius Axilla, consular tribune from 419 to 417 BC.
* [[Gaius Servilius Axilla|Gaius Servilius Q. f. C. n. Axilla]], consul in 427 BC, consular tribune in 419, 418 and 417 BC, and magister equitum in 418.<ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/><ref>Livy, iv. 30; iv. 45, 46.</ref>{{sfn|''RE''|loc=vol. II A (2), cols. 1773–1775 ([[s:de:RE:Servilius 37|Servilius 37]])}}{{sfn|Broughton|loc=vol. i, pp. 66 (and note 1), 71–73}}
* Gaius Servilius Q. f. C. n. Structus Ahala, consul in 427 B.C.<ref>[[Livy|Titus Livius]], ''[[Ab Urbe Condita (book)|Ab Urbe Condita]]'', iv. 30.</ref>
* Publius Servilius Q. n. Structus Ahala, father of the magister equitum of 408 B.C.
* Publius Servilius Q. f. (C. n.) Ahala, father of Gaius, the magister equitum of 408 BC.
* [[Gaius Servilius Structus Ahala (magister equitum 408 BC)|Gaius Servilius P. f. Q. n. Structus Ahala]], ''tribunus militum consulari potestate'' in 408, 407, and 402 B.C., and ''magister equitum'' in 408.
* [[Gaius Servilius Ahala (consular tribune 408 BC)|Gaius Servilius P. f. Q. n. Ahala]], consular tribune in 408, 407, and 402 BC, and magister equitum in 408.
* [[Gaius Servilius Ahala (magister equitum 389 BC)|Gaius Servilius Ahala]], ''magister equitum'' in 389 and 385 B.C.
* [[Gaius Servilius Ahala (magister equitum 389 BC)|Gaius Servilius Ahala]], magister equitum in 389 and 385 BC.
* Quintus Servilius Q. f. Ahala, father of the consul of 365 B.C.
* Quintus Servilius Q. f. Ahala, father of Quintus Servilius Ahala, the consul of 365 BC.
* [[Quintus Servilius Ahala (consul 365 BC)|Quintus Servilius Q. f. Q. n. Ahala]], consul in 365 and 362 B.C., and dictator in 360.
* [[Quintus Servilius Ahala (consul 365 BC)|Quintus Servilius Q. f. Q. n. Ahala]], consul in 365 and 362 BC, and dictator in 360.
* Quintus Servilius Q. f. Q. n. Ahala, ''magister equitum'' in 351 and consul in 342 B.C.<ref>[[Livy|Titus Livius]], ''[[Ab Urbe Condita (book)|Ab Urbe Condita]]'', vii. 22, 38.</ref>
* Quintus Servilius Q. f. Q. n. Ahala, ''magister equitum'' in 351 and consul in 342 BC.<ref>Livy, vii. 22, 38.</ref>

===Servilii Caepiones===
* Gnaeus Servilius, grandfather of the consul of 253 BC.
* Gnaeus Servilius Cn. f., father of the consul of 253 BC.
* [[Gnaeus Servilius Caepio (consul 253 BC)|Gnaeus Servilius Cn. f. Cn. n. Caepio]], consul in 253 BC, during the [[First Punic War]], sailed to the coast of Africa with his colleague, [[Gaius Sempronius Blaesus (consul 253 BC)|Gaius Sempronius Blaesus]].
* Gnaeus Servilius Cn. f. Cn. n. Caepio, father of the consul of 203 BC.
* [[Gnaeus Servilius Caepio (consul 203 BC)|Gnaeus Servilius Cn. f. Cn. n. Caepio]], consul in 203 BC, during the [[Second Punic War]].
* [[Gnaeus Servilius Caepio (consul 169 BC)|Gnaeus Servilius Cn. f. Cn. n. Caepio]], consul in 169 BC.
* [[Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus|Quintus Fabius Q. f. Q. n. Maximus Servilianus]], son of Gnaeus Servilius Caepio, the consul of 169 BC, and brother of Gnaeus, consul in 141, and Quintus, consul in 140, was adopted by [[Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus]]. He was consul in 142 BC.
* Gnaeus Servilius Cn. f. Cn. n. Caepio, consul in 141 and censor in 125 BC.<ref>Cicero, ''Epistulae ad Atticum'', xii. 5, ''De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum'', ii. 16, ''In Verrem'', i. 55.</ref><ref>Frontinus, ''De Aquaeductu'', 8.</ref><ref>Velleius Paterculus, ii. 10.</ref>
* [[Servilia (wife of Catulus)|Servilia]], wife of [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus (consul 102 BC)|Quintus Lutatius Catulus]].<ref>Cicero, ''In Verrem'', ii. 8.</ref>
* [[Servilia (wife of Drusus)|Servilia]], wife of [[Marcus Livius Drusus (consul)|Marcus Livius Drusus]].
* [[Quintus Servilius Caepio (consul 140 BC)|Quintus Servilius Cn. f. Cn. n. Caepio]], consul in 140 BC, during the [[Lusitanian War]].
* [[Quintus Servilius Caepio (consul 106 BC)|Quintus Servilius Q. f. Cn. n. Caepio]], consul in 106 BC, during the [[Cimbrian War]]. His army was annihilated at the [[Battle of Arausio]] in 105.
* Gnaeus Servilius Caepio, quaestor around 105 BC, may have been the father of Servilia, the wife of [[Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 BC)|Appius Claudius Pulcher]], who died in a shipwreck while still young.<ref>Cicero, ''Epistulae ad Atticum'', xii. 20.</ref><ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 556, 558 (note 6).</ref>
* [[Quintus Servilius Caepio (quaestor 103 BC)|Quintus Servilius (Q. f. Q. n.) Caepio]], quaestor ''urbanus'' in 103 BC, was killed in an ambush at [[Ascoli Piceno|Asculum]] in [[Picenum]], at the beginning of the [[Social War (91–87 BC)|Social War]].<ref>Cicero, ''Pro Fonteio'' 14.</ref><ref>Livy, ''Epitome'', 72.</ref>
* [[Servilia (mother of Brutus)|Servilia Q. f. Q. n.]], mistress of [[Julius Caesar]] and mother of [[Marcus Brutus]], the tyrannicide.
* [[Servilia (wife of Lucullus)|Servilia Q. f. Q. n.]], married [[Lucullus]], the conqueror of [[Mithradates Eupator|Mithridates]].
* [[Quintus Servilius Caepio (adoptive father of Brutus)|Quintus Servilius Caepio]], adoptive father of [[Brutus]]. He probably married a daughter of the orator [[Quintus Hortensius|Hortensius]].
* Servilius Caepio, [[military tribune]] during the [[war against Spartacus]], in 72 BC.
* [[Servilius Caepio (fiancé of Julia)|Servilius Caepio]], a supporter of [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]], to whose daughter, [[Julia (daughter of Julius Caesar)|Julia]], he was once betrothed.<ref>Appian, ''Bellum Civile'', ii. 14.</ref><ref>Suetonius, "The Life of Caesar", 21.</ref><ref>Plutarch, "The Life of Caesar", 14, "The Life of Pompeius", 47.</ref>
* [[Marcus Junius Brutus|Quintus Servilius Q. f. Caepio Brutus]], the name taken by Marcus Junius Brutus, the tyrannicide, when he was adopted by his uncle, the military tribune of 72 BC.


===Servilii Gemini===
===Servilii Gemini===
* [[Gaius Servilius Geminus (praetor before 218 BC)|Gaius Servilius P. f. Geminus]], praetor before 218 B.C., taken prisoner by the [[Boii]] that year.
* Gnaeus Servilius, grandfather of Publius Servilius Geminus, the consul of 252 and 248 BC. Possibly the same Gnaeus Servilius who was the ancestor of the Caepiones.
* Quintus Servilius Cn. f., father of Quintus and Publius Servilius Geminus.
* [[Gaius Servilius Geminus (consul 203 BC)|Gaius Servilius C. f. P. n. Geminus]], consul in 203 and dictator in 202 B.C., and later Pontifex Maximus.
* [[Publius Servilius Geminus|Publius Servilius Q. f. Cn. n. Geminus]], consul in 252 and 248 BC, during the [[First Punic War]].
* Quintus Servilius Q. f. Cn. n. Geminus, twin brother of the consul Publius Servilius Geminus.
* [[Gnaeus Servilius Geminus|Gnaeus Servilius P. f. Q. n. Geminus]], consul in 217 BC, slain at the [[Battle of Cannae]] in 216.
* [[Gaius Servilius Geminus (prisoner of war)|Gaius Servilius P. f. (Geminus)]], praetor before 218 BC, taken prisoner by the [[Boii]] that year. Either he or his sons went over to the plebeians.
* [[Gaius Servilius Geminus (consul)|Gaius Servilius C. f. P. n. (Geminus)]],{{efn-lr|The ''Fasti'' do not give him the surname Geminus, but do so for his brother, Marcus Servilius Pulex. Livy, however, refers to him as such several times.{{sfn|Broughton|loc=vol. I, p. 314 (note 1)}} }} consul in 203 and dictator in 202 BC, and later [[pontifex maximus]].
* [[Marcus Servilius Pulex Geminus|Marcus Servilius C. f. P. n. Pulex Geminus]], consul in 202 BC.
* [[Marcus Servilius|Marcus Servilius M. f. (Geminus)]], consul in AD 3.<ref>Valerius Maximus, i. 8. § 11.</ref>


===Servilii Caepiones===
===Servilii Vatiae===
* Marcus Servilius, grandfather of the consul of 79 BC.
* [[Servilia Caepionis|Servilia Q. f. Q. n.]], married [[Marcus Junius Brutus the Elder|Marcus Junius Brutus]], and was the mother of the [[Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger|tyrranicide]].
* [[Gaius Servilius Vatia|Gaius Servilius M. f. Vatia]], father of the consul of 79 BC.
* [[Servilia the Younger|Servilia Q. f. Q. n.]], married [[Lucullus|Lucius Licinius Lucullus]], praetor in 74 B.C.
* [[Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus|Publius Servilius C. f. M. n. Vatia]], surnamed ''Isauricus'', consul in 79 and censor in 55 BC, triumphed over the [[Isauria|Isauri]].
* [[Publius Servilius Isauricus|Publius Servilius P. f. C. n. Isauricus]], consul in 48 and 41 BC.
* [[Servilia (wife of Lepidus)|Servilia P. f. P. n.]], betrothed to [[Augustus|Octavian]] until the formation of the [[Second Triumvirate|second triumvirate]] in 43 BC.


===Servilii Structi===
===Servilii Rulli===
* Publius Servilius M. f. Rullus, ''[[triumvir monetalis]]'' in 100 BC.<ref>Crawford, ''Roman Republican Coinage'', p. 329.</ref>
* [[Publius Servilius Rullus|Publius Servilius P. f. M. n. Rullus]], tribune of the plebs in 63 BC, proposed an [[agrarian law]].
* [[Publius Servilius Rullus (cavalry leader)|Publius Servilius (P. f. P. n.) Rullus]], one of the generals of [[Augustus|Octavian]] against [[Mark Antony]] after the [[Perusine War|Perusinian War]], in 40 BC.<ref>Cassius Dio, xlviii. 28.</ref><ref>Appian, ''Bellum Civile'', v. 58.</ref>


===Others===
===Others===
* Gaius Servilius Tucca, consul in 284 BC.<ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/>
* Servilia, the wife of [[Quintus Lutatius Catulus]], consul in 102 B.C.<ref>[[Cicero|Marcus Tullius Cicero]], ''[[In Verrem]]'', ii. 8.</ref>
* Gaius Servilius Casca, [[tribune of the plebs]] in 212 BC, failed to intervene on behalf of his relative, [[Marcus Postumius Pyrgensis]].<ref>Livy, xxv. 3.</ref> The authenticity of his cognomen has been doubted.{{sfn|Broughton|loc=vol. 1, pp. 271–272 (note 5)}}
* Quintus Servilius, proconsul in 90 B.C., was slain by the inhabitants of [[Asculum]] on the outbreak of the [[Social War (91-88 BC)|Social War]].
* [[Gaius Servilius Glaucia]], praetor in 100 BC, a supporter of [[Lucius Appuleius Saturninus]], with whom he perished.
* Publius Servilius, an ''eques, magister'' of one of the companies that farmed the taxes in [[Sicily|Sicilia]] during the administration of [[Verres]].<ref>[[Cicero|Marcus Tullius Cicero]], ''[[In Verrem]]'', iii. 71.</ref>
* Quintus Servilius, praetor in 90 BC, was slain by the inhabitants of [[Ascoli Piceno|Asculum]] on the outbreak of the [[Social War (91–87 BC)|Social War]].
* Gaius Servilius, a Roman citizen in Sicilia, publicly scourged by Verres.<ref>[[Cicero|Marcus Tullius Cicero]], ''[[In Verrem]]'', v. 54.</ref>
* Servilius, praetor in 88 BC, tried to dissuade [[Sulla]] from marching onto [[Rome]], only to be mistreated by Sulla's soldiers.<ref>Plutarch, "The Life of Sulla", 9.</ref>
* Marcus Servilius, accused of ''repetundae'' in 51 B.C.<ref>[[Cicero|Marcus Tullius Cicero]], ''Epistulae ad Familiares'', viii. 8 § 3, ''Epistulae ad Atticum'', vi. 3 § 10.</ref>
* Marcus Servilius, ''tribunus plebis'' in 44 B.C., praised by [[Cicero]] as a ''vir fortissimus''.<ref>[[Cicero|Marcus Tullius Cicero]], ''Epistulae ad Familiares'', xii. 7, ''[[Philippicae]]'', iv. 6.</ref>
* Publius Servilius, an ''eques, magister'' of one of the companies that farmed the taxes in [[Sicilia (Roman province)|Sicilia]] during the administration of [[Verres]].<ref>Cicero, ''In Verrem'', iii. 71.</ref>
* [[Marcus Servilius Nonianus]], consul in A.D. 35, and one of the most celebrated orators and historians of his time.
* [[Publius Servilius Globulus]], tribune of the plebs in 67 BC, and propraetor of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]] in 63.
* Gaius Servilius, a Roman citizen in Sicilia, publicly scourged by Verres.<ref>Cicero, ''In Verrem'', v. 54.</ref>
* [[Damocrates|Servilius Damocrates]], a physician at Rome during the [[1st century|first century]].
* Marcus Servilius, accused of ''repetundae'' in 51 BC.<ref>Cicero, ''Epistulae ad Familiares'', viii. 8 § 3, ''Epistulae ad Atticum'', vi. 3. § 10.</ref>
* Servilius Barea Soranus, consul ''suffectus'' in A.D. 52, and afterwards proconsul of [[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]]; falsely accused of plotting revolution, and condemned to death.
* Marcus Servilius, tribune of the plebs in 44 BC, praised by [[Cicero]] as a ''vir fortissimus''.<ref>Cicero, ''Epistulae ad Familiares'', xii. 7, ''Philippicae'', iv. 6.</ref>
* Servilia, daughter of Barea Soranus, accused and condemned with her father in A.D. 66.
* [[Publius Servilius Casca Longus]], one of Caesar's assassins, died shortly after the [[Battle of Philippi]], in 42 BC.
* Quintus Servilius Pudens, consul in A.D. 166.<ref>[[Augustan History|Aelius Lampridius]], ''Alexander Severus'', ''Commodus'', 11.</ref><ref>''[[Fasti|Fasti Capitolini]]''.</ref>
* (Servilius) Casca, brother of Publius Longus, and like him a conspirator against Caesar.<ref>Cicero, ''Philippicae'', 2.27</ref><ref>Suetonius, Life of Caesar, 82.1</ref><ref>Plutarch, Life of Caesar, 66.8</ref>{{efn-lr|T.J. Cadoux distinguishes the unnamed brother from Gaius Casca, tribune of the plebs in 44 BC, who was probably not a Servilius. [[Appian]] was only aware of Publius, but incorrectly referred to him as Gaius, probably in confusion with the tribune. Cadoux's arguments for the existence of 3 Cascae – the two conspirators and the tribune – were accepted by [[D. R. Shackleton Bailey|Shackleton Bailey]] and [[Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton|Broughton]].}}<ref>Broughton, ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', vol. 3, pp. 194–195</ref>
* Marcus Servilius Silanus, consul in A.D. 188.<ref>''[[Fasti|Fasti Capitolini]]''.</ref>
* [[Marcus Servilius Nonianus]], consul in AD 35, and one of the most celebrated orators and historians of his time.
* Quintus Servilius Silanus, consul in A.D. 189.<ref>''[[Fasti|Fasti Capitolini]]''.</ref>
* [[Damocrates|Servilius Damocrates]], a physician at Rome during the first century.
* [[Marcia Servilia]], daughter of [[Barea Soranus]], accused and condemned with her father in AD 66.
* [[Quintus Servilius Pudens]], consul in AD 166.<ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/><ref>Aelius Lampridius, "The Life of Commodus", 11.</ref>
* Marcus Servilius Silanus, consul in AD 188.<ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/>
* Quintus Servilius Silanus, consul in AD 189.<ref name="Fasti Capitolini"/>

==Descent of the Servilii of the late Republic==
This family tree depicts the Servilii Caepiones, Gemini, and Vatiae, from the third century BC to their known descendants in imperial times, extending down to the family of the emperor [[Galba]]. The chart is based on one by [[Friedrich Münzer]].<ref>''Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft'', "Servilius", p. 1778.</ref>

{{chart top|''Stemma Caepionum et Geminorum''}}
{{chart/start|align=center}}
{{chart|||||||||||||CnSC|CnSC=Cn. Servilius}}
{{chart||||||||||,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.|}}
{{chart|||||||||CnSC||||||QSG|CnSC=Cn. Servilius|QSG=Q. Servilius<br>}}
{{chart||||||||||!||||||,|-|^|-|.|}}
{{chart|||||||||CnSC||||QSG||PSG|CnSC=Cn. Servilius<br>Caepio<br>cos. 253 BC|QSG=Q. Servilius<br>Geminus|PSG=P. Servilius<br>Geminus<br>cos. 252,<br>248 BC}}
{{chart||||||||||!|||||||,|-|-|^|-|-|.|}}
{{chart|||||||||CnSC|||||CnSG||||CSG|CnSC=Cn. Servilius<br>Caepio|CnSG=Cn. Servilius<br>Geminus<br>cos. 217 BC|CSG=C. Servilius<br>Geminus<br>pr. c. 220 BC}}
{{chart||||||||||!|||||||||||,|-|^|-|.|}}
{{chart|||||||||CnSC|||||||||CSG||MSG|CnSC=Cn. Servilius<br>Caepio<br>cos. 203 BC|CSG=C. Servilius<br>Geminus<br>cos. 203 BC,<br>dict. 202|MSG=M. Servilius<br>Pulex<br>Geminus<br>cos. 202 BC}}
{{chart||||||||||!|||||||||||!||||!|}}
{{chart|||||||||CnSC|||||||||CSG||MSG|CnSC=Cn. Servilius<br>Caepio<br>cos. 169 BC|CSG=C. Servilius<br>(Geminus)<br>aed. pl. 173 BC|MSG=M. Servilius<br>(Geminus)<br>trib. mil. 181 BC<br>pont. 170}}
{{chart||||||,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.|||||||,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.|}}
{{chart|||||QFMS||CnSC||QSC|||||MS||||||CSV|QFMS=Q. Fabius<br>Maximus<br>Servilianus<br>cos. 142 BC|CnSC=Cn. Servilius<br>Caepio<br>cos. 141 BC,<br>cens. 125|QSC=Q. Servilius<br>Caepio<br>cos. 140 BC|MS=M. Servilius|CSV=C. Servilius<br>Vatia<br>pr. after 146 BC}}
{{chart||||||!||||||||!|||||||!||||,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.|}}
{{chart|||||QFME||||||QSC|||||CS||CSV||PSV||MSV||QFME=Q. Fabius<br>Maximus<br>Eburnus<br>cos. 116 BC|QSC=Q. Servilius<br>Caepio<br>cos. 106 BC|CS=C. Servilius<br>IIIvir mon.<br>93 BC|CSV=C. Servilius<br>(Vatia)<br>pr. 102 BC|PSV=P. Servilius<br>Vatia Isauricus<br>cos. 79 BC<br>cens. 55|MSV=M. Servilius<br>Vatia<br>IIIvir mon. 89 BC}}
{{chart||||||||||||,|-|^|-|.|||||!||||||||!|}}
{{chart|||||||||||QSC||CnSC|||CS||||||PSV|QSC=Q. Servilius<br>Caepio<br>q. 103 BC<br>m. Livia|CnSC=Cn. Servilius<br>Caepio<br>pr. 90 BC|CS=C. Servilius<br>IIIvir mon. 63 BC|PSV=P. Servilius<br>Isauricus<br>cos. 48, 41 BC}}
{{chart||||||,|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|.|||||||||,|-|^|-|.|}}
{{chart|||||SMaj||||QSC||||SMin|||||||PSV||SA|SMaj=Servilia<br>m. (1) M. Junius<br>Brutus<br>d. 77 BC<br>m. (2) D. Junius<br>Silanus<br>cos. 62 BC|QSC=Q. Servilius<br>Caepio<br>d. 59 BC|SMin=Servilia<br>m. L. Licinius<br>Lucullus<br>cos. 74 BC|PSV=P. Servilius<br>Vatia<br>pr. 25 BC|SA=Servilia<br>m. M. Aemilius<br>Lepidus}}
{{chart||,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.||||!|}}
{{chart|MJB||JP||JS||JT||LLL|MJB=M. Junius<br>Brutus<br>d. 42 BC<br>m. (1) Claudia<br>m. (2) Porcia|JP=Junia<br>Prima|JS=Junia<br>Secunda<br>m. M. Aemilius<br>Lepidus<br>IIIvir|JT=Junia<br>Tertia<br>m. C. Cassius<br>Longinus<br>d. 42 BC|LLL=L. Licinius<br>Lucullus}}
{{chart||||||||||!||||!|}}
{{chart|||||||||MAL||CCL|MAL=M. Aemilius<br>Lepidus<br>d. 30 BC<br>m. Servilia|CCL=C. Cassius<br>Longinus}}
{{chart|||||||,|-|-|^|-|-|.|}}
{{chart||||||MnAL||||AL|MnAL=M'. Aemilius<br>Lepidus<br>cos. AD 11|AL=Aemilia Lepida<br>ex. AD 20<br>m. (1) Mam. Aemilius Scaurus<br>cos. suf. AD 21<br>m. (2) P. Sulpicius Quirinius<br>cos. 12 BC}}
{{chart|||||||!||||||!|}}
{{chart||||||AL||||AS|AL=Aemilia Lepida<br>m. Ser. Sulpicius<br>Galba<br>cos. AD 33<br>Imp. 68–69|AS=Aemilia}}
{{chart|||||,|-|^|-|.|}}
{{chart||||CLOG||SerLOG|CLOG=C. Livius<br>Ocella Galba<br>d. c. AD 48|SerLOG=Ser. Livius<br>Ocella Galba<br>d. c. AD 60}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}


==See also==
==See also==
* [[List of Roman gentes]]
* [[List of Roman gentes]]
* [[Servilius]]
* [[Tomb of Servilia]]


==Footnotes==
==Notes==
{{notelist-lr}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
{{SmithDGRBM}}


==Bibliography==
[[Category:Servilii]]
{{Refbegin|30em|indent=y}}
[[Category:Roman gentes]]
* [[Cicero|Marcus Tullius Cicero]], ''Academica Priora'', ''[[De Finibus|De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum]]'', ''[[Epistulae ad Atticum]]'', ''[[Epistulae ad Familiares]]'', ''[[In Verrem]]'', ''[[Philippicae]]'', ''Pro Fonteio''.
[[Category:Ancient Roman families]]
* [[Diodorus Siculus]], ''[[Bibliotheca historica|Bibliotheca Historica]]'' (Library of History).
[[Category:Prosopography of Ancient Rome]]
* [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]], ''Romaike Archaiologia'' (Roman Antiquities).
* Titus Livius ([[Livy]]), ''[[Ab Urbe Condita Libri|History of Rome]]''.
* [[Marcus Velleius Paterculus]], ''Compendium of Roman History''.
* [[Valerius Maximus]], ''Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium'' (Memorable Facts and Sayings).
* Gaius Plinius Secundus ([[Pliny the Elder]]), ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Historia Naturalis]]'' (Natural History).
* [[Sextus Julius Frontinus]], ''[[De aquaeductu|De Aquaeductu]]'' (On Aqueducts).
* [[Plutarch]]us, ''[[Parallel Lives|Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans]]''.
* [[Suetonius|Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus]], ''[[The Twelve Caesars|De Vita Caesarum]]'' (Lives of the Caesars, or The Twelve Caesars).
* Appianus Alexandrinus ([[Appian]]), ''Bellum Civile'' (The Civil War).
* [[Cassius Dio]], ''Roman History''.
* Aelius Lampridius, Aelius Spartianus, Flavius Vopiscus, Julius Capitolinus, Trebellius Pollio, and Vulcatius Gallicanus, ''[[Historia Augusta]]'' (Augustan History).
* [[Orosius|Paulus Orosius]], ''Historiarum Adversum Paganos'' (History Against the Pagans).
* [[Joseph Hilarius Eckhel]], ''Doctrina Numorum Veterum'' (The Study of Ancient Coins, 1792–1798).
* ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', [[William Smith (lexicographer)|William Smith]], ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).
* René Cagnat ''et alii'', ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated ''AE''), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present).
* {{cite book |editor1=August Pauly |editor2=Georg Wissowa |editor3=Wilhelm Kroll |editor4=Kurt Witte |editor5=Karl Mittelhaus |editor6=Konrat Ziegler |title=Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft |title-link=Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft |location=Stuttgart |publisher=J. B. Metzler |date=1894–1980 |ref={{harvid|RE}}}}
* George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', vol. VIII, pp. 103–184 (1897).
* {{cite book |last=Broughton |first=T. Robert S. |author-link=Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton |title=The Magistrates of the Roman Republic |publisher=American Philological Association |date=1952–1986 |ref={{harvid|Broughton}}}}
* Michael Crawford, ''Roman Republican Coinage'', Cambridge University Press (1974).
{{Refend}}


[[Category:Alba Longa]]
[[bg:Сервилии]]
[[ca:Gens Servília]]
[[Category:Roman gentes]]
[[de:Servilier]]
[[Category:Servilii| ]]
[[hu:Servilia gens]]
[[fi:Servilius]]

Latest revision as of 11:01, 21 May 2023

The gens Servilia was a patrician family at ancient Rome. The gens was celebrated during the early ages of the Republic, and the names of few gentes appear more frequently at this period in the consular Fasti. It continued to produce men of influence in the state down to the latest times of the Republic, and even in the imperial period. The first member of the gens who obtained the consulship was Publius Servilius Priscus Structus in 495 BC, and the last of the name who appears in the consular Fasti is Quintus Servilius Silanus, in AD 189, thus occupying a prominent position in the Roman state for nearly seven hundred years.

Like other Roman gentes, the Servilii of course had their own sacra; and they are said to have worshipped a triens, or copper coin, which is reported to have increased or diminished in size at various times, thus indicating the increase or diminution of the honors of the gens. Although the Servilii were originally patricians, in the later Republic there were also plebeian Servilii.[1][2][3]

Origin[edit]

According to tradition, the Servilia gens was one of the Alban houses removed to Rome by Tullus Hostilius, and enrolled by him among the patricians. It was, consequently, one of the gentes minores. The nomen Servilius is a patronymic surname, derived from the praenomen Servius (meaning "one who keeps safe" or "preserves"), which must have been borne by the ancestor of the gens.[4][5]

Praenomina[edit]

The different branches of the Servilii each used slightly different sets of praenomina. The oldest stirpes used the praenomina Publius, Quintus, Spurius, and Gaius. The Servilii Caepiones used primarily Gnaeus and Quintus. The Servilii Gemini employed Gnaeus, Quintus, Publius, Gaius, and Marcus. The ancestors of the gens must have used the praenomen Servius, but the family no longer used it in historical times.

Branches and cognomina[edit]

The Servilii were divided into numerous families; of these the names in the Republican period are Ahala, Axilla, Caepio, Casca, Geminus, Glaucia, Globulus, Priscus (with the agnomen Fidenas), Rullus, Structus, Tucca, and Vatia (with the agnomen Isauricus). The Structi, Prisci, Ahalae, and Caepiones were patricians; the Gemini originally patrician, and later plebeian; the Vatiae and Cascae plebeians. Other cognomina appear under the Empire. The only surnames found on coins are those of Ahala, Caepio, Casca, and Rullus.[1][6]

The cognomen Structus almost always occurs in connection with those of Priscus or Ahala. The only two Structi who are mentioned with this cognomen are Spurius Servilius Structus, who was consular tribune in 368 BC, and Spurius Servilius Structus, consul in 476 BC. The fact that Structus appears in two of the oldest stirpes of the Servilii, neither of which clearly predates the other, could indicate that persons bearing this surname were ancestral to both great houses.[7]

The Prisci ("antique") were an ancient family of the Servilia gens, and filled the highest offices of the state during the early years of the Republic. They also bore the agnomen of Structus, which is always appended to their name in the Fasti, till it was supplanted by that of Fidenas, which was first obtained by Quintus Servilius Priscus Structus, who took Fidenae in his dictatorship, in 435 BC, and which was also borne by his descendants.[8]

Ahala, of which Axilla is merely another form, is a diminutive of ala, a wing. A popular legend related that the name was first given to Gaius Servilius, magister equitum in 439 BC, because he hid the knife with which he slew Spurius Maelius in his armpit (also ala). However, this does not appear to be the case, since the name had been in use by the family for at least a generation before that event.[9]

The surnames Caepio and Geminus appear almost simultaneously in the middle of the third century BC, with the consuls of 253 and 252. Each was the grandson of a Gnaeus Servilius, suggesting that the two cognomina belonged to two branches of the same family. Caepio, an onion, belongs to a large class of surnames derived from ordinary objects, while Geminus originally denoted a twin, and was typically given to the younger of two brothers. In a discussion concerning appearances, Cicero mentions a certain Quintus Servilius Geminus, who was frequently mistaken for his brother, Publius, the consul of 252 BC. The Servilii Vatiae ("cross-legged") seem to be descended from the Gemini.[10][11][12]

Members[edit]

Servilii Prisci et Structi[edit]

Servilii Ahalae[edit]

Servilii Caepiones[edit]

Servilii Gemini[edit]

Servilii Vatiae[edit]

Servilii Rulli[edit]

Others[edit]

Descent of the Servilii of the late Republic[edit]

This family tree depicts the Servilii Caepiones, Gemini, and Vatiae, from the third century BC to their known descendants in imperial times, extending down to the family of the emperor Galba. The chart is based on one by Friedrich Münzer.[61]

Stemma Caepionum et Geminorum
Cn. Servilius
Cn. ServiliusQ. Servilius
Cn. Servilius
Caepio
cos. 253 BC		Q. Servilius
Geminus		P. Servilius
Geminus
cos. 252,
248 BC
Cn. Servilius
Caepio		Cn. Servilius
Geminus
cos. 217 BC		C. Servilius
Geminus
pr. c. 220 BC
Cn. Servilius
Caepio
cos. 203 BC		C. Servilius
Geminus
cos. 203 BC,
dict. 202		M. Servilius
Pulex
Geminus
cos. 202 BC
Cn. Servilius
Caepio
cos. 169 BC		C. Servilius
(Geminus)
aed. pl. 173 BC		M. Servilius
(Geminus)
trib. mil. 181 BC
pont. 170
Q. Fabius
Maximus
Servilianus
cos. 142 BC		Cn. Servilius
Caepio
cos. 141 BC,
cens. 125		Q. Servilius
Caepio
cos. 140 BC		M. ServiliusC. Servilius
Vatia
pr. after 146 BC
Q. Fabius
Maximus
Eburnus
cos. 116 BC		Q. Servilius
Caepio
cos. 106 BC		C. Servilius
IIIvir mon.
93 BC		C. Servilius
(Vatia)
pr. 102 BC		P. Servilius
Vatia Isauricus
cos. 79 BC
cens. 55		M. Servilius
Vatia
IIIvir mon. 89 BC
Q. Servilius
Caepio
q. 103 BC
m. Livia		Cn. Servilius
Caepio
pr. 90 BC		C. Servilius
IIIvir mon. 63 BC		P. Servilius
Isauricus
cos. 48, 41 BC
Servilia
m. (1) M. Junius
Brutus
d. 77 BC
m. (2) D. Junius
Silanus
cos. 62 BC		Q. Servilius
Caepio
d. 59 BC		Servilia
m. L. Licinius
Lucullus
cos. 74 BC		P. Servilius
Vatia
pr. 25 BC		Servilia
m. M. Aemilius
Lepidus
M. Junius
Brutus
d. 42 BC
m. (1) Claudia
m. (2) Porcia		Junia
Prima		Junia
Secunda
m. M. Aemilius
Lepidus
IIIvir		Junia
Tertia
m. C. Cassius
Longinus
d. 42 BC		L. Licinius
Lucullus
M. Aemilius
Lepidus
d. 30 BC
m. Servilia		C. Cassius
Longinus
M'. Aemilius
Lepidus
cos. AD 11		Aemilia Lepida
ex. AD 20
m. (1) Mam. Aemilius Scaurus
cos. suf. AD 21
m. (2) P. Sulpicius Quirinius
cos. 12 BC
Aemilia Lepida
m. Ser. Sulpicius
Galba
cos. AD 33
Imp. 68–69		Aemilia
C. Livius
Ocella Galba
d. c. AD 48		Ser. Livius
Ocella Galba
d. c. AD 60

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ The Fasti do not give him the surname Geminus, but do so for his brother, Marcus Servilius Pulex. Livy, however, refers to him as such several times.[44]
  2. ^ T.J. Cadoux distinguishes the unnamed brother from Gaius Casca, tribune of the plebs in 44 BC, who was probably not a Servilius. Appian was only aware of Publius, but incorrectly referred to him as Gaius, probably in confusion with the tribune. Cadoux's arguments for the existence of 3 Cascae – the two conspirators and the tribune – were accepted by Shackleton Bailey and Broughton.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 793 ("Servilia Gens").
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Fasti Capitolini, AE 1900, 83; 1904, 114; AE 1927, 101; 1940, 59, 60.
  3. ^ Gaius Plinius Secundus, Historia Naturalis, xxxiv. 13. s. 38.
  4. ^ Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, i. 30.
  5. ^ George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. VIII (1897).
  6. ^ Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum, v. p. 308 ff.
  7. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 928 ("Structus").
  8. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 528 ("Servilius Priscus").
  9. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, pp. 83 ("Ahala"), 448 ("Axilla").
  10. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, pp. 533–535 ("Caepio"), vol. II, p. 239 ("Geminus"), vol. III, pp. 1232, 1233 ("Vatia").
  11. ^ Chase, pp. 111–113.
  12. ^ Cicero, Academica Priora, ii. 84.
  13. ^ CIL VI, 1279
  14. ^ Dionysius, vi. 40.
  15. ^ RE, vol. II A (2), col. 1809 (Servilius 84).
  16. ^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 27 (and note 1).
  17. ^ Livy, iii. 6, 7.
  18. ^ Dionysius, ix. 67, 68.
  19. ^ Orosius, ii. 12.
  20. ^ RE, vol. II A (2), col. 1803 (Servilius 73).
  21. ^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 34.
  22. ^ RE, vol. II A (2), cols. 1803, 1804 (Servilius 75).
  23. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 60, 61 (note 2).
  24. ^ Livy, vi. 22, 31, 36.
  25. ^ Livy, vi. 31.
  26. ^ Livy, vi. 38.
  27. ^ Diodorus Siculus, xv. 78.
  28. ^ Livy, ii. 49.
  29. ^ Livy, iv. 30; iv. 45, 46.
  30. ^ RE, vol. II A (2), cols. 1773–1775 (Servilius 37).
  31. ^ Broughton, vol. i, pp. 66 (and note 1), 71–73.
  32. ^ Livy, vii. 22, 38.
  33. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, xii. 5, De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, ii. 16, In Verrem, i. 55.
  34. ^ Frontinus, De Aquaeductu, 8.
  35. ^ Velleius Paterculus, ii. 10.
  36. ^ Cicero, In Verrem, ii. 8.
  37. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, xii. 20.
  38. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 556, 558 (note 6).
  39. ^ Cicero, Pro Fonteio 14.
  40. ^ Livy, Epitome, 72.
  41. ^ Appian, Bellum Civile, ii. 14.
  42. ^ Suetonius, "The Life of Caesar", 21.
  43. ^ Plutarch, "The Life of Caesar", 14, "The Life of Pompeius", 47.
  44. ^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 314 (note 1).
  45. ^ Valerius Maximus, i. 8. § 11.
  46. ^ Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, p. 329.
  47. ^ Cassius Dio, xlviii. 28.
  48. ^ Appian, Bellum Civile, v. 58.
  49. ^ Livy, xxv. 3.
  50. ^ Broughton, vol. 1, pp. 271–272 (note 5).
  51. ^ Plutarch, "The Life of Sulla", 9.
  52. ^ Cicero, In Verrem, iii. 71.
  53. ^ Cicero, In Verrem, v. 54.
  54. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares, viii. 8 § 3, Epistulae ad Atticum, vi. 3. § 10.
  55. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares, xii. 7, Philippicae, iv. 6.
  56. ^ Cicero, Philippicae, 2.27
  57. ^ Suetonius, Life of Caesar, 82.1
  58. ^ Plutarch, Life of Caesar, 66.8
  59. ^ Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, vol. 3, pp. 194–195
  60. ^ Aelius Lampridius, "The Life of Commodus", 11.
  61. ^ Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, "Servilius", p. 1778.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Marcus Tullius Cicero, Academica Priora, De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, Epistulae ad Atticum, Epistulae ad Familiares, In Verrem, Philippicae, Pro Fonteio.
  • Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica (Library of History).
  • Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Romaike Archaiologia (Roman Antiquities).
  • Titus Livius (Livy), History of Rome.
  • Marcus Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History.
  • Valerius Maximus, Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium (Memorable Facts and Sayings).
  • Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), Historia Naturalis (Natural History).
  • Sextus Julius Frontinus, De Aquaeductu (On Aqueducts).
  • Plutarchus, Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans.
  • Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, De Vita Caesarum (Lives of the Caesars, or The Twelve Caesars).
  • Appianus Alexandrinus (Appian), Bellum Civile (The Civil War).
  • Cassius Dio, Roman History.
  • Aelius Lampridius, Aelius Spartianus, Flavius Vopiscus, Julius Capitolinus, Trebellius Pollio, and Vulcatius Gallicanus, Historia Augusta (Augustan History).
  • Paulus Orosius, Historiarum Adversum Paganos (History Against the Pagans).
  • Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum (The Study of Ancient Coins, 1792–1798).
  • Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).
  • René Cagnat et alii, L'Année épigraphique (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated AE), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present).
  • August Pauly; Georg Wissowa; Wilhelm Kroll; Kurt Witte; Karl Mittelhaus; Konrat Ziegler, eds. (1894–1980). Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler.
  • George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. VIII, pp. 103–184 (1897).
  • Broughton, T. Robert S. (1952–1986). The Magistrates of the Roman Republic. American Philological Association.
  • Michael Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge University Press (1974).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Servilia_gens&oldid=1156138761"