Panax

Panax
	Ginseng ( Panax ginseng )
Systematics
	Asterids
	Euasterids II
Order :	Umbelliferae (Apiales)
Family :	Araliaceae (Araliaceae)
Subfamily :	Aralioideae
Genre :	Panax
Scientific name
	Panax
	L.

The plant genus Panax belongs to the family of the Araliaceae (Araliaceae). The 8 to 13 species occur in East Asia , in northern parts of Southeast and South Asia, and in North America . Some species are grown as crops for the production of medicinal and pharmaceutical products.

description

Illustration of Panax trifolius

Appearance and leaves

The Panax species grow as unreinforced, perennial , herbaceous plants . The simple stems have scales at the base. They form compact rhizomes .

There are three to five leaves together in a whorl . The palmate, composite leaf blades have entire, serrate to serrated or pinnately lobed leaves.

Inflorescences and flowers

Panax species form a single, terminal, umbellate inflorescence . Hermaphroditic or, in the case of andromonocial species, both hermaphroditic and male flowers are formed. The flower stalks are articulated in hermaphrodite flowers and remain un articulated in male flowers. The radial symmetry flowers are five-fold. The five sepals are fused and the five calyx teeth are only short. The five free petals overlap like roof tiles. There is a circle with five stamens . Usually two or three (rarely up to five) carpels are (rarely up to fünfkammerigen) to an under constant, usually two or dreikammerigen ovary grown. In each ovary chamber there are two hanging ovules . There are as many styles as carpels; they are completely or only fused at their base.

Fruits and seeds

The spherical, sometimes squeezed or triangular drupes contain as many seeds as carpels. The smooth seeds are compressed on the sides and contain a smooth endosperm .

The root drug ginseng

use

Most Panax species are known to have traditional medicinal uses from naturally occurring sources. The most important medicinally ginseng ( Panax ginseng ) and American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius ) are cultivated in plantations. Above all, the type of ginseng is widely cultivated - for example in Australia , the Caucasus and Central Europe . In addition to the USA, American ginseng is also grown in South Korea and China.

The “rhizome” is processed into a drug . The healing effect is based, among other things, on its content of ginsenoids from the natural group of saponins . The rootstock, which is mostly dried and processed into powder and extracts , is also used in the form of tonic and geriatric as a tonic and invigorating agent for feelings of tiredness and weakness as well as declining performance and concentration.

Hazards and protective measures

In the genus Panax , the species Panax zingiberensis is classified as Endangered by the IUCN in its Red List of Threatened Species . The American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius ) and only the Russian populations of ginseng ( Panax ginseng ) are listed as species in need of protection in Appendix 2 of the Washington Convention on CITES. Restrictions apply to the worldwide trade of roots of these species in the form of import and export permits. In addition, proof of the harmlessness for the population of the species must be provided.

Habitus and infructescence of Panax japonicus

American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius ), habit and fruit cluster

Inflorescence of Panax trifolius

Systematics and distribution

The genus Panax was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , Volume 2, Page 1058. The botanical generic name Panax is derived from Latin from Greek and means "panacea". It is traced back to the name Panakeia , a daughter of Asclepius , the Greek god of healing. Synonyms for Panax L. are Aureliana Boehm. , Ginsen Adans. , Ginseng A. Wood , Panacea Mitch. and Panaxus St.-Lag. The genus Panax belongs to the subfamily Aralioideae within the Araliaceae family.

The genus Panax contains two North American species with distribution in Canada and the USA . The remaining species are in Asia along the southern Himalayan region via Nepal and northern India , Myanmar , Thailand to northern Vietnam , furthermore in central and south to northeastern provinces of China , north Korea , the Russian region Primorye in the southernmost part of the federal district Ferner East and common in Japan . Six species occur naturally in China, another species is a neophyte.

There are 8 to 13 types of Panax , some of which are called ginseng :

Panax assamicus R.N.Banerjee : The range extends from the eastern Himalayas to Assam.

Ginseng ( Panax ginseng ) CAMey. (Syn .: Aralia ginseng (CAMey.) Baill. , Panax schin-seng T.Nees ): The natural distribution ranges from the northeastern Chinese provinces of eastern Heilongjiang , eastern Jilin and eastern Liaoning via North Korea to the Russian Primorye region in the southernmost part of the Far East Federal District. It is widely cultivated.

Panax japonicus (T.Nees) CAMey. : There are four varieties, all of which are used as medicinal plants:

Panax japonicus var. Angustifolius (Burkill) CYCheng & CYChu (Syn .: Aralia quinquefolia var. Angustifolia Burkill , Panax pseudo-ginseng var. Angustifolius (Burkill) HLLi ): He is in the northeastern India , Bhutan , Nepal , northeastern Thailand and in the Chinese provinces Guizhou , Sichuan and Yunnan .
Panax japonicus var. Bipinnatifidus (Seem.) CYWu & KMFeng (Syn .: Panax bipinnatifidus Seem. , Panax major (Burkill) KCTing , Panax pseudo ginseng var. Bipinnatifidus (Seem.) HLLi , Panax pseudo ginseng var. Elegantior (Burkill) G.Hoo & CJTseng ): It is common in the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, in Myanmar and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Xizang .
Panax japonicus (T.Nees) CAMey. var. japonicus ( Panax schin-scorching var. japonicus T.Nees , Panax pseudo-ginseng subsp. japonicus (T.Nees) H.Hara , Panax pseudo-ginseng var. japonicus (T.Nees) G.Hoo & CJTseng , Panax repens Maxim. ) : It is common in China, Japan , Korea, northern regions of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.
Panax japonicus var. Major (Burkill) CYWu & KMFeng (Syn .: Panax pseudoginseng var. Major (Burkill) HLLi ): It is in Nepal, in northern Myanmar, northern Vietnam and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Guizhou, Henan , Hubei , Shanxi , Sichuan, Yunnan and Xizang.

Panax notoginseng (Burkill) FHChen (Syn .: Panax pseudoginseng var. Notoginseng (Burkill) G.Hoo & CJTseng ): It occurs naturally in northern Vietnam and in the southeastern part of the southern Chinese province of Yunnan. It is grown in other areas and is used as a medicinal plant.

Panax pseudoginseng wall. (Syn .: Aralia pseudoginseng (Wall.) Benth.) : It occursnaturallyin the southern part of Tibet and Nepal and perhaps also in Bhutan and northern India. It is used as a medicinal plant.

American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius ) L. (Syn. Aralia quinquefolia (L.) Decne. & Planch. ): It is of course widespread in North America and is cultivated in China.

Panax sokpayensis Shiva K.Sharma & Pandit : It wasfirst describedfrom Sikkim in 2009.

Panax stipuleanatus C.T.Tsai & KMFeng : It occurs naturally in the southern part of the southern Chinese province of Yunnan and northern Vietnam. It is used as a medicinal plant.

Panax trifolius L .: Its distribution area is in North America from eastern Canada to the eastern and north-central USA.

Panax vietnamensis Ha & Grushv. : Distribution in China and Vietnam.

Panax zingiberensis C.Y.Wu & KMFeng : It occurs in the southern part of the southern Chinese province of Yunnan and northern Vietnam. It is used as a medicinal plant.

swell

Qibai Xiang, Porter P. Lowry: Araliaceae. : Panax , p. 489 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 13: Clusiaceae through Araliaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2007 ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7 . (Sections Description, Systematics and Distribution)

Individual evidence

↑ Markus Horneber, Irene Fischer in cooperation with CAM-Cancer: Complementary Therapy. Root extracts from Asian and American ginseng. In: onkopedia. German Society for Hematology and Oncology V., accessed on May 5, 2011 .
↑ Panax in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010.4. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
^ The CITES Appendices. CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, April 27, 2011, accessed May 5, 2011 (English, search for Panax).
↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum . Vol. 2. Ed .: Lars Salvius. 1st edition. Stockholm 1753, Dioecia with Panax L., S. 1058 ( Species Plantarum Online [accessed May 1, 2011] in scan from Biodiversity Heritage Library).
↑ Tsung O. Cheng: Panax (Ginseng) Is Not a Panacea . In: Penn State Milton S Hershey Med Ctr (Ed.): Archives of Internal Medicine . Volume 160, No. 21 . JAMA & Archives, November 27, 2000, p. 3329-3330 , PMID 11088100 (English).
^ ^A ^b Panax in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 7, 2011.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Panax. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 30, 2018.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Qibai Xiang, Porter P. Lowry: Araliaceae. : Panax , p. 489 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 13: Clusiaceae through Araliaceae . Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7 .

Web links

Commons : Panax - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

[DGHO-1] Markus Horneber, Irene Fischer in cooperation with CAM-Cancer: Complementary Therapy. Root extracts from Asian and American ginseng. In: onkopedia. German Society for Hematology and Oncology V., accessed on May 5, 2011 .

[IUCN-2] Panax in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010.4. Retrieved May 5, 2011.

[CITES-3] The CITES Appendices. CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, April 27, 2011, accessed May 5, 2011 (English, search for Panax).

[SpPl-4] Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum . Vol. 2. Ed .: Lars Salvius. 1st edition. Stockholm 1753, Dioecia with Panax L., S. 1058 ( Species Plantarum Online [accessed May 1, 2011] in scan from Biodiversity Heritage Library).

[archintermed-5] Tsung O. Cheng: Panax (Ginseng) Is Not a Panacea . In: Penn State Milton S Hershey Med Ctr (Ed.): Archives of Internal Medicine . Volume 160, No. 21 . JAMA & Archives, November 27, 2000, p. 3329-3330 , PMID 11088100 (English).

[GRIN-6] A ^b Panax in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 7, 2011.

[WCSP-7] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Panax. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 30, 2018.

[FoC-8] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Qibai Xiang, Porter P. Lowry: Araliaceae. : Panax , p. 489 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 13: Clusiaceae through Araliaceae . Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7 .