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==History==
==History==
Wisłok Wielki (Vyslik Velykyi: Ukr.) was first mentioned, according to historical accounts, in 1361. In 1785the village lands comprised {{convert|6.14|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Reportedly at the time, there were 711 Eastern-rite Catholics. The historical record relates that in 1361 the brothers Peter and Paul, "from [[Hungary]]," as feudal landholders, "owned" Wisłok Wielki, along with [[Bukowsko]] and several other area villages (see [[Nowotaniec]], [[Zboiska]]{{Disambiguation needed|date=June 2011}}, [[Humniska]] etc.). Part of the Hapsburg empire, the village and vicinity, isolated and remote, remained impervious to change.
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1361. The wooden church replaced an older church from at least 1785. The church was destroyed in 1946. In 1785 the village lands comprised {{convert|6.14|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. There were 711 Eastern-rite Catholics.


The region would be at the epicentre of the conflict between Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire, with several small battles conducted in the vicnity of the village. After [[World War I]], [[Lemkos]] founded two short-lived republics, the [[Lemko-Rusyn Republic]] in the west of [[Galicia (eastern Europe)|Galicia]], which had a Russophile orientation, and the [[Komancza Republic]], with an Ukrainophilic orientation, briefly lasting from 2 November 1918 to 23 January 1919.
Peter and Paul "from [[Hungary]]" owned Wisłok Wielki at one time (1361). These are the same brothers who owned [[Bukowsko]] and several other area villages (see [[Nowotaniec]], [[Zboiska]]{{Disambiguation needed|date=June 2011}}, [[Humniska]] etc.).


Particularly after 1930, there was still little or no antagonism at the local level between Rusnaks and the Poles in the [[Sanok County]]. After [[World War I]], [[Lemkos]] founded two short-lived republics, the [[Lemko-Rusyn Republic]] in the west of [[Galicia (eastern Europe)|Galicia]], which had a russophile orientation, and the [[Komancza Republic]], with an Ukrainophilic orientation. This was a smaller, Ukrainiophile organization, lasting from 2 November 1918 to 23 January 1919. Wisłok Wielki remained an isolated village, bounded on all sides by smaller, equally homogeneous, Rus villages; yet marriages with Poles were still quite common ([[Poles]] were outnumbered only by [[Jews]] at the market centre of [[Bukowsko]]). The rules applied were the same as in Austrian times - both partners adhered to the language and religion of the community in which they resided, and their children were raised accordingly.
Wisłok Wielki remained an isolated village, bounded on all sides by smaller, equally homogeneous, Rus villages; yet marriages with Poles were still quite common ([[Poles]] were outnumbered only by [[Jews]] at the market centre of [[Bukowsko]]). The convention followed was historically the same - both partners adhered to the language and religion of the community in which they resided, and their children were raised accordingly. During the 1930s, although there were tensions over issues of language, education and official assimilation, communal relations at the local level between Lemkos and Poles in the [[Sanok County]] were favorable.


In 1939, Wisłok Wielki was occupied by German forces (the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-German demarcation line followed the line of the [[San River]] a short distance to the east). A short time later many of her able-bodied men were transferred to Germany as slave labour. The Poles at the police station were replaced by a Ukrainian staff. Throughout the war the Germans were astute in exploiting the accumulated grievances and aspirations of the nationally conscious Ukrainians, though they never showed themselves to be genuinely interested in satisfying the desire for independence. In the course of the war the Rusnaks were more exposed to Ukrainian influence than ever before; even the priests sent to Wislok were from lowland regions of the Ukraine proper, with no knowledge of the [[Lemkos|Lemkian dialect]].
In 1939, Wisłok Wielki was occupied by German forces (the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-German demarcation line followed the line of the [[San River]] a short distance to the east). Men, women, as well as children were taken to Germany and Austria for purposes of forced labour. Polish gendarmes were replaced by a Ukrainian auxilary police staff. Throughout the war the Germans were astute in exploiting the accumulated grievances and aspirations of the nationally conscious Ukrainians. During this period of immense upheaval and change, the local inhabitants were introduced to Ukrainian influences that increased the level of Ukrainophilism among the population. Subject to vicissitudes of war, the local Lemko population would be decimated. The violence, however, did not end in 1945. Rather the escalating Polish-Ukrainian conflict in the region as well as anti-Soviet insurgency would profoundly affect the future of Wisłok Wielki and its inhabitants.


Part of the post-war Polish-Soviet resettlement campaign, the village was destroyed 24 January 1946 and the indigenous Lemko population cleansed from the region in the Polish-Soviet effort to subdue the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) which was active in the region until 1949.
Part of the post-war Polish-Soviet resettlement campaign, Wisłok Wielki was destroyed 24 January 1946 and the indigenous Lemko population cleansed in the joint Polish-Soviet effort to subdue the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), which remained active in the vicinity until late-1947. A majority of the inhabitants were resettled to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Others who remained were subsequently relocated to counties along Poland's Baltic coast, especially in the former German territories, newly acquired.


In Wislok Wielki large investments in the State Farms (communal farms DG) were made in the mid-1950s, some time before major improvements in local communications and in the community infrastructure. A major complex was constructed at each end of the long valley of the Wislok Wielki.
During the mid-1950s, large investments in the State Farms (communal farms DG) were made in Wislok Wielki. Major improvements in local communications and infrastructure were also undertaken. The remanants of a cemetary are still visible in Lower Wisłok Wielki. The Byzantine-styled village church in Lower Wisłok, built in 1785, was destroyed in 1946. The eclesiastical struture in Upper Wisłok Wielki, on the other hand, has survived.


==Geography==
==Geography==

Revision as of 21:42, 24 September 2012

Template:Geobox Wisłok Wielki [ˈvʲiswɔk ˈvʲɛlkʲi] (Ukrainian: Вислік Великий, Vyslik Velykyi) is a village in the Bukowsko Upland mountains. Since 1999 it is situated in the Subcarpathian Voivodship (province) of south-eastern Poland; previously in Krosno Voivodship (1975-1998) and Sanok district, Bukowsko subdistrict, located near the towns of Medzilaborce and Palota (in northeastern Slovakia). It was formerly officially divided into two parts: Wisłok Górny ("upper Wisłok") and Wisłok Dolny ("lower Wisłok"). The name "Wisłok Wielki" means "great Wisłok".

History

Wisłok Wielki (Vyslik Velykyi: Ukr.) was first mentioned, according to historical accounts, in 1361. In 1785the village lands comprised 6.14 km2 (2.37 sq mi). Reportedly at the time, there were 711 Eastern-rite Catholics. The historical record relates that in 1361 the brothers Peter and Paul, "from Hungary," as feudal landholders, "owned" Wisłok Wielki, along with Bukowsko and several other area villages (see Nowotaniec, Zboiska[disambiguation needed], Humniska etc.). Part of the Hapsburg empire, the village and vicinity, isolated and remote, remained impervious to change.

The region would be at the epicentre of the conflict between Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire, with several small battles conducted in the vicnity of the village. After World War I, Lemkos founded two short-lived republics, the Lemko-Rusyn Republic in the west of Galicia, which had a Russophile orientation, and the Komancza Republic, with an Ukrainophilic orientation, briefly lasting from 2 November 1918 to 23 January 1919.

Wisłok Wielki remained an isolated village, bounded on all sides by smaller, equally homogeneous, Rus villages; yet marriages with Poles were still quite common (Poles were outnumbered only by Jews at the market centre of Bukowsko). The convention followed was historically the same - both partners adhered to the language and religion of the community in which they resided, and their children were raised accordingly. During the 1930s, although there were tensions over issues of language, education and official assimilation, communal relations at the local level between Lemkos and Poles in the Sanok County were favorable.

In 1939, Wisłok Wielki was occupied by German forces (the Soviet-German demarcation line followed the line of the San River a short distance to the east). Men, women, as well as children were taken to Germany and Austria for purposes of forced labour. Polish gendarmes were replaced by a Ukrainian auxilary police staff. Throughout the war the Germans were astute in exploiting the accumulated grievances and aspirations of the nationally conscious Ukrainians. During this period of immense upheaval and change, the local inhabitants were introduced to Ukrainian influences that increased the level of Ukrainophilism among the population. Subject to vicissitudes of war, the local Lemko population would be decimated. The violence, however, did not end in 1945. Rather the escalating Polish-Ukrainian conflict in the region as well as anti-Soviet insurgency would profoundly affect the future of Wisłok Wielki and its inhabitants.

Part of the post-war Polish-Soviet resettlement campaign, Wisłok Wielki was destroyed 24 January 1946 and the indigenous Lemko population cleansed in the joint Polish-Soviet effort to subdue the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), which remained active in the vicinity until late-1947. A majority of the inhabitants were resettled to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Others who remained were subsequently relocated to counties along Poland's Baltic coast, especially in the former German territories, newly acquired.

During the mid-1950s, large investments in the State Farms (communal farms DG) were made in Wislok Wielki. Major improvements in local communications and infrastructure were also undertaken. The remanants of a cemetary are still visible in Lower Wisłok Wielki. The Byzantine-styled village church in Lower Wisłok, built in 1785, was destroyed in 1946. The eclesiastical struture in Upper Wisłok Wielki, on the other hand, has survived.

Geography

The municipality lies at an altitude of 482 m (1,581 ft) and covers an area of 6.3 km2 (2.4 sq mi). It has a population of about 250 people.

Hiking trails

Literature

  • Prof. Adam Fastnacht. Slownik Historyczno-Geograficzny Ziemi Sanockiej w Średniowieczu (Historic-Geographic Dictionary of the Sanok District in the Middle Ages), Kraków, 2002, ISBN 83-88385-14-3.
  • C.M. Hann. A Village Without Solidarity: Polish Peasantry in Years of Crisis. 1985.

External links


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