Araliaceae

Araliaceae
	Flowering Japanese Aralia ( Aralia elata ) with its pinnate leaves and umbels.
Systematics
	Eudicotyledons
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Asterids
	Euasterids II
Order :	Umbelliferae (Apiales)
Family :	Araliaceae
Scientific name
	Araliaceae
	Yuss.

Araliaceae are a family of plants in the order of the umbelliferae (Apiales). The two subfamilies with 43 to 55 genera and around 1450 species are predominantly distributed worldwide in the tropics .

description

Vegetative characteristics

Most of the species are woody plants; There are only a few herbaceous plant species in this family. The plants often have a strong smell. On the trunks, the scars of the leaves are usually easy to see after they have fallen off.

The leaves, which are often equipped with long petioles, are simple or compound. The leaf base is often wide. Stipules are present.

Generative characteristics

Floral diagram of ivy

The flowers are grouped in bunches in golden inflorescences . The mostly small flowers are five-fold, sometimes four-fold. The flowers are hermaphroditic or unisexual. It occurs monoecia , andromonocee, gyno monocee, polygamo monocee or diocia . Stamens are present in different numbers: (rarely three) usually five (to twelve), or ten to many (100). There are two to five (rarely up to 100) carpels . In the Aralia family, the stylus has a stylus pad.

The flower formula is: ${\ displaystyle \ star K_ {5} \; C_ {5} \; A_ {5} \; G _ {\ overline {(5-100)}}}$

The fruits are berries or drupes or, rarely, split fruits .

Systematics and distribution

Subfamily Aralioideae: Eleutherococcus Sieboldianus with split leaves and spines

Subfamily Aralioideae: Hedera canariensis

Subfamily Aralioideae: Igelkraftwurz ( Oplopanax horridus ) with prickly branches, petioles and lobed leaves

Subfamily Aralioideae: Osmoxylon linear , Habitus, simple leaves and inflorescences

Subfamily Aralioideae: Small ray aralia Schefflera arboricola , a variety with white-colored leaves

Subfamily Aralioideae: Schefflera umbellifera

Subfamily: Hydrocotyloideae: Hydrocotyle laxiflora

Subfamily: Hydrocotyloideae: common pennywort ( Hydrocotyle vulgaris ), illustration from Thomé: Flora of Germany, Austria and Switzerland, 1885

The Araliaceae family was set up in 1789 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum , p. 217, under the name "Araliae". Type genus is Aralia L. Synonyms for Araliaceae Juss. are Botryodendraceae J.Agardh , Hederaceae Giseke , Hydrocotylaceae Bercht. & J. Presl .

The Aralia family are mainly found in the tropics worldwide. Some species penetrate into the temperate latitudes as far as Siberia , especially in East Asia . Centers of diversity are Oceania , Southeast Asia, and tropical America . The Aralia family mainly inhabit tropical forests. In Thailand there are about twelve genera with about 53 species.

The Araliaceae are divided into two subfamilies with 43 to 55 genera and around 1450 species:

Subfamily Aralioideae Link (Syn .: Hederaceae Giseke , Botryodendraceae J.Agardh ): It contains 41 to 50 genera with around 1275 species. The previous genera Arthrophyllum , Cuphocarpus , Gastonia , Munroidendron , Reynoldsia and Tetraplasandra are incorporated into the genus Polyscias and this greatly expanded and thus monophyletic genus is divided into ten subgenera (seven species are not yet in any of these subgenera) and contains a total of around 159 species. :

Anakasia Philipson : It contains only one species:
Anakasia simplicifolia Philipson : It is endemic to western New Guinea .

Apiopetalum Baill. : The approximately two species occur only in New Caledonia .

Aralia L .: The approximately 71 species are mainly found in Asia , especially in Southeast Asia and around 14 species in the New World .

Astrotricha DC. (Syn .: Hexocenia Calest. ): The 20 or so species are common in Australia.

Brassaiopsis Decne. & Planch. (Syn .: Araliopsis Kurz , Euaraliopsis Hutch. , Grushvitzkya Skvortsova & Aver. , Pseudobrassaiopsis R.N.Banerjee , Wardenia King ): The approximately 45 species are distributed in southern Asia and Southeast Asia from the Himalayan region via China and rear India to western Java . In southern and southwestern China, 24 species occur, ten of them only there.

Cephalaralia Harms : It contains only one species:
Cephalaralia cephalobotrys ( F.Muell. ) Harms : It is common in Australia .

Cheirodendron Nutt. ex Seem. : The six or so species are common in Polynesia , for example with:
Cheirodendron trigynum ( Gaudich. ) A.Heller on the Hawaiian Islands.

Chengiopanax C.B.Shang & JYHuang : Of the only two species, one occurs only in China and the other only in Japan.

Cussonia Thunb. (Syn .: Sphaerodendron Seem. ): The 20 to 25 species arewidespreadin tropical to southern Africa, on the Comoros archipelago , on the Mascarene Islands and in Yemen .

Dendropanax Decne. & Planch. (Syn .: Gilibertia Ruiz & Pav. , Ginannia F.Dietr. , Mesopanax R.Vig. , Textoria Miq. , Wangenheimia A.Dietr. ): The approximately 70 to 80 species arewidespreadin the Neotropic and Eastern Asia.

Eleutherococcus Maxim. : The almost 40 species are distributed in the Himalayan region and in eastern Asia including the Philippines .

Fatsia Decne. & Planch. (Syn .: Boninofatsia Nakai , Diplofatsia Nakai ): Of the two or three species, one or two species occur in Japan and Korea and one species only in Taiwan, for example:
Fatsia japonica ( Thunb. ) Dec. & Planch. : The home is South Korea and Japan to the Nansei Islands .

Gamblea C.B.Clarke (Syn .: Evodiopanax ( Harms ) Nakai ): The approximately four species of the Himalayan region over southern China and Tibet until after Japan as well as behind India to Malesia common.

Harmsiopanax Warb. (Syn .: Horsfieldia Blume ex DC. , Schubertia Blume ): The three or so species are distributed in Malesia on Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands , Sulawesi and New Guinea.

Ivy ( Hedera L. ): The six to ten (up to fifteen) species are common in Eurasia , North Africa and Macaronesia .

Heteropanax Seem. : The approximately eight species in southern and southeastern Asia from the Himalayan region to southern China and in back India to the Andamans . There are six species in China, two of them only there.

Kalopanax Miq. : It contains only one type:
Kalopanax septemlobus ( Thunb. ) Koidz. ("Baumaralie"): It is widespread in China, in Japan also on the Nansei Islands , in Korea and in southeastern Russia.

Mackinlaya F. Muell. (Syn. Anomopanax Harms ): The five or so species are distributed from Malesia to the southwestern Pacific. The genus is native to the Philippines, Sulawesi, New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands and northeastern Australia.

Macropanax Miq. (Syn .: Cromapanax Grierson , Hederopsis C.B.Clarke ): The 20 or so species are distributed from southern China via rear India to the Himalayan region and western Malesia. There are seven species in China, five of them only there.

Merrilliopanax H.L.Li : The only three species are common in the Himalayas and the highlands of Tibet .

Meryta J.R. Forst. & G.Forst. (Syn .: Botryodendrum Endl. , Botryomeryta R.Vig. , Neara Sol. , Schizomeryta R.Vig. , Strobilopanax R.Vig. ): The approximately 27 to 30 species occur from New Zealand to the western and southern Pacific. Each of these species is endemic to one or less islands.

Metapanax J.Wen & Frodin : The roughly two species are common in southern China and Vietnam .

Motherwellia F. Muell. : It contains only one type:
Motherwellia haplosciadea F. Muell. : It is endemic to Queensland .

Oplopanax ( Torr. & A.Gray ) Miq. : The three or so species are distributed in eastern Asia and western North America.

Mountain alien ( Oreopanax Decne. & Planch. , Syn .: Monopanax rule ): The 80 to approximately 150 species are common in the Neotropic.

Osmoxylon Miq. (Syn .: Boerlagiodendron Harms , Eschweileria Zipp. Ex Boerl. , Pseudosantalum Rumph. , Nom. Illeg.): The approximately 50 species are distributed from Taiwan via Malesia to islands in the western Pacific, for example with:
Osmoxylon linear ( Merr. ) Philipson : It is common in the Philippines.

Panax L .: The eight to twelve species are distributed in eastern Asia, the Himalayan region, Indochina and North America. Including:
Panax ginseng CA Mey (Ginseng)

Fiederaralien ( Polyscias J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. Sl, syn .: Bonnierella R.Vig. , Botryopanax Miq. , Dipanax Seem. , Eremopanax Baill. , Eupteron Miq. , Gelibia Hutch. , Grotefendia Seem. , Indokingia Hemsl. , Irvingia F.Muell. Nom. Illeg., Kissodendron Seem. , Maralia Thouars , Montagueia Baker f. , Nesodoxa Calest. , Nothopanax Miq. , Oligoscias Seem. , Palmervandenbroekia Gibbs , Peekeliopanax Harms , Pterotropia W.F.Hillebr. , Sciadopanax Seemley . , Shiropanax Domin , Tieghemopanax R.Vig. , Triplasandra Seem. ). Since the publication of Lowry II & Plunkett in 2010, the species of the genera Arthrophyllum Blume , Cuphocarpus Decne. & Planch. , Gastonia Comm. ex Lam. , Munroidendron Sherff , Reynoldsia A.Gray and Tetraplasandra A.Gray also placed in the genus Polyscias . The distribution area of the approximately 159 species extends from tropical Africa to Madagascar, Southeast Asia via Malesia to tropical Australia, New Caledonia, Micronesia and Melanesia , further south to the Norfolk Island and via Polynesia to Tahiti .

Pseudopanax K. Koch (Syn .: Neopanax Allan ): The seven or so species are distributed in southeastern Australia, New Zealand and southern South America . Including:
Pseudopanax crassifolius (Sol. Ex A. Cunn.) K. Koch

Raukaua Seem. : The eightor sospecies are distributed in Tasmania and New Zealand as well as in South America in southern Argentina and in southern to central Chile .

Radiant aralia ( Schefflera J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. ): The approximately 650 species that used to be, today up to 1100 species are distributed in the tropics and subtropics of the world. Phylogenetic studies in this century tend to interpret this genus very broadly. Perhaps the monotypic genus Tupidanthus also belongs to Hook. f. & Thomson incorporated here.

Seemannaralia R.Vig. : It contains only one type:
Seemannaralia gerrardii ( Seem. ) R.Vig. : It occurs only in a few locations in the eastern part of South Africa only in the provinces of KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga .

Sinopanax H.L.Li : it contains only one type:
Sinopanax formosanus ( Hayata ) HLLi : It occurs only in Taiwan at altitudes between 2300 and 2600 meters and is sometimes used as an ornamental plant.

Stilbocarpa ( Hook. F. ) Decne. & Planch. (Syn .: Kirkophytum ( Harms ) Allan ): Of the only three species, two occur in New Zealand and one on the sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island .

Tetrapanax ( K.Koch ) K.Koch : It contains one type:
Rice paper tree ( Tetrapanax papyrifer ( Hook. ) K.Koch ): It occurs in China and Taiwan.

Trevesia Vis. (Syn .: Petasula Noronha , Plerandropsis R.Vig. ): The ten or so species are distributed from southern China via rear India, the Himalayan region and the Andamans to Malesia.

Woodburnia Prain : It contains only one species:
Woodburnia penduliflora Prain : It occurs only in northern Myanmar .

× Fatshedera Guillaumin (= Fatsia × Hedera ): Is a horticultural genus hybrid.

Ivy alia (× Fatshedera lizei )

Subfamily Hydrocotyloideae Eaton : It contains only two to four genera with 175 to 190 species:

Homalosciadium Domin : It may contain only one species in southwestern Australia.
Pennywort ( Hydrocotyle L. ): The 75 to 130 species, depending on the source, are found in tropical to temperate areas, predominantly in the southern hemisphere .
Neosciadium Domin : It contains one species:
- Neosciadium glochidiatum ( Benth. ) Domin : The homeland is western Australia.
Trachymene Rudge (Syn .: Cesatia Endl. , Didiscus DC. Ex Hook. , Dimetopia DC. , Dominia Fedde , Fischera Spreng. , Hemicarpus F.Muell. , Huegelia Rchb. , Maidenia Domin , Pritzelia Walp. , Uldinia J.M.Black ): The approximately 55 species are distributed in Malesia, New Caledonia, Fiji and mainly in Australia with 38 species.

swell

The Araliaceae family on the AP website. (Sections systematics and description)
The Araliaceae family at DELTA. (Section description)
Qibai Xiang, Porter P. Lowry: Araliaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . tape 13 : Clusiaceae through Araliaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7 , pp. 435 (English). , online. (Section description)
Hans Joachim Esser, Matthew HP Jebb: The Araliaceae of Thailand. In: Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany), Special Issue. Volumes 1–6, 2009, PDF file.
Annemarie Costello, Timothy J. Motley: Phylogenetics of the Tetraplasandra Group (Araliaceae) Inferred from ITS, 5S-NTS, and Morphology. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 32, No. 2, 2007, pp. 464-477, DOI: 10.1600 / 036364407781179626 .
Porter P. Lowry II, Gregory M. Plunkett, Jun Wen: Generic relationships in Araliaceae: looking into the crystal ball. In: South African Journal of Botany. Volume 70, No. 3, 2004, pp. 382-392 Abstract .

Individual evidence

^ Araliaceae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Araliaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

^ ^A ^b Gregory M. Plunkett, Porter Prescott Lowry II: Paraphyly and polyphyly in Polyscias sensu lato: molecular evidence and the case for recircumscribing the “pinnate genera” of Araliaceae. In: Plant Diversity and Evolution. Volume 128, No. 1–2, August 2010, pp. 23-54, DOI: 10.1127 / 1869-6155 / 2010 / 0128-0002 PDF file; 5 MB. ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ ^a ^b Porter Prescott Lowry II, Gregory M. Plunkett: Recircumscription of Polyscias (Araliaceae) to include six related genera, with a new infrageneric classification and a synopsis of species. In: Plant Diversity and Evolution. Volume 128, No. 1–2, August 2010, pp. 55–84, DOI: 10.1127 / 1869-6155 / 2010 / 0128-0003 , PDF file. ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Araliaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 28, 2018.
↑ Frédéric Tronchet, Gregory M. Plunkett, Joël Jérémie, Porter P. Lowry II: Monophyly and major clades of Meryta (Araliaceae). In: Systematic Botany. Volume 30, No. 3, 2005, pp. 657-670, DOI: 10.1600 / 0363644054782279 .
↑ AA Oskolski, EL Kotina, IV Fomichev, Frédéric Tronchet, Porter P. Lowry II: Systematic implications of wood and bark anatomy in the Pacific island genus Meryta (Araliaceae). In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 153, 2007, pp. 363-379, DOI: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2007.00612.x .
↑ Carmen Ulloa Ulloa, Peter Møller Jørgensen: Trees and shrubs of the Andes of Ecuador (Árboles y arbustos de los Andes del Ecuador) . Aarhus University Press u. a., Risskov et al. a. 1993, ISBN 978-87-87600-39-2 , Oreopanax (English, online ).
↑ Gregory M. Plunkett, Porter P. Lowry II, David G. Frodin, Jun Wen: Phylogeny and geography of Schefflera: pervasive polyphyly in the largest genus of Araliaceae. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 92, No. 2, 2005, pp. 202-224, digitized .
↑ Pedro Fiaschi, Francisco de Assis R. Santos, Edwina Westbrook, Gregory M. Plunkett: Taxonomic significance of pollen morphology in Neotropical Schefflera (Araliaceae). In: Plant Diversity and Evolution. Volume 128, No. 1-2, pp. 297-324, DOI: 10.1127 / 1869-6155 / 2010 / 0128-0014 .
^ David G. Frodin, Porter P. Lowry II, Gregory M. Plunkett: Schefflera (Araliaceae): taxonomic history, overview and progress. In: Plant Diversity and Evolution. Volume 128, No. 3-4, 2010, pp. 561-595, DOI: 10.1127 / 1869-6155 / 2010 / 0128-0028 .
↑ Pedro Fiaschi, Gregory M. Plunkett: Monophyly and Phylogenetic Relationships of Neotropical Schefflera (Araliaceae) Based on Plastid and Nuclear Markers. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 36, No. 3, 2011, pp. 806-817, DOI: 10.1600 / 036364411X583754 .
↑ Alexei A. Oskolski, Dmitry D. Sokoloff, Ben-Erik Van Wyk: False paracarpy in Seemannaralia (Araliaceae): from bilocular ovary to unilocular fruit. In: Annals of Botany. Volume 106, No. 1, 2010, pp. 29-36, DOI: 10.1093 / aob / mcq084 .
↑ HR Coleman: Homalosciadium. In: FloraBase - the Western Australian Flora. Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Environment and Conservation, 2008, accessed December 28, 2012 .
^ HR Coleman: Neosciadium. In: FloraBase - the Western Australian Flora. Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Environment and Conservation, 2008, accessed December 28, 2012 .
^ Trachymene - synonyms at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

Web links

Commons : Araliaceae - Collection of images, videos and audio files

[Tropicos-1] Araliaceae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[GRIN-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Araliaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.