Arundinaria: Difference between revisions
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|subtribus = [[Arundinariinae]] |
|subtribus = [[Arundinariinae]] |
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|genus = '''''Arundinaria''''' |
|genus = '''''Arundinaria''''' |
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|genus_authority = [[ |
|genus_authority = [[André Michaux|Michx.]] |
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|subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] |
|subdivision_ranks = [[Species]] |
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|subdivision = *''[[Arundinaria appalachiana]]'' - hill cane |
|subdivision = *''[[Arundinaria appalachiana]]'' - hill cane |
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*''[[Arundinaria tesselata]]'' - bamboes|}} |
*''[[Arundinaria tesselata]]'' - bamboes|}} |
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'''''Arundinaria''''', commonly known as the '''[[cane]]s''', is the sole [[genus]] of [[bamboo]] native to [[South Africa]] <ref>http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/ferdinand-von-mueller/select-plants-exclusive-of-timber-trees-readily-eligible-for-victorian-industr-hci/page-11-select-plants-exclusive-of-timber-trees-readily-eligible-for-victorian-industr-hci.shtml</ref> and eastern |
'''''Arundinaria''''', commonly known as the '''[[cane]]s''', is the sole [[genus]] of [[bamboo]] native to [[South Africa]] <ref>http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/ferdinand-von-mueller/select-plants-exclusive-of-timber-trees-readily-eligible-for-victorian-industr-hci/page-11-select-plants-exclusive-of-timber-trees-readily-eligible-for-victorian-industr-hci.shtml</ref> and eastern North America and the only temperate bamboo in North America. The genus is endemic to the eastern United States from [[New Jersey]] south to [[Florida]] and west to [[Ohio]] and [[Texas]]. Within this region they are found from the [[Coastal Plain]] to medium elevations in the [[Appalachian Mountains]]. Its members have running [[rhizome]]s and are woody and tree-like, attaining heights from 0.5 up to 8 metres. They produce seeds only rarely and usually reproduce vegetatively, forming large [[Genet (biology)|genet]]s. When seed production does occur, the colony usually dies afterwards. Among the distinctive features of the canes is a fan-like cluster of leaves at the top of new stems called a top knot.<ref name=flora/><ref name=sida/> |
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The genus ''Arundinaria'' has a complex [[taxonomy|taxonomic]] history spanning over two centuries. The canes of the southeastern U.S. were originally described as two species of reed grasses in the genus ''[[Arundo]]'' by [[Thomas Walter]] in 1788. [[André Michaux]], working in 1803 and unaware of Walter's work, correctly interpreted the canes as a distinct group and created the genus ''Arundinaria'' with one species. However, neither of these researchers left enough information to their successors, leading to confusion surrounding the identity of the species they had described. The later workers [[G.H.E. Muhlenberg]] and [[A.S. Hitchcock]] each changed the [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]]s of the species within the group, but it wasn't until [[epitype]]s, [[Type (biology)|type specimens]] that clarify older ambiguous names, were applied to Walter's and Michaux's species in 2009 that the taxonomy could be stabilised. Meanwhile, many similar Asian and even African bamboos were placed in this genus under a very broad concept for the group. Preliminary [[phylogenetic]] studies in 2006 using [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular]] and [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] evidence have suggested that the genus forms three natural species confined to the southeastern United States. |
The genus ''Arundinaria'' has a complex [[taxonomy|taxonomic]] history spanning over two centuries. The canes of the southeastern U.S. were originally described as two species of reed grasses in the genus ''[[Arundo]]'' by [[Thomas Walter]] in 1788. [[André Michaux]], working in 1803 and unaware of Walter's work, correctly interpreted the canes as a distinct group and created the genus ''Arundinaria'' with one species. However, neither of these researchers left enough information to their successors, leading to confusion surrounding the identity of the species they had described. The later workers [[G.H.E. Muhlenberg]] and [[A.S. Hitchcock]] each changed the [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]]s of the species within the group, but it wasn't until [[epitype]]s, [[Type (biology)|type specimens]] that clarify older ambiguous names, were applied to Walter's and Michaux's species in 2009 that the taxonomy could be stabilised. Meanwhile, many similar Asian and even African bamboos were placed in this genus under a very broad concept for the group. Preliminary [[phylogenetic]] studies in 2006 using [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular]] and [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] evidence have suggested that the genus forms three natural species confined to the southeastern United States. |
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Early explorers in the U.S. described vast [[monotypic]] stands of ''Arundinaria'' called [[canebrake]]s that were especially common in river [[lowland]]s. These often covered hundreds of thousands of [[hectare]]s. These have declined significantly due to clearing, farming and fire suppression.<ref name=flora/><ref name=sida/> Prior to the [[European colonization of the Americas]], cane was an extremely important resource for local [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]]. The plant was used to make everything from houses and weapons to jewelry and medicines. It was used extensively as a fuel, and parts of the plant were eaten. The canebreaks also provided ideal land for crops, habitat for wild game, and year-round forage for livestock. After colonisation, cane lost its importance due to the destruction and decline of canebreaks, [[Indian removal|forced relocation of indigenous people]], and the availability of superior technology from abroad. |
Early explorers in the U.S. described vast [[monotypic]] stands of ''Arundinaria'' called [[canebrake]]s that were especially common in river [[lowland]]s. These often covered hundreds of thousands of [[hectare]]s. These have declined significantly due to clearing, farming and fire suppression.<ref name=flora/><ref name=sida/> Prior to the [[European colonization of the Americas]], cane was an extremely important resource for local [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]]. The plant was used to make everything from houses and weapons to jewelry and medicines. It was used extensively as a fuel, and parts of the plant were eaten. The canebreaks also provided ideal land for crops, habitat for wild game, and year-round forage for livestock. After colonisation, cane lost its importance due to the destruction and decline of canebreaks, [[Indian removal|forced relocation of indigenous people]], and the availability of superior technology from abroad. |
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==Systematics== |
==Systematics== |
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Despite the work done by Walter and Michaux, current researchers have had difficulty interpreting their [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscriptions]] of species boundaries. Walter designated no [[type specimen]]s, and his [[Latin]] protologues, which describe the species, are vague and include features that could be any of the three species currently recognised. Michaux did designate a type specimen for the species he described, but it does not include enough of the plant to determine with confidence which species it represents, while his protologues were likewise not detailed enough to avoid ambiguity. Later researchers, such as Muhlenberg and Hitchcock, were thus effectively unable to resolve the taxonomy satisfactorily. In 2009, [[holotype|epitypes]], a new kind of type first allowed by the [[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature]] in 2006 in order to clarify older ambiguous types, were designated for ''Arundo gigantea'' <small>Walt.</small> and ''Arundinaria macrosperma'' <small>Michx.</small>. This essentially allows current and future researchers to know precisely what is being discussed when the scientific names applied to these plants are used.<ref name=triplett>{{citation| last=Triplett| first=Jimmy K.| last2=Clark| first2=Lynn G.| title=Towards a stable nomenclature for the North American temperate bamboos: epitypification of ''Arundo gigantea'' Walt. and ''Arundinaria macrosperma'' Michx. (Poaceae)| year=2009| month=September| journal=Castanea| volume=74| issue=3| pages=207–212| doi=10.2179/09-010R1.1}}</ref> |
Despite the work done by Walter and Michaux, current researchers have had difficulty interpreting their [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscriptions]] of species boundaries. Walter designated no [[type specimen]]s, and his [[Latin]] protologues, which describe the species, are vague and include features that could be any of the three species currently recognised. Michaux did designate a type specimen for the species he described, but it does not include enough of the plant to determine with confidence which species it represents, while his protologues were likewise not detailed enough to avoid ambiguity. Later researchers, such as Muhlenberg and Hitchcock, were thus effectively unable to resolve the taxonomy satisfactorily. In 2009, [[holotype|epitypes]], a new kind of type first allowed by the [[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature]] in 2006 in order to clarify older ambiguous types, were designated for ''Arundo gigantea'' <small>Walt.</small> and ''Arundinaria macrosperma'' <small>Michx.</small>. This essentially allows current and future researchers to know precisely what is being discussed when the scientific names applied to these plants are used.<ref name=triplett>{{citation| last=Triplett| first=Jimmy K.| last2=Clark| first2=Lynn G.| title=Towards a stable nomenclature for the North American temperate bamboos: epitypification of ''Arundo gigantea'' Walt. and ''Arundinaria macrosperma'' Michx. (Poaceae)| year=2009| month=September| journal=Castanea| volume=74| issue=3| pages=207–212| doi=10.2179/09-010R1.1}}</ref> |
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The genus is currently most commonly treated in a ''[[sensu stricto]]'', making it an exclusively |
The genus is currently most commonly treated in a ''[[sensu stricto]]'', making it an exclusively North American genus with three species: ''Arundinaria gigantea'' <small>(Walt.) Muhl.</small>, ''Arundinaria tecta'' <small>(Walt.) Muhl.</small>, and ''[[Arundinaria appalachiana]]'' <small>Triplett, Weakley & L.G. Clark</small>.<ref name=flora>{{Citation| last =Clark | first =Lynn G.; Triplett, J.K. | contribution =Arundinaria| year =2006| title =Flora of North America| editor-last =Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+| editor-first =| volume =25| pages =| contribution-url =http://www.herbarium.usu.edu/treatments/Arundinaria.htm| place=New York & Oxford| publisher =Oxford University Press| accessdate=2007-07-14}}</ref><ref name=sida>{{citation| last=Triplett| first=J.K.; Weakley, A.S.; Clark, L.G.| title=Hill cane (''Arundinaria appalachiana''), a new species of bamboo (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from the southern Appalachian Mountains| journal=Sida| volume=22| pages=79–95| year=2006| url=http://www.andestoamazon.com/Sida/PDF/PDF22(1)/03_Triplett-etal_Arundinaria_79-95.pdf| accessdate=2007-07-14| issue=1}}</ref> However, in the past, and uncommonly in the present, the genus has been seen in a ''[[sensu lato]]''. These interpretations include a number of [[Old World]] genera such as ''[[Bashania]]'', ''[[Oligostachyum]]'' and ''[[Sarocalamus]]''.<ref name=sida/><ref name=chinaflora>{{Citation| last =Zhu| first =Zheng-de; De-zhu, Li; Stapleton, Chris | contribution = Arundinaria| year =2007| title =Flora of China| editor-last =Wu| editor-first =Z. Y.; Raven, P.H.; Hong, D.Y.| volume =22| page =112| place=Beijing| publisher =Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press| contribution-url =http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=102740| accessdate =2007-07-15}}</ref> More outdated systems included the large genera ''[[Fargesia]]'' and ''[[Sasa (genus)|Sasa]]'', giving the genus upwards of 400 species.<ref name=flora/><ref name=sida/> When Asian taxa are included it is the only bamboo genus to occur in both the Old and [[New World]]s.<ref name=sida/> |
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[[File:Rivercane basket peggy brennan.jpg|thumb|200px|Rivercane basket in Noon-Day Sun pattern, by Peggy Brennan ([[Cherokee Nation]])]] |
[[File:Rivercane basket peggy brennan.jpg|thumb|200px|Rivercane basket in Noon-Day Sun pattern, by Peggy Brennan ([[Cherokee Nation]])]] |
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==Use== |
==Use== |
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[[Ethnobotany|Ethnobotanists]] consider cane to have been extremely important to [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]]s in what is now the [[Southeastern United States]] before [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonisation]]. The plant was used to make structures, weapons, fishing equipment, jewelry, baskets, musical instruments, furniture, boats, pipe stems, and medicines.<ref name=platt>{{Citation| last=Platt| first=Steven G.| last2=Brantley| first2=Christopher G.| last3=Rainwater| first3=Thomas R.| title=Native American ethnobotany of cane (''Arundinaria'' spp.) in the southeastern United States: a review| journal=Castanea| year=2009| month=September| volume=74| issue=3| pages=271–285| doi=10.2179/08-023R2.1}}</ref> ''Arundinaria gigantea'', or river cane, has historically been used to construct [[Native American flute]]s, particularly among tribes of the [[Eastern Woodlands]]. The [[Atakapa]], [[Muscogee Creek]], [[Choctaw]], [[Cherokee]], and other Southeastern tribes have traditionally used this material for mat and basket weaving,<ref>{{citation| last=Mason| first=Otis T.| title=Basket-Work of the North American Aborigines| location=Washington| publisher=Government Printing Office| year=1890}}</ref> and the [[Chitimacha]] and [[Eastern Band Cherokee]] still widely weave with rivercane today. |
[[Ethnobotany|Ethnobotanists]] consider cane to have been extremely important to [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]]s in what is now the [[Southeastern United States]] before [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonisation]]. The plant was used to make structures, weapons, fishing equipment, jewelry, baskets, musical instruments, furniture, boats, pipe stems, and medicines.<ref name=platt>{{Citation| last=Platt| first=Steven G.| last2=Brantley| first2=Christopher G.| last3=Rainwater| first3=Thomas R.| title=Native American ethnobotany of cane (''Arundinaria'' spp.) in the southeastern United States: a review| journal=Castanea| year=2009| month=September| volume=74| issue=3| pages=271–285| doi=10.2179/08-023R2.1}}</ref> ''Arundinaria gigantea'', or river cane, has historically been used to construct [[Native American flute]]s, particularly among tribes of the [[Eastern Woodlands]]. The [[Atakapa]], [[Muscogee Creek]], [[Choctaw]], [[Cherokee]], and other Southeastern tribes have traditionally used this material for mat and basket weaving,<ref>{{citation| last=Mason| first=Otis T.| title=Basket-Work of the North American Aborigines| location=Washington| publisher=Government Printing Office| year=1890}}</ref> and the [[Chitimacha]] and [[Eastern Band Cherokee]] still widely weave with rivercane today. |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/taes/tracy/610/arundinaria.html Description of ''Arundinaria''] |
* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/taes/tracy/610/arundinaria.html Description of ''Arundinaria''] |
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[[Category:Bamboo genera]] |
[[Category:Bamboo genera]] |
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[[Category:Flora of Alabama]] |
[[Category:Flora of Alabama]] |
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Revision as of 12:08, 25 November 2011
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| Flowering specimen in northern Florida in March 2003 | |
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| Genus: | Arundinaria |
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Arundinaria, commonly known as the canes, is the sole genus of bamboo native to South Africa [1] and eastern North America and the only temperate bamboo in North America. The genus is endemic to the eastern United States from New Jersey south to Florida and west to Ohio and Texas. Within this region they are found from the Coastal Plain to medium elevations in the Appalachian Mountains. Its members have running rhizomes and are woody and tree-like, attaining heights from 0.5 up to 8 metres. They produce seeds only rarely and usually reproduce vegetatively, forming large genets. When seed production does occur, the colony usually dies afterwards. Among the distinctive features of the canes is a fan-like cluster of leaves at the top of new stems called a top knot.[2][3]
The genus Arundinaria has a complex taxonomic history spanning over two centuries. The canes of the southeastern U.S. were originally described as two species of reed grasses in the genus Arundo by Thomas Walter in 1788. André Michaux, working in 1803 and unaware of Walter's work, correctly interpreted the canes as a distinct group and created the genus Arundinaria with one species. However, neither of these researchers left enough information to their successors, leading to confusion surrounding the identity of the species they had described. The later workers G.H.E. Muhlenberg and A.S. Hitchcock each changed the circumscriptions of the species within the group, but it wasn't until epitypes, type specimens that clarify older ambiguous names, were applied to Walter's and Michaux's species in 2009 that the taxonomy could be stabilised. Meanwhile, many similar Asian and even African bamboos were placed in this genus under a very broad concept for the group. Preliminary phylogenetic studies in 2006 using molecular and morphological evidence have suggested that the genus forms three natural species confined to the southeastern United States.
Early explorers in the U.S. described vast monotypic stands of Arundinaria called canebrakes that were especially common in river lowlands. These often covered hundreds of thousands of hectares. These have declined significantly due to clearing, farming and fire suppression.[2][3] Prior to the European colonization of the Americas, cane was an extremely important resource for local Native Americans. The plant was used to make everything from houses and weapons to jewelry and medicines. It was used extensively as a fuel, and parts of the plant were eaten. The canebreaks also provided ideal land for crops, habitat for wild game, and year-round forage for livestock. After colonisation, cane lost its importance due to the destruction and decline of canebreaks, forced relocation of indigenous people, and the availability of superior technology from abroad.
Systematics
Plants currently treated in the genus Arundinaria were first described scientifically by Thomas Walter in his Flora Caroliniana, 1788. However, Walter did not recognise the canes as bamboo, and instead placed them in the superficially similar, but only distantly related grass genus Arundo. He described two species: Arundo gigantea Walt. and Arundo tecta Walt.. In 1803, the French botanist André Michaux, unaware of the flora prepared by Walter, also published a description of the canes he encountered. Michaux recognised only one species, but created a new monotypic genus for it: Arundinaria macrosperma Michx..[4] The name of the genus he used is derived from the Latin word used by Walter for the plants he described; namely arundo, meaning "reed".[2]
A decade later in 1813, G.H.E. Muhlenberg noticed the affinities between the two previous authors' work and transferred Walter's two species to Michaux's new genus, yielding a combinatio nova for each, namely Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl. and Arundinaria tecta (Walt.) Muhl.. Muhlenberg considered the genus to consist of these two species in addition to Arundinaria macrosperma Michx.. After over a century, A. S. Hitchcock reviewed the taxonomic state of the North American bamboos in 1951. He interpreted Michaux's Arundinaria macrosperma Michx. as a synonym of Walter's Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl., reducing the genus to two species.[4]
Most recently, in 2006 researchers from Iowa State University and the University of North Carolina recognised and described a third species, Arundinaria appalachiana Triplett, Weakley & L.G. Clark. The plants that form this species were previously thought to form part of the natural genetic diversity of Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl., but upon in depth analysis using modern phylogenetic methods based on morphology and amplified fragment length polymorphisms, the researchers determined that the canes form three species.[3]
Despite the work done by Walter and Michaux, current researchers have had difficulty interpreting their circumscriptions of species boundaries. Walter designated no type specimens, and his Latin protologues, which describe the species, are vague and include features that could be any of the three species currently recognised. Michaux did designate a type specimen for the species he described, but it does not include enough of the plant to determine with confidence which species it represents, while his protologues were likewise not detailed enough to avoid ambiguity. Later researchers, such as Muhlenberg and Hitchcock, were thus effectively unable to resolve the taxonomy satisfactorily. In 2009, epitypes, a new kind of type first allowed by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature in 2006 in order to clarify older ambiguous types, were designated for Arundo gigantea Walt. and Arundinaria macrosperma Michx.. This essentially allows current and future researchers to know precisely what is being discussed when the scientific names applied to these plants are used.[4]
The genus is currently most commonly treated in a sensu stricto, making it an exclusively North American genus with three species: Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl., Arundinaria tecta (Walt.) Muhl., and Arundinaria appalachiana Triplett, Weakley & L.G. Clark.[2][3] However, in the past, and uncommonly in the present, the genus has been seen in a sensu lato. These interpretations include a number of Old World genera such as Bashania, Oligostachyum and Sarocalamus.[3][5] More outdated systems included the large genera Fargesia and Sasa, giving the genus upwards of 400 species.[2][3] When Asian taxa are included it is the only bamboo genus to occur in both the Old and New Worlds.[3]
Use
Ethnobotanists consider cane to have been extremely important to Native Americans in what is now the Southeastern United States before European colonisation. The plant was used to make structures, weapons, fishing equipment, jewelry, baskets, musical instruments, furniture, boats, pipe stems, and medicines.[6] Arundinaria gigantea, or river cane, has historically been used to construct Native American flutes, particularly among tribes of the Eastern Woodlands. The Atakapa, Muscogee Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee, and other Southeastern tribes have traditionally used this material for mat and basket weaving,[7] and the Chitimacha and Eastern Band Cherokee still widely weave with rivercane today.
Food uses include flour, cereal, and even "asparagus" of young shoots; however, caution should be used whenever foraging for cane as, the extremely toxic fungus Ergot (Claviceps spp.) has been known to colonize the seeds. Ergot-infected plants will have pink or purplish blotches or growths about the size of a seed or several times larger.[8]
See also
References
- ^ http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/ferdinand-von-mueller/select-plants-exclusive-of-timber-trees-readily-eligible-for-victorian-industr-hci/page-11-select-plants-exclusive-of-timber-trees-readily-eligible-for-victorian-industr-hci.shtml
- ^ a b c d e Clark, Lynn G.; Triplett, J.K. (2006), "Arundinaria", in Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+ (ed.), Flora of North America, vol. 25, New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, retrieved 2007-07-14
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: editors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f g Triplett, J.K.; Weakley, A.S.; Clark, L.G. (2006), "Hill cane (Arundinaria appalachiana), a new species of bamboo (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from the southern Appalachian Mountains" (PDF), Sida, 22 (1): 79–95, retrieved 2007-07-14
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Triplett, Jimmy K.; Clark, Lynn G. (2009), "Towards a stable nomenclature for the North American temperate bamboos: epitypification of Arundo gigantea Walt. and Arundinaria macrosperma Michx. (Poaceae)", Castanea, 74 (3): 207–212, doi:10.2179/09-010R1.1
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Zhu, Zheng-de; De-zhu, Li; Stapleton, Chris (2007), "Arundinaria", in Wu, Z. Y.; Raven, P.H.; Hong, D.Y. (ed.), Flora of China, vol. 22, Beijing: Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press, p. 112, retrieved 2007-07-15
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Platt, Steven G.; Brantley, Christopher G.; Rainwater, Thomas R. (2009), "Native American ethnobotany of cane (Arundinaria spp.) in the southeastern United States: a review", Castanea, 74 (3): 271–285, doi:10.2179/08-023R2.1
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - ^ Mason, Otis T. (1890), Basket-Work of the North American Aborigines, Washington: Government Printing Office
- ^ Peterson, Lee. A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants of Eastern and Central North America. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. Page 228. Accessed the sixth of September, 2010. ISBN 0-395-20445-3.