Rhynchostegium: Difference between revisions

Rhynchostegium
	Rhynchostegium murale
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Bryophyta
Class:	Bryopsida
Subclass:	Bryidae
Order:	Hypnales
Family:	Brachytheciaceae
Genus:	Rhynchostegium; Bruch & Schimp. 1852

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Rhynchostegium is a genus of pleurocarpous mosses belonging to the family Brachytheciaceae.^[2] The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution across different climatological regions except the polar regions, mostly in tropic to north temperate regions.^[2]^[1] The genus contains both aquatic and terrestrial species.^[1]^[3] The genus was named for their rostrate opercula.^[1] The type species of this genus is Rhynchostegium confertum (Dicks.) Schimp.^[1]

Etymology

The genus name comes from the Greek rhyncho- (beaked) and stegos (a lid), which refers to the rostrate operculum of the sporophyte.^[1]

History

The genus was first described by Bruch and Wilhelm Philippe Schimper in 1852.^[2]^[1]

Habitats

Terrestrial species of Rhynchostegium live in moist to wet or shaded habitats, on rock, soil, tree base, tree stem, and logs.^[1]^[4]^[5]

Aquatic species live by or in running water, including streams, springs, rivers, beds of waterfalls, and seepy cliffs.^[3]^[6]

Morphology

Gametophyte

Rhynchostegium are small to large mosses that form either loose tuft or extensive mats on the substrate, with irregular or regular branching.^[1]^[3] The younger plants are generally deep green or light green; aging plants could become whitish, brownish, or paler green.^[1]^[3] Stems are creeping and lack hyaloderm, with acute to acuminate pseudoparaphyllia.^[3] Stem leaves are erectopatent or erect.^[1]^[3] Branch leaves are similar in morphology to stem leaves but smaller and sometimes narrower.^[3] Leaves are commonly straightly to homomallously arranged; subimbricate, subcomplanate, or complanate arrangement are sometimes seen, especially in branch leaves.^[1] Leaf base, decurrent or not, varies from ovate to ovate-cordate, occasionally lanceolate, and the narrowing from gradual to abrupt, towards a short- or long-acuminate apex, where sometimes a differentiated long acumen or apiculus is present.^[1] The leaves have a single costa that generally smoothly ends 35-75% up the leaf, and more often in branch leaves in an abaxial spine.^[1] Leaf surfaces vary from flat to slightly concave and not to strongly longitudinally plicate, with little to some pores and linear laminal cells.^[1]^[3] Leaf margins are serrate to serrulate.^[1]^[3] Auxillary hairs constitute of 3-7 cells,^[3] with 1-3 upper cells.^[1] Alar cells are slightly enlarged, and either undifferentiated or quadrate to elongate-rectangular.^[1]^[3]

Sporophyte

Rhynchostegium are autoicous.^[3] Covered by a naked calyptra is a rostrate to long-rostrate operculum attached to a red-brown to brown, oblong-cylindric, weakly curved capsule, which is inclined or horizontal to a red-brown, smooth seta that has abruptly contracted perichaetial leaves at the base, with acumen straight to reflexed.^[1]^[3] An annulus separates the operculum.^[3] The peristome is xerochastic and perfect, which the red to orange-red exostomes have reduced trabeculae and cross-striolae at the base of the teeth; in rare cases the exostomes are narrow and yellow.^[1]^[3] The broadly or narrowly perforated endostomes and developed to vestigial cilia are supported by a low or high basal membrane.^[1] Spore diameters range between 9-16 µm.^[3]

Biochemistry

Allelopathy

Allelopathy has been studied on Rhynchostegium pallidifolium, which usually form pure colonies in their natural habitat.^[7]^[8] Methanol extract of R.pallidifolium represses the seedling of cress, alfalfa, lettuce, ryegrass, timothy,and Digitaria sanguinalis in a concentration-dependent manner.^[7] A combination of ESI-MS and ¹H NMR analyses identified the inhibitory chemical as 3-hydroxy-β-ionone.^[7] Further study showed a minimal 3-hydroxy-β-ionone concentration of 1 µM for the inhibition of cress hypocotyl growth, and 3 µM for cress root growth, while the endogenous concentration.^[8] The presence of 3-hydroxy-β-ionone in their natural substrate and the growing medium suggested secretion to the environment, which may imply an important role of 3-hydroxy-β-ionone in competition with other plants and the forming of pure colonies.^[8]

Antibacterial

Acetone extract of Rhynchostegium riparioides showed antibiotic activity on some Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Entero-bacter cloacae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.^[9]

Ethanolic extract of Rhynchostegium vagans showed similar effect on some Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, with performance superior to chloramphenicol and fluconazole.^[10]

Applications

Freshwater Monitoring

Rhynchostegium riparioides is used in monitoring of heavy metals concentration in freshwater in multiple regions around the world,^[11]^[12]^[13] such as copper,^[14]^[15] zinc.^[16] R. riparioides as a neutrophilous species has been used in monitoring water acidification.^[17]

List of species

The World Flora Online lists 221 species of Rhynchostegium.^[18]

Rhynchostegium acanthophyllum (Mont.) A. Jaeger
Rhynchostegium acicula (Broth.) Broth.

Rhynchostegium acutifolium (Hook. f. & Wilson) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium alboviridum R.S. Williams

Rhynchostegium algirianum (Brid. ex P. Beauv.) Lindb.

Rhynchostegium alopecuroides (Brid.) A.J.E. Sm.

Rhynchostegium altisetum Müll. Hal.

Rhynchostegium ambiguum (Schwägr.) W.R. Buck

Rhynchostegium anceps (Bosch & Sande Lac.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium aneuron Kindb.

Rhynchostegium angustifolium Renauld & Cardot

Rhynchostegium apophysatum (Hornsch.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium aquaticum A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium arcticum (I. Hagen) Ignatov & Huttunen

Rhynchostegium asperisetum (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium assumptionis Besch.

Rhynchostegium bello-intricatum (Broth.) Paris

Rhynchostegium bequaertii Thér. & Naveau

Rhynchostegium berteroanum (Mont.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium beskeanum (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium bifariellum (Kindb.) Kindb.

Rhynchostegium brachypterum (Hornsch.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium brachypyxis Renauld & Cardot

Rhynchostegium brachythecioides Dixon & P. de la Varde

Rhynchostegium brandegei (Austin) Renauld & Cardot

Rhynchostegium brevicuspis Müll. Hal.

Rhynchostegium brevinerve Huttunen & Ignatov

Rhynchostegium brevirete Broth.

Rhynchostegium buluense (Broth.) Paris

Rhynchostegium cacticola (Müll. Hal.) Paris

Rhynchostegium calderi Vohra

Rhynchostegium caloosiense (Austin) Renauld & Cardot

Rhynchostegium campylocarpum (Müll. Hal.) De Not.

Rhynchostegium campylocladulum Müll. Hal.

Rhynchostegium cataractarum Thér. & P. de la Varde

Rhynchostegium celebicum (Sande Lac.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium chrysophylloides A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium circinatum (Brid.) De Not.

Rhynchostegium cirrosum (Schwägr.) De Not.

Rhynchostegium collatum (Hook. & Wilson) Broth. & Watts

Rhynchostegium comorae (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium complanum (Mitt.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium compridense (Müll. Hal. ex Broth.) Paris

Rhynchostegium conchophyllum (Taylor) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium confertum (Dicks.) Schimp.

Rhynchostegium confusum Cezón, J. Muñoz, Hedenäs & Huttunen^[4]

Rhynchostegium congruens (Hampe) Mitt.

Rhynchostegium conostomus (Mont.) Huttunen & Ignatov

Rhynchostegium contortulum Tixier

Rhynchostegium contractum Cardot

Rhynchostegium crassinervium (Taylor) De Not.

Rhynchostegium cylindritheca Dixon

Rhynchostegium dasyphyllum Müll. Hal.

Rhynchostegium delicatulum James

Rhynchostegium demissum (Wilson) Schimp.

Rhynchostegium dentiferum (Hampe) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium deplanatum (Bruch & Schimp. ex Sull.) Kindb.

Rhynchostegium depressum (Brid.) Schimp.

Rhynchostegium distans Besch.

Rhynchostegium distratum (Hampe) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium drepanocladioides (Müll. Hal.) Kindb.

Rhynchostegium duthiei Müll. Hal. ex Dixon

Rhynchostegium elusum (Mitt.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium erythropodium (Hampe) Mitt.

Rhynchostegium esquirolii Cardot & Thér.

Rhynchostegium exiguum (Blandow) Brockm.

Rhynchostegium exilissimum (Sull.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium fabroniadelphus (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium fauriei Cardot

Rhynchostegium finitimum (Hampe) Ångström

Rhynchostegium fissidens (Müll. Hal.) Kindb.

Rhynchostegium fissidentellum Besch.

Rhynchostegium fragilicuspis Dixon

Rhynchostegium fuegianum (Cardot) Huttunen & Ignatov

Rhynchostegium funckii (Schimp.) De Not.

Rhynchostegium gaudichaudii (Mont.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium georgianum Dixon & Grout

Rhynchostegium glaucovirescens (Müll. Hal.) Kindb.

Rhynchostegium globipyxis (Müll. Hal.) Kindb.

Rhynchostegium gracilipes Thér.

Rhynchostegium graminicolor (Brid.) A.L. Andrews

Rhynchostegium herbaceum (Mitt.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium hians (Hedw.) Delogne

Rhynchostegium homaliocaulon (Müll. Hal.) Kindb.

Rhynchostegium hookeri A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium hopfferi (Welw. & Duby) A. Gepp

Rhynchostegium horridum Broth.

Rhynchostegium huitomalconum (Müll. Hal.) Besch.

Rhynchostegium humillimum (Mitt.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium hunanense Ignatov & Huttunen

Rhynchostegium huttonii (Hampe ex Beckett) Paris

Rhynchostegium illecebrum (Schimp.) Delogne

Rhynchostegium inaequale Dixon

Rhynchostegium inclinatum (Mitt.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium inerme (Mitt.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium irriguum Dixon

Rhynchostegium isopterygioides Cardot

Rhynchostegium jamesii Sull.

Rhynchostegium javanicum (Bél.) Besch.

Rhynchostegium jovet-astiae Bizot

Rhynchostegium laevisetum (Geh.) Mitt.

Rhynchostegium lamasicum (Spruce ex Mitt.) Besch.

Rhynchostegium laxatum (Mitt.) Paris

Rhynchostegium laxirete Broth.

Rhynchostegium leptoblastum (Müll. Hal.) Kindb.

Rhynchostegium leptomerocarpum (Müll. Hal.) Besch.

Rhynchostegium leptopteridium Müll. Hal.

Rhynchostegium leucodictyon Müll. Hal.

Rhynchostegium lindmanii (Broth.) Paris

Rhynchostegium lusitanicum (Kindb.) Broth.

Rhynchostegium luteonitens (Welw. & Duby) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium mac-owanianum Paris

Rhynchostegium malmei (Broth.) Paris

Rhynchostegium megapolitanum (Blandow ex F. Weber & D. Mohr) Schimp.

Rhynchostegium membranaceum (Müll. Hal.) Broth.

Rhynchostegium menadense (Sande Lac.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium meridionale (Schimp.) De Not.

Rhynchostegium micans (Sw.) Austin

Rhynchostegium microthamnioides Müll. Hal.

Rhynchostegium minutum Müll. Hal.

Rhynchostegium muelleri A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium murale (Hedw.) Schimp.

Rhynchostegium muriculatum (Hook. f. & Wilson) Reichardt

Rhynchostegium mutatum (Ochyra & Vanderp.) Huttunen & Ignatov

Rhynchostegium myosuroides (Brid.) De Not.

Rhynchostegium nanopennatum (Broth.) Kindb.

Rhynchostegium nanothecium Müll. Hal. ex Dixon

Rhynchostegium nervosum (Kiaer ex Renauld) Broth. ex Cardot

Rhynchostegium nigrescens Besch.

Rhynchostegium oblongifolium Broth. & Watts

Rhynchostegium obtusatum Broth.

Rhynchostegium obtusifolium (Mitt.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium occultum Larraín, Huttunen, Ignatova & Ignatov^[5]

Rhynchostegium omocrates W.R. Buck

Rhynchostegium ovalfolium S. Okamura

Rhynchostegium oxyodon (Welw. & Duby) A. Gepp

Rhynchostegium pallidifolium (Mitt.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium pallidius (Hampe) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium pampae (Müll. Hal.) Kindb.

Rhynchostegium parvulum Broth.

Rhynchostegium patulifolium Cardot & Thér.

Rhynchostegium patulum A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium pectinatum (Mitt.) Paris

Rhynchostegium pellucidum Dixon

Rhynchostegium pendulum (Brid.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium peruviense (R.S. Williams) Ochyra

Rhynchostegium pervilleanum (Schimp.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium philippinense (Duby) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium piliferum (Hedw.) De Not.

Rhynchostegium pinnicaule (Müll. Hal.) Kindb.

Rhynchostegium plagiotheciella Müll. Hal.

Rhynchostegium planifolium Müll. Hal.

Rhynchostegium planiusculum (Mitt.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium praecox (Hedw.) De Not.

Rhynchostegium praelongum (Hedw.) De Not.

Rhynchostegium pringlei Cardot

Rhynchostegium pseudoconfertum (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium pseudodistans Cardot

Rhynchostegium pseudomurale (Hampe) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium pseudoserrulatum (Kindb.) Kindb.

Rhynchostegium psilopodium Ignatov & Huttunen

Rhynchostegium pulchellum (Hedw.) H. Rob.

Rhynchostegium pumilum (Wilson) De Not.

Rhynchostegium raphidorrhynchum (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium recurvans (Michx.) Besch.

Rhynchostegium revelstokense (Kindb.) Kindb.

Rhynchostegium riparioides (Hedw.) Cardot

Rhynchostegium rivale (Hampe) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium robustum W.R. Buck

Rhynchostegium rotundifolium (Scop. ex Brid.) Schimp.

Rhynchostegium royae (Austin) Renauld & Cardot

Rhynchostegium ruvenzorense (Broth.) Paris

Rhynchostegium santaiense (Broth. & Paris) Broth.

Rhynchostegium sarcoblastum Broth. & Paris

Rhynchostegium savatieri Paris

Rhynchostegium scariosum (Taylor) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium selaginellifolium Müll. Hal.

Rhynchostegium sellowii (Hornsch.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium semiscabrum (E.B. Bartram) H. Rob.

Rhynchostegium semitortulum Kindb.

Rhynchostegium semitortum A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium senodictyon (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium serpenticaule (Müll. Hal.) Broth.

Rhynchostegium serrulatum (Hedw.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium shawii Hutsemekers & Vanderp.

Rhynchostegium sinense (Broth. & Paris) Broth.

Rhynchostegium sparsirameum (Geh. & Hampe) Paris

Rhynchostegium stokesii (Turner) De Not.

Rhynchostegium stramineoides (Sauerb.) Wijk & Margad.

Rhynchostegium striatum (Schreb. ex Hedw.) De Not.

Rhynchostegium strigosum (Hoffm. ex F. Weber & D. Mohr) De Not.

Rhynchostegium strongylense (Bott.) W.R. Buck & Privitera

Rhynchostegium styriacum (Limpr.) Kindb.

Rhynchostegium subacutifolium (Müll. Hal. ex Geh.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium subbrachypterum Broth. & Bryhn

Rhynchostegium subclavatum (Hampe) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium subconfertum (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium subenerve A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium submenadense Thér. & P. de la Varde

Rhynchostegium subperspicuum (Müll. Hal.) Broth.

Rhynchostegium subrectocarpum (Dixon) Vohra

Rhynchostegium subrotundum (Hampe) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium subrusciforme (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium subserrulatum (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium subspeciosum (Müll. Hal.) Müll. Hal.

Rhynchostegium subtrachypterum Bryhn ex P. Syd.

Rhynchostegium surrectum (Mitt.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium taphrophilum Müll. Hal.

Rhynchostegium tenellum (Dicks.) Schimp.

Rhynchostegium tenuifolium (Hedw.) Reichardt

Rhynchostegium tenuivagum (Broth.) Paris

Rhynchostegium tocaremae (Hampe) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium trachynotum (Müll. Hal.) Kindb.

Rhynchostegium trachypelma (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium trieblingii Müll. Hal.

Rhynchostegium tubaronense Müll. Hal.

Rhynchostegium ulicon (Taylor) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium validum (Herzog) Ochyra

Rhynchostegium vitianum E.B. Bartram & Dixon

Rhynchostegium volkensii (Broth.) Paris

Rhynchostegium vriesei (Dozy & Molk.) A. Jaeger

Rhynchostegium zeyheri (Spreng. ex Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u Hedenäs, Lars. "RHYNCHOSTEGIUM". Australian Mosses Online. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2022. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c "Rhynchostegium Bruch & Schimp". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p "Rhynchostegium in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2022-04-12.
^ ^a ^b Cezón, Katia; Muñoz, Jesús; Hedenäs, Lars; Huttunen, Sanna (2010-03-01). "Rhynchostegium confusum, a new species from the Iberian Peninsula and its relation to R. confertum based on morphological and molecular data". Journal of Bryology. 32 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1179/037366810X12578498135832. ISSN 0373-6687. S2CID 86836787.
^ ^a ^b LARRAÍN,HUTTUNEN,IGNATOVA, IGNATOV, JUAN,SANNA,ELENA,MICHAEL (July 23, 2020). "Rhynchostegium occultum (Brachytheciaceae), a new species from relict forests of central Chile". Phytotaxa. 453 (3): 199–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.453.3.3. S2CID 225464571.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Kelly, M. G.; Whitton, B. A. (December 1987). "Growth rate of the aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioidesin Northern England". Freshwater Biology. 18 (3): 461–468. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.1987.tb01331.x. ISSN 0046-5070.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kato-Noguchi, Hisashi; Seki, Takahiro; Shigemori, Hideyuki (2010-04-15). "Allelopathy and allelopathic substance in the moss Rhynchostegium pallidifolium". Journal of Plant Physiology. 167 (6): 468–471. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2009.10.018. ISSN 0176-1617. PMID 20018404.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kato-Noguchi, Seki, Hisashi, Takahiro (1 June 2010). "Allelopathy of the moss Rhynchostegium pallidifolium and 3-hydroxy-β-ionone". Plant Signaling & Behavior. 5 (6): 702–704. doi:10.4161/psb.5.6.11642. PMC 3001564. PMID 20400848. Retrieved 4 April 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Basile,Vuotto,Ielpo,Moscatiello,Ricciardi,Giordano,Castaldo Cobianchi, A., M. L. ,M. T. L. ,V. ,L. ,S. , R. (1998). "Antibacterial Activity inRhynchostegiumriparioides(Hedw.) Card. Extract (Bryophyta)". Phytotherapy Research. 12 (S1): S146–S148. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(1998)12:1+<S146::AID-PTR278>3.0.CO;2-4 – via Wiley Online Library.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Negi, Kavita; Chaturvedi, Preeti (2016-01-01). "In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of Rhynchostegium vagans A. Jaeger (moss) against commonly occurring pathogenic microbes of Indian sub-tropics". Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. 6 (1): 10–14. doi:10.1016/S2222-1808(15)60977-X. ISSN 2222-1808.
^ García-Álvaro, M. Angélica; Martínez-Abaigar, Javier; Núñez-Olivera, Encarnación; Beaucourt, Nathalie (September 2000). "Element Concentrations and Enrichment Ratios in the Aquatic Moss Rhynchostegium riparioides along the River Iregua (La Rioja, Northern Spain)". The Bryologist. 103 (3): 518–533. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0518:ECAERI]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0007-2745.
^ Wehr, J. D.; Whitton, B. A. (1983-01-01). "Accumulation of heavy metals by aquatic mosses. 2: Rhynchostegium riparioides". Hydrobiologia. 100 (1): 261–284. doi:10.1007/BF00027433. ISSN 1573-5117. S2CID 40247998.
^ Mouvet, Christophe; Claveri, Bruno (1999-02-01). "Localization of copper accumulated in Rhynchostegium riparioides using sequential chemical extraction". Aquatic Botany. 63 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1016/S0304-3770(98)00110-7. ISSN 0304-3770.
^ Claveri, B.; Morhain, E.; Mouvet, C. (1994-06-01). "A methodology for the assessment of accidental copper pollution using the aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioides". Chemosphere. 28 (11): 2001–2010. Bibcode:1994Chmsp..28.2001C. doi:10.1016/0045-6535(94)90150-3. ISSN 0045-6535.
^ Claveri, B.; Mouvet, C. (1995-04-01). "Temperature effects on copper uptake and CO2 assimilation by the aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioides". Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 28 (3): 314–320. doi:10.1007/BF00213108. ISSN 1432-0703. S2CID 94456028.
^ Wehr, J. D.; Kelly, M. G.; Whitton, B. A. (1987-12-01). "Factors affecting accumulation and loss of zinc by the aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioides (Hedw.) C. Jens". Aquatic Botany. 29 (3): 261–274. doi:10.1016/0304-3770(87)90020-9. ISSN 0304-3770.
^ Thiebaut, Gabrielle; Vanderpoorten, Alain; Guerold, François; Boudot, Jean-Pierre; Muller, Serge (1998-03-01). "Bryological patterns and streamwater acidification in the Vosges Mountains (N.E. France): An analysis tool for the survey of acidification processes". Chemosphere. 36 (6): 1275–1289. Bibcode:1998Chmsp..36.1275T. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00373-1. ISSN 0045-6535.
^ "Search". www.worldfloraonline.org. Retrieved 2022-04-09.

[:0-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u Hedenäs, Lars. "RHYNCHOSTEGIUM". Australian Mosses Online. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2022. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archive-date= (help)

[GBIF2-2] "Rhynchostegium Bruch & Schimp". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 12 February 2021.

[:2-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p "Rhynchostegium in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2022-04-12.

[:3-4] Cezón, Katia; Muñoz, Jesús; Hedenäs, Lars; Huttunen, Sanna (2010-03-01). "Rhynchostegium confusum, a new species from the Iberian Peninsula and its relation to R. confertum based on morphological and molecular data". Journal of Bryology. 32 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1179/037366810X12578498135832. ISSN 0373-6687. S2CID 86836787.

[:4-5] LARRAÍN,HUTTUNEN,IGNATOVA, IGNATOV, JUAN,SANNA,ELENA,MICHAEL (July 23, 2020). "Rhynchostegium occultum (Brachytheciaceae), a new species from relict forests of central Chile". Phytotaxa. 453 (3): 199–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.453.3.3. S2CID 225464571.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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