Megabalanus tintinnabulum: Difference between revisions
Cwmhiraeth (talk | contribs) New article on a species of barnacle. |
Stemonitis (talk | contribs) various minor cleanup; Rumphius' figure was published posthumously in 1705 (collection must have been earlier); link people; standardise formatting; etc. |
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| species = '''''M. tintinnabulum''''' |
| species = '''''M. tintinnabulum''''' |
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| binomial = ''Megabalanus tintinnabulum'' |
| binomial = ''Megabalanus tintinnabulum'' |
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| binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], |
| binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758) <ref name=WoRMS>{{cite WoRMS |year=2012 |title=''Megabalanus tintinnabulum'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |id=106225 |accessdate=2012-03-01}}</ref> |
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| synonyms = ''Balanus tintinnabulum'' < |
| synonyms = ''Balanus tintinnabulum'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> |
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| synonyms_ref = <ref name=WoRMS/> |
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}} |
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'''''Megabalanus tintinnabulum''''' is a species of large [[barnacle]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Balanidae]]. It is the [[type species]] of the [[genus]]. The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]] comes from the [[Latin]] |
'''''Megabalanus tintinnabulum''''' is a species of large [[barnacle]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Balanidae]]. It is the [[type species]] of the [[genus]]. The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]] comes from the [[Latin]] ''{{lang|la|[[wikt:tintinnabulum|tintinnabulum]]}}'' meaning a [[handbell]] and probably refers to small groups of barnacles resembling clusters of miniature bells. |
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==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
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When [[Carl Linnaeus]] [[Alpha taxonomy|first described]] this species in 1758, he named it ''Balanus tintinnabulum''. The [[lectotype]] was |
When [[Carl Linnaeus]] [[Alpha taxonomy|first described]] this species in 1758, he named it ''Balanus tintinnabulum''. The [[lectotype]] was depicted by [[Georg Eberhard Rumphius]] in 1705, the [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] being [[Ambon Island|Ambon]], Indonesia. In a monograph on barnacles in 1854, [[Charles Darwin]] described the species as being very variable and assigned it to Section A of the genus ''Balanus'', characterised by having the parietes, basis, and radii (different plates in the shell wall) permeated by minute pores. In 1916, [[Henry Augustus Pilsbry]] elevated ''Balanus tintinnabulum'' to subspecies rank and in subsequent years a number of varieties were described. Later it was placed in the subgenus ''Megabalanus'' and in 1976, Newman and Ross elevated ''Megabalanus'' to generic rank, giving species rank to each of the 22 subspecies of what had previously been known as ''Balanus (Megabalanus) tintinnabulum''.<ref name=Henry>{{cite journal |author=Dora P. Henry & Patsy A. McLaughlin |year=1986 |title=The Recent species of ''Megabalanus'' (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha) with special emphasis on ''Balanus tintinnabulum'' (Linnaeus) sensu lato |journal=[[Zoologische Verhandelingen]] |volume=235 |pages=1–69 |url=http://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/149030 |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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''Megabalanus tintinnabulum'' is a large barnacle, being barrel shaped or narrowly conical, up to {{convert|5|cm|0 |
''Megabalanus tintinnabulum'' is a large barnacle, being barrel shaped or narrowly conical, up to {{convert|5|cm|0}} tall and {{convert|6.5|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter. It is distinguished from other members of the [[genus]] by having ungrooved growth ridges on the [[Scute|scutum]] and by the parietes having no spines or spiny projections. The parietes can be either rough or smooth, and they are sometimes slightly folded. The basal margin of the shell is either straight or slightly sinuous. The colour is a pale shade of reddish or bluish purple, sometimes streaked longitudinally with a darker or lighter shade and sometimes with transverse bands of colour.<ref name=Henry/> |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
==Distribution and habitat== |
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''Megabalanus tintinnabulum'' is of tropical origin, perhaps being native to West Africa and parts of the Indo-Pacific. It is common on both the eastern and western coasts of India.<ref name=Nauplia> {{cite journal |author= |
''Megabalanus tintinnabulum'' is of tropical origin, perhaps being native to West Africa and parts of the Indo-Pacific. It is common on both the eastern and western coasts of India.<ref name=Nauplia> {{cite journal |author=V. Thiyagarajan, V. P. Venugopalan, T. Subramoniam & K. V. K. Nair |year=1997 |title=Description of the naupliar stages of ''Megabalanus tintinnabulum'' (Cirripedia: Balanidae) |journal=[[Journal of Crustacean Biology]] |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=332–342 |jstor=1549282}}</ref> It has spread to other parts of the world attached to the hulls of ships. It was observed on ships' hulls in the [[Netherlands]] in 1764 and in 1998 it was found attached to buoys off the [[Belgium|Belgian]] coast.<ref name=WoRMS/> It was first observed in Western Australia in 1949 and arrived on the east coast of Australia by 1990.<ref>{{cite book |title=Asian Marine Biology |volume=9–10 |editor=Brian Morton |year=1992 |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |location=Hong Kong |isbn=9789622093232 |author=Diana S. Jones |chapter=A review of Australian fouling barnacles |pages=89–100 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=51j1mMiUJJ4C&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&dq=Megabalanus+tintinnabulum+fouling&source=bl&ots=ImANel_Vao&sig=o52H8uKyUk2mLIXtSp0fT2FvlpI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1WpST_qnNci-0QXFu5DPCw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Megabalanus%20tintinnabulum%20fouling&f=false}}</ref> It is also found on reefs, bedrock, boulders and timber structures down to about {{convert|40|m}} deep.<ref name=Marinepests>[http://adl.brs.gov.au/marinepests/index.cfm?fa=main.spDetailsDB&sp=6000009302 ''Megabalanus tintinnabulum'' (acorn barnacle)] Marine pests of Australia. Retrieved 2012.03.02.</ref> |
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==Biology== |
==Biology== |
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==Ecology== |
==Ecology== |
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''Megabalanus tintinnabulum'' is found at or below the low tide mark in the [[littoral zone]] and is part of the fouling community. It is found on the hulls of ships and on man-made structures in ports. It has a stable population structure and low mortality rate and is a long-lived species.<ref>{{cite book |title=Proceedings of the Second International Marine Biological Workshop: The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China | |
''Megabalanus tintinnabulum'' is found at or below the low tide mark in the [[littoral zone]] and is part of the fouling community. It is found on the hulls of ships and on man-made structures in ports. It has a stable population structure and low mortality rate and is a long-lived species.<ref>{{cite book |title=Proceedings of the Second International Marine Biological Workshop: The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China |author=J. H. Liu, Z. G. Huang & S. Lin |year= |publisher= |location= |isbn= |page=780 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}}</ref> In the [[South China Sea]] it was found that molluscs and acorn barnacles, including ''Megabalanus tintinnabulum'', were primary foulers of hulls and other man-made structures and that their presence allowed [[algae]], [[hydrozoa]]ns and [[bryozoa]]ns to take hold.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yan Tao, Yan Wen-xia, Liang Guan-he, Dong Yu, Wang Hua-jie and Yan Yan |year= |title=Marine biofouling in offshore areas south of Hainan Island, northern South China Sea |journal=Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=132–139 |publisher= |doi=10.1007/BF02842572 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/u14866n522631628/ }}</ref> |
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Empty but still attached shells of ''Megabalanus tintinnabulum'' are sometimes occupied by the tessellated blenny (''[[Hypsoblennius invemar]]''). It not only uses a shell for a refuge but the male also broods the fish's eggs inside.<ref>[http://fl.biology.usgs.gov/documents/Hypsoblennius_invemar.pdf ''Hypsoblennius invemar'', Smith-Vaniz & Acero P., 1980: Tessellated Blenny] USGS. Retrieved 2012-03-02.</ref> |
Empty but still attached shells of ''Megabalanus tintinnabulum'' are sometimes occupied by the tessellated blenny (''[[Hypsoblennius invemar]]''). It not only uses a shell for a refuge but the male also broods the fish's eggs inside.<ref>[http://fl.biology.usgs.gov/documents/Hypsoblennius_invemar.pdf ''Hypsoblennius invemar'', Smith-Vaniz & Acero P., 1980: Tessellated Blenny] USGS. Retrieved 2012-03-02.</ref> |
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Revision as of 07:21, 4 March 2012
| Megabalanus tintinnabulum | |
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| A group of empty shells | |
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| Species: | M. tintinnabulum
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| Binomial name | |
| Megabalanus tintinnabulum | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
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Balanus tintinnabulum Linnaeus, 1758 | |
Megabalanus tintinnabulum is a species of large barnacle in the family Balanidae. It is the type species of the genus. The specific name comes from the Latin tintinnabulum meaning a handbell and probably refers to small groups of barnacles resembling clusters of miniature bells.
Taxonomy
When Carl Linnaeus first described this species in 1758, he named it Balanus tintinnabulum. The lectotype was depicted by Georg Eberhard Rumphius in 1705, the type locality being Ambon, Indonesia. In a monograph on barnacles in 1854, Charles Darwin described the species as being very variable and assigned it to Section A of the genus Balanus, characterised by having the parietes, basis, and radii (different plates in the shell wall) permeated by minute pores. In 1916, Henry Augustus Pilsbry elevated Balanus tintinnabulum to subspecies rank and in subsequent years a number of varieties were described. Later it was placed in the subgenus Megabalanus and in 1976, Newman and Ross elevated Megabalanus to generic rank, giving species rank to each of the 22 subspecies of what had previously been known as Balanus (Megabalanus) tintinnabulum.[2]
Description
Megabalanus tintinnabulum is a large barnacle, being barrel shaped or narrowly conical, up to 5 centimetres (2 in) tall and 6.5 cm (2.6 in) in diameter. It is distinguished from other members of the genus by having ungrooved growth ridges on the scutum and by the parietes having no spines or spiny projections. The parietes can be either rough or smooth, and they are sometimes slightly folded. The basal margin of the shell is either straight or slightly sinuous. The colour is a pale shade of reddish or bluish purple, sometimes streaked longitudinally with a darker or lighter shade and sometimes with transverse bands of colour.[2]
Distribution and habitat
Megabalanus tintinnabulum is of tropical origin, perhaps being native to West Africa and parts of the Indo-Pacific. It is common on both the eastern and western coasts of India.[3] It has spread to other parts of the world attached to the hulls of ships. It was observed on ships' hulls in the Netherlands in 1764 and in 1998 it was found attached to buoys off the Belgian coast.[1] It was first observed in Western Australia in 1949 and arrived on the east coast of Australia by 1990.[4] It is also found on reefs, bedrock, boulders and timber structures down to about 40 metres (130 ft) deep.[5]
Biology
Like other acorn barnacles, Megabalanus tintinnabulum is a filter feeder. Specially adapted legs called cirri are extended through the opening at the top of the shell and are waved about at right angles to the flow of water past the shell. Food particles are caught by these and the cirri are periodically withdrawn into the shell and the food scraped off.[6]
Eggs of Megabalanus tintinnabulum are fertilized internally by sperm from another barnacle nearby and start to develop into larvae within a few days. These are planktonic and disperse in the water column. They pass through six naupliar stages and one cypris larval stage before settling on the seabed, undergoing metamorphosis and developing into juveniles. These cement themselves to the substrate and remain sessile for the rest of their lives.[3]
Ecology
Megabalanus tintinnabulum is found at or below the low tide mark in the littoral zone and is part of the fouling community. It is found on the hulls of ships and on man-made structures in ports. It has a stable population structure and low mortality rate and is a long-lived species.[7] In the South China Sea it was found that molluscs and acorn barnacles, including Megabalanus tintinnabulum, were primary foulers of hulls and other man-made structures and that their presence allowed algae, hydrozoans and bryozoans to take hold.[8]
Empty but still attached shells of Megabalanus tintinnabulum are sometimes occupied by the tessellated blenny (Hypsoblennius invemar). It not only uses a shell for a refuge but the male also broods the fish's eggs inside.[9]
References
- ^ a b c "Megabalanus tintinnabulum (Linnaeus, 1758)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. 2012. Retrieved 2012-03-01.
- ^ a b Dora P. Henry & Patsy A. McLaughlin (1986). "The Recent species of Megabalanus (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha) with special emphasis on Balanus tintinnabulum (Linnaeus) sensu lato" (PDF). Zoologische Verhandelingen. 235: 1–69.
- ^ a b V. Thiyagarajan, V. P. Venugopalan, T. Subramoniam & K. V. K. Nair (1997). "Description of the naupliar stages of Megabalanus tintinnabulum (Cirripedia: Balanidae)". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 17 (2): 332–342. JSTOR 1549282.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Diana S. Jones (1992). "A review of Australian fouling barnacles". In Brian Morton (ed.). Asian Marine Biology. Vol. 9–10. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. pp. 89–100. ISBN 9789622093232.
- ^ Megabalanus tintinnabulum (acorn barnacle) Marine pests of Australia. Retrieved 2012.03.02.
- ^ Megabalanus coccopoma Smithsonian Marine Station. Retrieved 2012.03.02.
- ^ J. H. Liu, Z. G. Huang & S. Lin. Proceedings of the Second International Marine Biological Workshop: The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China. p. 780.
- ^ Yan Tao, Yan Wen-xia, Liang Guan-he, Dong Yu, Wang Hua-jie and Yan Yan. "Marine biofouling in offshore areas south of Hainan Island, northern South China Sea". Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. 18 (2): 132–139. doi:10.1007/BF02842572.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Hypsoblennius invemar, Smith-Vaniz & Acero P., 1980: Tessellated Blenny USGS. Retrieved 2012-03-02.