Tomarctus: Difference between revisions

Tomarctus; Temporal range: early to middle Miocene 20.43–13.6 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Tomarctus temerarius skull
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Canidae
Subfamily:	†Borophaginae
Genus:	Tomarctus; Cope, 1873
Type species
	Tomarctus brevirostris;
Species
	†T. brevirostris; †T. hippophaga ;
	Range of Tomarctus based on fossil distribution

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Tomarctus is a canine of the extinct subfamily Borophaginae which inhabited most of North America during the late Early Miocene to the Early Barstovian age of the Middle Miocene (23—16 mya). Tomarctus existed for approximately 6.83 million years.

Tomarctus evolved from the earlier genus Nothocyon.^{[citation needed]} This animal shared a period of time and ecology with a variety of other bear dogs like the giant mustelid genus of bone-crushing canidae, Cynarctoides. As the bear dogs and giant mustelids became extinct, Tomarctus further radiated to fill a line of dogs which filled the hyena-like fruit eating and bone-crushing niches.

Species

The genus currently contains two accepted species, Tomarctus brevirostris and Tomarctus hippophaga.

Tomarctus brevirostris, synomymous with Aelurodon francisi, was named by Edward Drinker Cope in 1873. Fossil specimens have been found as far south as Panama, east to Plum Point, Maryland, west to California, and north to Montana.^[2]

Tomarctus hippophaga was first described by Matthew and Cook in 1909 from the Trojan Quarry, Olcott Formation, Nebraska. Specimens have since been found as far west as California and as far north as the Montana/Alberta, Canada line.^[3]

References

^ Wang, Xiaoming (1999-11-17). "Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 243. Retrieved 2007-07-08. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Paleobiology Database: Tomarctus brevirostris
^ Paleobiology Database: Tomarctus hippophaga

Martin, L.D. 1989. Fossil history of the terrestrial carnivora. Pages 536 - 568 in J.L. Gittleman, editor. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, Vol. 1. Comstock Publishing Associates: Ithaca.
Tedford, R.H. 1978. History of dogs and cats: A view from the fossil record. Pages 1 - 10 in Nutrition and Management of Dogs and Cats. Ralston Purina Co.: St. Louis.
- Bio One Data Base - Tomarctus

This article related to prehistoric animals from order Carnivora is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[Wang1999-1] Wang, Xiaoming (1999-11-17). "Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 243. Retrieved 2007-07-08. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[Pbdbbrevirostris-2] Paleobiology Database: Tomarctus brevirostris

[Pbdbhippophaga-3] Paleobiology Database: Tomarctus hippophaga

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Taxobox
 |name = ''Tomarctus''
-|fossil_range = early to middle [[Miocene]]
+|fossil_range = early to middle [[Miocene]] {{fossilrange|20.43|13.6}}
 |regnum = [[Animal]]ia
 | image = Tomarctus temerarius.JPG
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 |familia = [[Canidae]]
 |subfamilia = †[[Borophaginae]]
-|genus = †'''''Tomarctus'''''
+|genus = '''''Tomarctus'''''
 |genus_authority = [[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1873
-|type_species = †''Tomarctus brevirostris''
+|type_species = ''Tomarctus brevirostris''
-|subdivision_ranks = Species<ref>{{cite journal| last = Wang| first = Xiaoming| coauthors = Richard Tedford, Beryl Taylor| title = Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae| journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History| volume = 243| date = 1999-11-17| url = http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/Wangetal1999borophaginemonographpart1.pdf| accessdate = 2007-07-08 }}</ref>
+|subdivision_ranks = Species<ref name="Wang1999">{{cite journal| last = Wang| first = Xiaoming| coauthors = Richard Tedford, Beryl Taylor| title = Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae| journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History| volume = 243| date = 1999-11-17| url = http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/Wangetal1999borophaginemonographpart1.pdf| accessdate = 2007-07-08 }}</ref>
 |subdivision =
 * †''T. brevirostris''
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 | range_map_caption=Range of Tomarctus based on fossil distribution
 }}
-'''''Tomarctus''''' ("cutting bear") is an extinct [[canidae|canid]] of the [[subfamily]] [[Borophaginae]] which inhabited most of [[North America]] during the late [[Early Miocene]] subepoch to the [[Barstovian|Early Barstovian]] age of the [[Middle Miocene]] subepoch (23—16 [[Annum|mya]]). ''Tomarctus'' existed for approximately {{Mya|23.3-16|million years}}.
+'''''Tomarctus''''' is a [[canidae|canine]] of the extinct [[subfamily]] [[Borophaginae]] which inhabited most of [[North America]] during the late [[Early Miocene]] to the [[Barstovian|Early Barstovian]] age of the [[Middle Miocene]] (23—16 [[Annum|mya]]). ''Tomarctus'' existed for approximately {{Mya|20.43-13.6|million years}}.
-''Tomarctus'' is derived from the ''[[Nothocyon]]'' and gave rise to Borophaginae, a short-face, heavy-jawed canine usually massive in size. This animal shared a period of time and ecology with a variety of other [[bear dog]]s like the giant [[mustelid]] genus of bone-crushing canidae, ''[[Cynarctoides]]''. As the bear dogs and giant mustelids became extinct, ''Tomarctus'' further radiated to fill a line of [[dog]]s which filled the [[hyena]]-like fruit eating and bone-crushing niches.
-==Morphology==
+''Tomarctus'' evolved from the earlier genus ''[[Nothocyon]]''.{{cn}} This animal shared a period of time and ecology with a variety of other [[bear dog]]s like the giant [[mustelid]] genus of bone-crushing canidae, ''[[Cynarctoides]]''. As the bear dogs and giant mustelids became extinct, ''Tomarctus'' further radiated to fill a line of [[dog]]s which filled the [[hyena]]-like fruit eating and bone-crushing niches.
-Two specimens were examined by Legendre and Roth for [[body mass]]. The first specimen was estimated to weigh 17.9 kg (39.4 lbs). The second specimen was estimated to weigh 16.4 kg (36.1 lbs).<ref>S. Legendre and C. Roth. 1988. Correlation of carnassial tooth size and body weight in recent carnivores (Mammalia). Historical Biology</ref>
+<!-- ==Morphology==
+Two specimens were examined by Legendre and Roth for [[body mass]]. The first specimen was estimated to weigh 17.9 kg (39.4 lbs). The second specimen was estimated to weigh 16.4 kg (36.1 lbs).<ref name=Legendre1988>S. Legendre and C. Roth. 1988. Correlation of carnassial tooth size and body weight in recent carnivores (Mammalia). Historical Biology</ref> can someone with access confirm these numbers?-->
 ==Species==
-Species within ''Tomarctus'' are ''[[Tomarctus brevirostris]]'' and  ''[[Tomarctus hippophaga]]''.
+The genus currently contains two accepted species, ''Tomarctus brevirostris'' and  ''Tomarctus hippophaga''.
+''Tomarctus brevirostris'', synomymous with ''Aelurodon francisi'', was named by [[Edward Drinker Cope]] in 1873. Fossil specimens have been found as far south as [[Panama]], east to Plum Point, [[Maryland]], west to [[California]], and north to [[Montana]].<ref name="Pbdbbrevirostris">[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=41246&is_real_user=1 Paleobiology Database: Tomarctus brevirostris]</ref>
+''Tomarctus hippophaga'' was first described by Matthew and Cook in 1909 from the [[Trojan Quarry]], [[Olcott Formation]], [[Nebraska]]. Specimens have since been found as far west as [[California]] and as far north as the [[Montana]]/[[Alberta, Canada]] line.<ref name="Pbdbhippophaga">[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=52381&is_real_user=1 Paleobiology Database: Tomarctus hippophaga]</ref>
-==Sister genus==
-A sister genus, ''[[Aelurodontina]]'', was originally named ''Aelurodon'' by [[Joseph Leidy]] in 1858. Leidy placed it within ''Canidae'' and J. A. Baskin in 1980 and R.L. Carroll in 1988. The genus was renamed ''Aelurodontina'' in 1999 by [[Xiaoming Wang]].
 ==References==