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'''''Schefflera''''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|ɛ|f|l|ər|ə}}<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-0-376-03850-0 |title=Western Garden Book |url=https://archive.org/details/sunsetwesterngar00suns|url-access=registration |year=1995 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/sunsetwesterngar00suns/page/606 606–607] |edition=6th |publisher=Sunset Pub Co}}</ref> is a genus of [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Araliaceae]] with 13 species. The plants are [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s or [[liana]]s, growing {{convert|4|-|20|m}} tall, with woody stems, the absence of articulated pedicels and armaments, and palmately compound leaves.
'''''Schefflera''''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʃ|ɛ|f|l|ər|ə}}<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-0-376-03850-0 |title=Western Garden Book |url=https://archive.org/details/sunsetwesterngar00suns|url-access=registration |year=1995 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/sunsetwesterngar00suns/page/606 606–607] |edition=6th |publisher=Sunset Pub Co}}</ref> is a genus of [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Araliaceae]] with 13 species. The plants are [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s or [[liana]]s, growing {{convert|4|-|20|m}} tall, with woody stems, the absence of articulated pedicels and armaments, and palmately compound leaves.


The genus is named in honor of [[Johann Peter Ernst von Scheffler]] (born in 1739), physician and botanist of [[Gdańsk]], and later of Warsaw, who contributed plants to [[Gottfried Reyger]] for Reygers book, 'Tentamen Florae Gedanensis'.<ref>Forster. J.R. and Forster, G. ''[[Characteres Generum Plantarum]]'' [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23365#page/61/mode/1up (page)]. 1776</ref><ref>Reyger, G. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/98179#page/448/mode/1up Tentamen Florae Gedanensis]. vol. 2. 1766</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14611923 |journal=Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=83 |year=1893 |editor=Schumann, E. |title=Die einheimisclien Mitglieder der Gesellschaft, Lebensläufe}}</ref>
The genus is named in honor of [[Johann Peter Ernst von Scheffler]] (born in 1739), physician and botanist of [[Gdańsk]], and later of Warsaw, who contributed plants to [[Gottfried Reyger]] for Reygers book, 'Tentamen Florae Gedanensis'.<ref>Forster. J.R. and Forster, G. ''[[Characteres Generum Plantarum]]'' [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23365#page/61/mode/1up (page)]. 1776</ref><ref>Reyger, G. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/98179#page/448/mode/1up Tentamen Florae Gedanensis]. vol. 2. 1766</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14611923 |journal=Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=83 |year=1893 |editor=Schumann, E. |title=Die einheimisclien Mitglieder der Gesellschaft, Lebensläufe}}</ref>


==Fossil record==
==Fossil record==
Two [[fossil]] fruits of †''Schefflera dorofeevii'' have been extracted from bore hole samples of the [[Middle Miocene]] fresh water deposits in [[Nowy Sacz]] Basin, [[West Carpathians]], [[Poland]].<ref>Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) [Szczątki makroskopowe roślin z miocenu słodkowodnego Kotliny Sądeckiej (Karpaty Zachodnie, Polska)]. Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3–117.</ref>
Two [[fossil]] fruits of †''Schefflera dorofeevii'' have been extracted from bore hole samples of the [[Middle Miocene]] fresh water deposits in [[Nowy Sacz]] Basin, [[West Carpathians]], [[Poland]].<ref>Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) [Szczątki makroskopowe roślin z miocenu słodkowodnego Kotliny Sądeckiej (Karpaty Zachodnie, Polska)]. Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3–117.</ref>


== Systematics ==
⚫
The [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of the genus has varied greatly. Phylogenetic studies have shown that the widely used broad circumscription as a pantropical genus is [[polyphyletic]], so most of its hundreds of species have been reassigned to other genera.<ref>{{cite journal |author=G. M. Plunkett |author2=Porter P. Lowry II |author3=D. G. Frodin |author4=Jun Wen|name-list-style=amp |year=2005 |title=Phylogeny and geography of ''Schefflera'': pervasive polyphyly in the largest genus of Araliaceae |journal=[[Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden]] |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=202–224 |jstor=3298514}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Pedro Fiaschi |author2=Gregory M. Plunkett|name-list-style=amp |year=2011 |title=Monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of Neotropical ''Schefflera'' (Araliaceae) based on plastid and nuclear markers |journal=[[Systematic Botany]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=806–817 |doi=10.1600/036364411X583754 |s2cid=85944746}}</ref> Molecular analyses have recovered five polyphyletic clades of ''Schefflera'', all of which are geographically isolated from one another yet share similar traits indicating [[parallel evolution]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Plunkett |first1=Gregory M |last2=Lowry |first2=Porter P |last3=Frodin |first3=David G |last4=Wen |first4=Jun |date=2005 |title=Phylogeny and geography of Schefflera: Pervasive polyphyly in the largest genus of Araliaceae |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=202–224}}</ref> These clades have been split into separate genera, primarily along geographical lines, with ''Schefflera'' now consisting of thirteen species restricted to New Zealand and some Pacific islands.<ref name=Lowry2017>{{Cite journal |last1=Lowry |first1=Porter P. |last2=Plunkett |first2=Gregory M. |last3=Gostel |first3=Morgan R. |last4=Frodin |first4=David G. |date=June 2017 |title=A synopsis of the Afro-Malagasy species previously included in Schefflera (Araliaceae): resurrection of the genera ''Astropanax'' and ''Neocussonia'' |url=https://bioone.org/journals/candollea/volume-72/issue-2/c2017v722a4/A-synopsis-of-the-Afro-Malagasy-species-previously-included-in/10.15553/c2017v722a4.full |journal=Candollea |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=265–282 |doi=10.15553/c2017v722a4 |s2cid=90636101 |issn=0373-2967}}</ref><ref name=Plunkett2019>{{Cite journal |last1=Plunkett |first1=Gregory M. |last2=Lowry |first2=Porter P. |last3=Fiaschi |first3=Pedro |last4=Frodin |first4=David G. |last5=Nicolas |first5=Antoine N. |date=2019 |title=Phylogeny, biogeography, and morphological evolution among and within the Neotropical and Asian clades of ''Schefflera'' (Araliaceae) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/tax.12177 |journal=Taxon |language=en |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=1278–1313 |doi=10.1002/tax.12177 |s2cid=214109057 |issn=1996-8175}}</ref><ref name=Ii2019>{{Cite journal |last1=Ii |first1=Porter P. Lowry |last2=Plunkett |first2=Gregory M. |last3=Neill |first3=David A. |date=2019-11-22 |title=Studies in Neotropical Araliaceae. II. Resurrection of the Neotropical Genus ''Crepinella'' for a Clade of New World Species Previously Included in ''Schefflera'' (Araliaceae) |url=https://novon.mobot.org/index.php/novon/article/view/510 |journal=Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=253–261 |doi=10.3417/2019510 |s2cid=210157464 |issn=1945-6174}}</ref>


⚫
The old ''[[Didymopanax]]'' <small>Decne. & Planch., 1854</small> genus was resurrected in 2020 to welcome the 37 American species of ''Schefflera'' <small>J.R. et G. Forst.</small>.<ref name="FIASCHI 2020">{{cite journal |language=en |journal=Brittonia |title=Studies in Neotropical Araliaceae. III. Resurrection of the New World genus Didymopanax Decne. & Planch., previously included in Schefflera (Araliaceae) |authors=Pedro FIASCHI, Porter P. LOWRY, Gregory M. PLUNKETT |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12228-019-09604-w.pdf |year=2020 |pages=16Y22 (1–7) |doi=10.1007/s12228-019-09604-w |volume=72 |issue=1 |s2cid=210864937 |issn=0007-196X}}</ref>


==Species==
==Species==
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==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
⚫
The [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] of the genus has varied greatly. Phylogenetic studies have shown that the widely used broad circumscription as a pantropical genus is [[polyphyletic]], so most of its hundreds of species have been reassigned to other genera.<ref>{{cite journal |author=G. M. Plunkett |author2=Porter P. Lowry II |author3=D. G. Frodin |author4=Jun Wen|name-list-style=amp |year=2005 |title=Phylogeny and geography of ''Schefflera'': pervasive polyphyly in the largest genus of Araliaceae |journal=[[Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden]] |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=202–224 |jstor=3298514}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Pedro Fiaschi |author2=Gregory M. Plunkett|name-list-style=amp |year=2011 |title=Monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of Neotropical ''Schefflera'' (Araliaceae) based on plastid and nuclear markers |journal=[[Systematic Botany]] |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=806–817 |doi=10.1600/036364411X583754 |s2cid=85944746}}</ref> Molecular analyses have recovered five polyphyletic clades of ''Schefflera'', all of which are geographically isolated from one another yet share similar traits indicating [[parallel evolution]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Plunkett |first1=Gregory M |last2=Lowry |first2=Porter P |last3=Frodin |first3=David G |last4=Wen |first4=Jun |date=2005 |title=Phylogeny and geography of Schefflera: Pervasive polyphyly in the largest genus of Araliaceae |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=92 |issue=2 |pages=202–224}}</ref> These clades have been split into separate genera, primarily along geographical lines, with ''Schefflera'' now consisting of thirteen species restricted to New Zealand and some Pacific islands.<ref name=Lowry2017>{{Cite journal |last1=Lowry |first1=Porter P. |last2=Plunkett |first2=Gregory M. |last3=Gostel |first3=Morgan R. |last4=Frodin |first4=David G. |date=June 2017 |title=A synopsis of the Afro-Malagasy species previously included in Schefflera (Araliaceae): resurrection of the genera ''Astropanax'' and ''Neocussonia'' |url=https://bioone.org/journals/candollea/volume-72/issue-2/c2017v722a4/A-synopsis-of-the-Afro-Malagasy-species-previously-included-in/10.15553/c2017v722a4.full |journal=Candollea |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=265–282 |doi=10.15553/c2017v722a4 |s2cid=90636101 |issn=0373-2967}}</ref><ref name=Plunkett2019>{{Cite journal |last1=Plunkett |first1=Gregory M. |last2=Lowry |first2=Porter P. |last3=Fiaschi |first3=Pedro |last4=Frodin |first4=David G. |last5=Nicolas |first5=Antoine N. |date=2019 |title=Phylogeny, biogeography, and morphological evolution among and within the Neotropical and Asian clades of ''Schefflera'' (Araliaceae) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/tax.12177 |journal=Taxon |language=en |volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=1278–1313 |doi=10.1002/tax.12177 |s2cid=214109057 |issn=1996-8175}}</ref><ref name=Ii2019>{{Cite journal |last1=Ii |first1=Porter P. Lowry |last2=Plunkett |first2=Gregory M. |last3=Neill |first3=David A. |date=2019-11-22 |title=Studies in Neotropical Araliaceae. II. Resurrection of the Neotropical Genus ''Crepinella'' for a Clade of New World Species Previously Included in ''Schefflera'' (Araliaceae) |url=https://novon.mobot.org/index.php/novon/article/view/510 |journal=Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=253–261 |doi=10.3417/2019510 |s2cid=210157464 |issn=1945-6174}}</ref>

⚫
The old ''[[Didymopanax]]'' <small>Decne. & Planch., 1854</small> genus was resurrected in 2020 to welcome the 37 American species of ''Schefflera'' <small>J.R. et G. Forst.</small>.<ref name="FIASCHI 2020">{{cite journal |language=en |journal=Brittonia |title=Studies in Neotropical Araliaceae. III. Resurrection of the New World genus Didymopanax Decne. & Planch., previously included in Schefflera (Araliaceae) |authors=Pedro FIASCHI, Porter P. LOWRY, Gregory M. PLUNKETT |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12228-019-09604-w.pdf |year=2020 |pages=16Y22 (1–7) |doi=10.1007/s12228-019-09604-w |volume=72 |issue=1 |s2cid=210864937 |issn=0007-196X}}</ref>
The genus has had a turbulent taxonomic history; the list of former [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonyms]] includes:
The genus has had a turbulent taxonomic history; the list of former [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonyms]] includes:
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[[Category:Schefflera| ]]
[[Category:Schefflera| ]]
[[Category:Apiales genera]]
[[Category:Apiales genera]]
[[Category:Plants used in bonsai]]

Revision as of 19:05, 8 January 2023

Schefflera
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Araliaceae
Subfamily: Aralioideae
Genus: Schefflera
J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (1775)
Diversity
13 species

Schefflera /ˈʃɛflərə/[1] is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araliaceae with 13 species. The plants are trees, shrubs or lianas, growing 4–20 metres (13–66 ft) tall, with woody stems, the absence of articulated pedicels and armaments, and palmately compound leaves.

The genus is named in honor of Johann Peter Ernst von Scheffler (born in 1739), physician and botanist of Gdańsk, and later of Warsaw, who contributed plants to Gottfried Reyger for Reygers book, 'Tentamen Florae Gedanensis'.[2][3][4]

Fossil record

Two fossil fruits of †Schefflera dorofeevii have been extracted from bore hole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland.[5]


Species

Main article: List of Schefflera species

Taxonomy

The circumscription of the genus has varied greatly. Phylogenetic studies have shown that the widely used broad circumscription as a pantropical genus is polyphyletic, so most of its hundreds of species have been reassigned to other genera.[6][7] Molecular analyses have recovered five polyphyletic clades of Schefflera, all of which are geographically isolated from one another yet share similar traits indicating parallel evolution.[8] These clades have been split into separate genera, primarily along geographical lines, with Schefflera now consisting of thirteen species restricted to New Zealand and some Pacific islands.[9][10][11]

The old Didymopanax Decne. & Planch., 1854 genus was resurrected in 2020 to welcome the 37 American species of Schefflera J.R. et G. Forst..[12]

The genus has had a turbulent taxonomic history; the list of former synonyms includes:

References

  1. ^ Western Garden Book (6th ed.). Sunset Pub Co. 1995. pp. 606–607. ISBN 978-0-376-03850-0.
  2. ^ Forster. J.R. and Forster, G. Characteres Generum Plantarum (page). 1776
  3. ^ Reyger, G. Tentamen Florae Gedanensis. vol. 2. 1766
  4. ^ Schumann, E., ed. (1893). "Die einheimisclien Mitglieder der Gesellschaft, Lebensläufe". Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Danzig. 8 (2): 83.
  5. ^ Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) [Szczątki makroskopowe roślin z miocenu słodkowodnego Kotliny Sądeckiej (Karpaty Zachodnie, Polska)]. Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3–117.
  6. ^ G. M. Plunkett; Porter P. Lowry II; D. G. Frodin & Jun Wen (2005). "Phylogeny and geography of Schefflera: pervasive polyphyly in the largest genus of Araliaceae". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 92 (2): 202–224. JSTOR 3298514.
  7. ^ Pedro Fiaschi & Gregory M. Plunkett (2011). "Monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of Neotropical Schefflera (Araliaceae) based on plastid and nuclear markers". Systematic Botany. 36 (3): 806–817. doi:10.1600/036364411X583754. S2CID 85944746.
  8. ^ Plunkett, Gregory M; Lowry, Porter P; Frodin, David G; Wen, Jun (2005). "Phylogeny and geography of Schefflera: Pervasive polyphyly in the largest genus of Araliaceae". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 92 (2): 202–224.
  9. ^ a b c Lowry, Porter P.; Plunkett, Gregory M.; Gostel, Morgan R.; Frodin, David G. (June 2017). "A synopsis of the Afro-Malagasy species previously included in Schefflera (Araliaceae): resurrection of the genera Astropanax and Neocussonia". Candollea. 72 (2): 265–282. doi:10.15553/c2017v722a4. ISSN 0373-2967. S2CID 90636101.
  10. ^ Plunkett, Gregory M.; Lowry, Porter P.; Fiaschi, Pedro; Frodin, David G.; Nicolas, Antoine N. (2019). "Phylogeny, biogeography, and morphological evolution among and within the Neotropical and Asian clades of Schefflera (Araliaceae)". Taxon. 68 (6): 1278–1313. doi:10.1002/tax.12177. ISSN 1996-8175. S2CID 214109057.
  11. ^ a b Ii, Porter P. Lowry; Plunkett, Gregory M.; Neill, David A. (2019-11-22). "Studies in Neotropical Araliaceae. II. Resurrection of the Neotropical Genus Crepinella for a Clade of New World Species Previously Included in Schefflera (Araliaceae)". Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature. 27 (4): 253–261. doi:10.3417/2019510. ISSN 1945-6174. S2CID 210157464.
  12. ^ a b "Studies in Neotropical Araliaceae. III. Resurrection of the New World genus Didymopanax Decne. & Planch., previously included in Schefflera (Araliaceae)" (PDF). Brittonia. 72 (1): 16Y22 (1–7). 2020. doi:10.1007/s12228-019-09604-w. ISSN 0007-196X. S2CID 210864937. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schefflera&oldid=1132407693"