Ergot mushrooms
| Ergot mushrooms | ||||||||||||
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Ears of rye with ergot |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Claviceps | ||||||||||||
| ( Fr. ) Tul. | ||||||||||||
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Ergot ( Claviceps ) is a fungal genus from the family of Clavicipitaceae .
features
Ergot are parasites of the ovary of Süßgrasartigen .
distribution
Most ergot fungi only parasitize one genus . Many ergot fungi live in tropical climates and are hosted by a Panicoideae (a subfamily of sweet grasses ). Claviceps purpurea is an exception, it needs a cold environment and has many hosts, mostly Pooideae (another subfamily of sweet grasses).
Effects
The fungus naturally produces alkaloids ( ergot alkaloids ) in the sclerotia . In the fermenter , Claviceps purpurea , Claviceps fusiformis or Claviceps paspali are used to produce ergot alkaloids.
Poisoning with ergot alkaloids is often referred to as ergotism .
Life cycle
The fungus successively takes on the forms claviceps , sphacelia and sclerotium . Sclerotium is the form of resistance between two hosts.
Pedunculated stroma grow out of a sclerotium. Sexual reproduction takes place in the stroma. Perithecia are formed. The ascospores are thread-like. They are spread with the wind. The germ hyphae penetrate the ovary on the stigma of unfertilized flowers (primary infection).
The developing mycelium dissolves the tissue (thus preventing the development of seeds in the spikelet) and first forms conidia ( Sphacelia form), whereby a syrup containing sugar is excreted: "honeydew" (secondary fruit form); often secondary conidia appear (e.g. in C. africana , C. fusiformis , C. cynodontis ). Conidia are spread by wind, rain and insects and attack other open-flowering ears.
Systematics
Within the genus Claviceps , there are about 40 species .
Types (selection)
- Claviceps africana
- Claviceps bothriochloae
- Claviceps cinerea
- Claviceps citrina
- Claviceps cynodontis
- Claviceps cyperi
- Claviceps diadema
- Claviceps digitariae
- Claviceps flavella
- Claviceps fusiformis
- Claviceps gigantea
- Claviceps grohii
- Claviceps hirtella
- Claviceps litoralis
- Claviceps maximensis
- Claviceps microspora
- Claviceps nigricans
- Claviceps orthocladae
- Claviceps paspali
- Claviceps phalaridis
- Claviceps purpurea - purple-brown ergot fungus
- Claviceps pusilla
- Claviceps queenslandica
- Claviceps ranunculoides
- Claviceps Sorghi
- Claviceps sulcata
- Claviceps tripsaci
- Claviceps uleana
- Claviceps vilior
- Claviceps virids
- Claviceps yanagawaensis
- Claviceps zizaniae
swell
- ↑ Sylvie Pažoutová, Douglas P. Parbery: The Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Claviceps . In: Ergot - The Genus Claviceps . harwood academic publishers, 1999, ISBN 90-5702-375-X , pp. 57-78.
- ↑ L.-R. Tulasne : Mémoire sur l'ergot des glumacés. In: Annales des sciences naturelles (Partie Botanique). 20, 1853, pp. 5–56 (digitized version )
literature
- Vladimir Křen et Ladislav Cvak: Ergot The Genus Claviceps . harwood academic publishers, 1999, pp. 71-84, ISBN 90-5702-375-X