Arundinaria: Difference between revisions
more to systematics |
m fixing ref format mistake |
||
| Line 31: | Line 31: | ||
Despite the work done by Walter and Michaux, current researchers have had difficulty interpreting their [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscriptions]] of species boundaries. Walter designated no [[type specimen]]s, and his [[Latin]] protologues, which describe the species, are vague and include features that could be any of the three species currently recongised. Michaux did designate a type specimen for the species he described, but it does not include enough of the plant to determine with confidence which species it represents, while his protologues were likewise not detailed enough to avoid ambiguity. Later researchers, such as Muhlenberg and Hitchcock, were thus effectively unable to resolve the taxonomy satisfactorily. In 2009, [[holotype|epitypes]], a new kind of type first allowed by the [[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature]] in 2006 in order to clarify older ambiguous types, were designated for ''Arundo gigantea'' <small>Walt.</small> and ''Arundinaria macrosperma'' <small>Michx.</small>. This essentially allows current and future researchers to know precisely what is being discussed when the scientific names applied to these plants are used.<ref name=triplett>{{citation| last=Triplett| first=Jimmy K.| last2=Clark| first2=Lynn G.| title=Towards a stable nomenclature for the North American temperate bamboos: epitypification of ''Arundo gigantea'' Walt. and ''Arundinaria macrosperma'' Michx. (Poaceae)| year=2009| month=September| journal=Castanea| volume=74| issue=3| pages=207-212}}</ref> |
Despite the work done by Walter and Michaux, current researchers have had difficulty interpreting their [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscriptions]] of species boundaries. Walter designated no [[type specimen]]s, and his [[Latin]] protologues, which describe the species, are vague and include features that could be any of the three species currently recongised. Michaux did designate a type specimen for the species he described, but it does not include enough of the plant to determine with confidence which species it represents, while his protologues were likewise not detailed enough to avoid ambiguity. Later researchers, such as Muhlenberg and Hitchcock, were thus effectively unable to resolve the taxonomy satisfactorily. In 2009, [[holotype|epitypes]], a new kind of type first allowed by the [[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature]] in 2006 in order to clarify older ambiguous types, were designated for ''Arundo gigantea'' <small>Walt.</small> and ''Arundinaria macrosperma'' <small>Michx.</small>. This essentially allows current and future researchers to know precisely what is being discussed when the scientific names applied to these plants are used.<ref name=triplett>{{citation| last=Triplett| first=Jimmy K.| last2=Clark| first2=Lynn G.| title=Towards a stable nomenclature for the North American temperate bamboos: epitypification of ''Arundo gigantea'' Walt. and ''Arundinaria macrosperma'' Michx. (Poaceae)| year=2009| month=September| journal=Castanea| volume=74| issue=3| pages=207-212}}</ref> |
||
The genus is currently most commonly treated in a ''[[sensu stricto]]'', making it an exclusively [[North America]]n genus with three species: ''Arundinaria gigantea'' <small>(Walt.) Muhl.</small>, ''Arundinaria tecta'' <small>(Walt.) Muhl.</small>, and ''[[Arundinaria appalachiana]]'' <small>Triplett, Weakley & L.G. Clark</small>.<ref name=flora>{{Citation| last =Clark | first =Lynn G.; Triplett, J.K. | contribution =Arundinaria| year =2006| title =Flora of North America| editor-last =Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+| editor-first =| volume =25| pages =| contribution-url =http://www.herbarium.usu.edu/treatments/Arundinaria.htm| place=New York & Oxford| publisher =Oxford University Press| accessdate=2007-07-14}}</ref><ref name=sida>{{citation| last=Triplett| first=J.K.; Weakley, A.S.; Clark, L.G.| title=Hill cane (''Arundinaria appalachiana''), a new species of bamboo (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from the southern Appalachian Mountains| journal=Sida| volume=22| number=1| pages=79 – 95| year=2006| url=http://www.andestoamazon.com/Sida/PDF/PDF22(1)/03_Triplett-etal_Arundinaria_79-95.pdf| accessdate=2007-07-14}}</ref> However, in the past, and uncommonly in the present, the genus has been seen in a ''[[sensu lato]]''. These interpretations include a number of [[Old World]] genera such as ''[[Bashania]]'', ''[[Oligostachyum]]'' and ''[[Sarocalamus]]''.<ref name=chinaflora><ref name=sida/> More outdated systems included the large genera ''[[Fargesia]]'' and ''[[Sasa]]'', giving the genus upwards of 400 species.<ref name=flora/><ref name=sida/> When [[Asia]]n taxa are included it is the only bamboo genus to occur in both the Old and [[New World]]s.<ref name=sida/ |
The genus is currently most commonly treated in a ''[[sensu stricto]]'', making it an exclusively [[North America]]n genus with three species: ''Arundinaria gigantea'' <small>(Walt.) Muhl.</small>, ''Arundinaria tecta'' <small>(Walt.) Muhl.</small>, and ''[[Arundinaria appalachiana]]'' <small>Triplett, Weakley & L.G. Clark</small>.<ref name=flora>{{Citation| last =Clark | first =Lynn G.; Triplett, J.K. | contribution =Arundinaria| year =2006| title =Flora of North America| editor-last =Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+| editor-first =| volume =25| pages =| contribution-url =http://www.herbarium.usu.edu/treatments/Arundinaria.htm| place=New York & Oxford| publisher =Oxford University Press| accessdate=2007-07-14}}</ref><ref name=sida>{{citation| last=Triplett| first=J.K.; Weakley, A.S.; Clark, L.G.| title=Hill cane (''Arundinaria appalachiana''), a new species of bamboo (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from the southern Appalachian Mountains| journal=Sida| volume=22| number=1| pages=79 – 95| year=2006| url=http://www.andestoamazon.com/Sida/PDF/PDF22(1)/03_Triplett-etal_Arundinaria_79-95.pdf| accessdate=2007-07-14}}</ref> However, in the past, and uncommonly in the present, the genus has been seen in a ''[[sensu lato]]''. These interpretations include a number of [[Old World]] genera such as ''[[Bashania]]'', ''[[Oligostachyum]]'' and ''[[Sarocalamus]]''.<ref name=chinaflora>{{Citation| last =Zhu| first =Zheng-de; De-zhu, Li; Stapleton, Chris | contribution = Arundinaria| year =2007| title =Flora of China| editor-last =Wu| editor-first =Z. Y.; Raven, P.H.; Hong, D.Y.| volume =22| page =112| place=Beijing| publisher =Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press| contribution-url =http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=102740| accessdate =2007-07-15}}</ref><ref name=sida/> More outdated systems included the large genera ''[[Fargesia]]'' and ''[[Sasa]]'', giving the genus upwards of 400 species.<ref name=flora/><ref name=sida/> When [[Asia]]n taxa are included it is the only bamboo genus to occur in both the Old and [[New World]]s.<ref name=sida/> |
||
{{Citation| last =Zhu| first =Zheng-de; De-zhu, Li; Stapleton, Chris | contribution = Arundinaria| year =2007| title =Flora of China| editor-last =Wu| editor-first =Z. Y.; Raven, P.H.; Hong, D.Y.| volume =22| page =112| place=Beijing| publisher =Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press| contribution-url =http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=102740| accessdate =2007-07-15}}</ref> |
|||
==Use== |
==Use== |
||
Revision as of 23:23, 9 January 2010
| Arundinaria | |
|---|---|
| |
| Flowering specimen in northern Florida in March 2003 | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| (unranked): | |
| (unranked): | |
| (unranked): | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Subfamily: | |
| Supertribe: | |
| Tribe: | |
| Subtribe: | |
| Genus: | Arundinaria |
| Species | |
| |
Arundinaria, commonly known as the canes, is the sole genus of bamboo native to eastern North America. The genus is endemic to the eastern United States from New Jersey south to Florida and west to Ohio and Texas. Within this region they are found from the Coastal Plain to medium elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. Its members have running rhizomes and are woody and tree-like, attaining heights from 0.5 up to 8 metres. They produce seeds only rarely and usually reproduce vegetatively instead. After production of seed, the colony usually dies. Among the distinctive features of the canes is a fan-like cluster of leaves at the top of new stems called a top knot. Early explorers in the US described vast stands of Arundinaria called canebrakes that were especially common in river lowlands, but these have declined significantly due to clearing, farming and fire suppression.[1][2]
Systematics
Plants currently treated in the genus Arundinaria were first described scientifically by Thomas Walter in his 1788 work Flora Caroliniana. However, Walter did not recognise the canes as bamboo, and instead placed them in the superficially similar, but only distantly related grass genus Arundo. He described two species: Arundo gigantea Walt. and Arundo tecta Walt.. In 1803, the French botanist André Michaux, unaware of the flora prepared by Walter, also published a description of the canes he encountered. Michaux recognised only one species, but created a new monotypic genus for it: Arundinaria macrosperma Michx..[3] The name of the genus he used is derived from the Latin word used by Walter for the plants he described; namely arundo, meaning "reed".[1]
A decade later in 1813, G.H.E. Muhlenberg noticed the affinities between the two previous authors' work and transferred Walter's two species to Michaux's new genus, yielding a combinatio nova for each, namely Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl. and Arundinaria tecta (Walt.) Muhl.. Muhlenberg considered the genus to consist of these two species in addition to Arundinaria macrosperma Michx.. After over a century, A. S. Hitchcock reviewed the taxonomic state of the North American bamboos in 1951. He interpreted Michaux's Arundinaria macrosperma Michx. as a synonym of Walter's Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl., reducing the genus to two species.[3]
Most recently, in 2006 researchers from Iowa State University and the University of North Carolina recognised and described a third species, Arundinaria appalachiana Triplett, Weakley & L.G. Clark. The plants that form this species were previously thought to form part of the natural genetic diversity of Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl., but upon in depth analysis using modern phylogenetic methods based on morphology and amplified fragment length polymorphisms, the researchers determined that the canes form three species.[2]
Despite the work done by Walter and Michaux, current researchers have had difficulty interpreting their circumscriptions of species boundaries. Walter designated no type specimens, and his Latin protologues, which describe the species, are vague and include features that could be any of the three species currently recongised. Michaux did designate a type specimen for the species he described, but it does not include enough of the plant to determine with confidence which species it represents, while his protologues were likewise not detailed enough to avoid ambiguity. Later researchers, such as Muhlenberg and Hitchcock, were thus effectively unable to resolve the taxonomy satisfactorily. In 2009, epitypes, a new kind of type first allowed by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature in 2006 in order to clarify older ambiguous types, were designated for Arundo gigantea Walt. and Arundinaria macrosperma Michx.. This essentially allows current and future researchers to know precisely what is being discussed when the scientific names applied to these plants are used.[3]
The genus is currently most commonly treated in a sensu stricto, making it an exclusively North American genus with three species: Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl., Arundinaria tecta (Walt.) Muhl., and Arundinaria appalachiana Triplett, Weakley & L.G. Clark.[1][2] However, in the past, and uncommonly in the present, the genus has been seen in a sensu lato. These interpretations include a number of Old World genera such as Bashania, Oligostachyum and Sarocalamus.[4][2] More outdated systems included the large genera Fargesia and Sasa, giving the genus upwards of 400 species.[1][2] When Asian taxa are included it is the only bamboo genus to occur in both the Old and New Worlds.[2]
Use
Arundinaria gigantea (also called "river cane") has historically been used to construct Native American flutes, particularly among tribes of the Eastern Woodlands such as the Cherokee. River cane flutes were formerly found from the Eastern Seaboard to Oklahoma.
The Cherokee and other Southeastern tribes also used this material for the weaving of baskets.[5]
References
- ^ a b c d Clark, Lynn G.; Triplett, J.K. (2006), "Arundinaria", in Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+ (ed.), Flora of North America, vol. 25, New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, retrieved 2007-07-14
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: editors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f Triplett, J.K.; Weakley, A.S.; Clark, L.G. (2006), "Hill cane (Arundinaria appalachiana), a new species of bamboo (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from the southern Appalachian Mountains" (PDF), Sida, 22 (1): 79–95, retrieved 2007-07-14
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Triplett, Jimmy K.; Clark, Lynn G. (2009), "Towards a stable nomenclature for the North American temperate bamboos: epitypification of Arundo gigantea Walt. and Arundinaria macrosperma Michx. (Poaceae)", Castanea, 74 (3): 207–212
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Zhu, Zheng-de; De-zhu, Li; Stapleton, Chris (2007), "Arundinaria", in Wu, Z. Y.; Raven, P.H.; Hong, D.Y. (ed.), Flora of China, vol. 22, Beijing: Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press, p. 112, retrieved 2007-07-15
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Mason, Otis T. Basket-Work of the North American Aborigines. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1890. Plate LIII. Fig. 89.