Introduction

The Khatris (From Sanskrit क्षत्रिय Kshatriya) are an elite community of the Kshatriya caste that originated in the Potwar Plateau region of Punjab. As administrators and rulers, Kshatriya are assigned with protecting the Hindu Dharma, and serving humanity. In course of time, however, as a result of economic and political exigencies, the Khatri also expanded into mercantile occupations. At one time, the Khatris controlled a significant share of the trade in the central asian region. The Hindu fire-temple of Baku, Azerbaijan, supported for centuries by Khatri merchants flourished until the middle of 19th century.

When Pakistan and India gained independence, most of the Khatris in what became Pakistan migrated to India. Today Khatris live in all regions of India, but are concentrated in Punjab, Haryana, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh. While most Khatris are Hindu, some are also Sikh and a small minority are Jain. Khatris of all these faiths collectively form one community. In modern times, the Khatri play a dominant role in the Indian economy, serving as businessmen, civil and government administrators, landlords, and military officials. They are by far the most educated group in Punjab.

Prominent historical figures among the Khatris include all the Sikh Gurus (belonging to the Bedi, Trehan, Bhalla and Sodhi subcastes); Raja Todar Mal (a Tandon Khatri), who as Akbar's Revenue minister codified the revenue collection system; Haqiqat Rai (a Puri Khatri), whose martyrdom was celebrated on Basant Panchami at Lahore till the advent of independence; Hari Singh Nalwa (an Uppal Khatri), the prominent general under Maharaja Ranjit Singh; the father and son pair of the Diwans Sawan Mal and Mul Raj Chopra - successive governors of Multan under Ranjit Singh, the former instituted vast improvement in agriculture while the latter was instrumental in leading the revolt against the British to prevent the annexation of the Sikh kingdom into the East India Company territory.

Common Family Names

Some Khatri family names include Anand, Awal, Badhwar, Bagga, Bakshi, Bedi, Bhalla, Bhasin, Bhandari, Bindra, Chadha, Chandok, Chona, Chopra, Choudhary, Dhawan, Dua, Duggal, Dhupar, Dumra, Gadhiok, Ghai, Gujral, Handa, Jerath, Jairath, Jaggi, Kakkar, Kapoor (Kapur), Khanna, Khosla, Khullar, Kochhar, Kohli, Koshal, Lal, Lala, Lamba, Loomba, Madhok, Mahendru, Maini, Malhotra, Malik, Mankhand, Manraj, Mehra, Mehrotra, Mehta, Monga, Nair(Nayyar), Nayer, Nijhawan, Oberoi, Ohri, Parwanda, Puri, Rai, Sabharwal, Saggar, Sahni, Sami, Sarin, Sehgal(Sahgal), Sethi, Sial (Syal), Sibal, Sikka, Sobti, Sodhi, Sondhi, Soni, Suri, Talwar, Tandan(Tandon), Thapar, Trehan, Uppal, Vadehra, Vij, Vinaik, Vohra, Wadhawan, Wahi(Wahie) and Walia.

The Arora (Ahuja, Aneja, Khurana, Chawla, Juneja), Sood and Bhatia communities of the Punjab, while not Khatri, share a similar cultural backgrounds.

History of the Khatri Community

Historical Background

In early Vedic Period the role of the Khatris during war was to fight and during peace to rule. During Rajput Period (647 AD to 1021 AD) the Rajput order emerged. Being literate, proud and well-versed in statecraft, many Khatris became administrators.

During the Muslim rule(1021-1752 AD), many of them channeled their skills into commerce and trade. Foreign Muslims from Central Asia, Iran or Arabia were employed in higher positions of bureacuracy. However, local adminstartion and revenue collection remained in the hands of local Hindus or Muslims. Though members of other castes were also employed, many of these offices in North-West India were held by Khatris. One of the office held by Khatris was called "Qanungo", means "an expounder of law". This designation was used for herditary registrar of landed property in a district. The founder of Sikhism Guru Nanak, a Khatri of the Bedi section, started his career in one of these offices.

Khatris continue to be the most educated group in modern Punjab. Their historical access to resources and education, has translated into wealth and power.

Khatris and Vedas

The Khatris trace their lineage to the Vedic Kshatriyas. The Khatris are among the rare non-Brahmin communities that have historically studied the Vedas. In Bachitra Natak, Guru Gobind Singh mentions the descendants of Lord Ramchandra of Ayodhya studying the Vedas, and hence came to be called Bedi.

Historical Mentions

Khatri gots are divided into three major groups; Baraghar, Bawanji, and Sarin. These divisions were reported by Emperor Akbar's close adviser Abu Fazal in his book Ain-i-Akbari(compiled in 1590 AD). These grouping is said to be happened at the time of Ala-uddin Khilji (1296-1316 AD).

Bhai Gurdas (b. AD 1551) in his "Varan Bhai Gurdas Ji", Vaar 8 - Pauri 10 (Khatri jatan) mentions: barahi, bavanjahi, Pavadhe, pachadhia, phalian, khokharainu, chaurotari and serin sections.

The family name mentioned above existed for long time. We know that four gots of Sikh gurus existed at least since 15th century AD.:

Guru Nanak: Bedi
Guru Angad: Trihun
Guru Amardas: Bhalla
All seven others: Sodhi

According to autobiographical "Vichitra Natak" of Guru Gobind Singh written around 1695, the Bedis are descendants of Kush, the Sodhis are descendants of Lav, the two sons of Shri Rama.

One of the most important character of famous Punjabi legend Raja Rasalu is minister Mahita Chopra. Most scholars agree that Raja Rasalu ruled from Sialkot and lived sometime between 400 to 500 AD. [Temple] If it is true then Chopra family name, a Baraghar Khatri, developed by that time. The actual timing of the development of other Khatri family names is an interesting subject and requires more reserach.

Khatris and Sun Worship

Raja Vanvihari Kapur has written that major Khatri clans are named after Lord Sun. The Sarasvat Brahmin clan of which some of these these were yajamanas are also metioned below.

Mitra Mehra Priests: Jetali
Kripakar Kapur Priests: Pambu
Shankan Khanna Priests: Jhingana
Martanada Tandan Priests: Jhingana
Shreshtha Seth
Dhavan Dhavan
Mahendra Mahindru
Bahukar Bahora (Vohra)
Chakravali Chaupada (Chopra)
Karalagni Kakkar Priests: Kumadiye
Surya Suri
Sahasrakar Sahgal Priests: Mohile

According to Bhavishya Purana, Punjab indeed was an ancient center of Sun worship.

Khatris and Sarasvata Brahmins

As noted in the introduction, the mercantile communities were the socio-religious leaders in the Punjab. The Khatris were the patrons ('yajamansas' or in Punjabi 'jajmani') of the Sarasvata Brahmins. Together the two communities represent the heritage of ancient Aryan center of NW India.

Khatris and Sikh Panth

A minority of the Khatris are Sikh. The Sikh panth is not caste based, still the Khatris played a major role in development of Sikhism as a gentle and inclusive faith. All the Sikh Gurus were Khatri. During the lifetime of the Gurus, most of their major supporters were Khatris. The Sikh institutions till the early 20th century were lead by Mahants (Masands) who were generally Khatri. Widespread abuses by the Masands, such as introduction of idols in Gurudwaras, led to agitation for reform by the reformist Singh Sabha resulting in formation of the Shiromani Gurudwara Prabhandak Committee to oversee Sikh Gurudwaras. After the formation of the Khalsa (1699), and especially during the reign of Ranjit Singh, Hindu Khatri families raised at least one son (usually the oldest) as an Amritdhari Sikh.

Khatris and Jain Dharma

The number of khatris who are Jain is very small. However One of the best known Jain munis in recent times, Acharya Atmaram (also known as Shri Vijayanandsuri) (1841-1900) was a Kapur Khatri, born at Lahra, Firozepur. He was the first person to be raised to the rank of a Jain Acharya in the past 400 years in 1890. He was invited to visit the Congress of World Religions held in Chicago in 1893 A.D. The rules for Jain monks prevented him from going overseas, but he sent his lay disciple Virchand Gandhi, who is now considered to be the father of American Jainism.

Khatris and Indian Culture

The Khatris were adversely impacted by the partition of India. It resulted in the loss of the traditional home regions of the Khatris.

Traditionally Khatris have been an orthodox community, although there is now significant exposure to modernity in some Khatri families. Even when they are modern, the Khatris have a great affinity with their traditions and values.

Khatris take pride in their Indian heritage and have contributed significantly to the Indian culture in terms of industry, commerce, administration, scholarship etc.

Divisions among the Khatris

Within the Khatri clans there is a hierarchy too. The Dhai Ghar (i.e. 2 1/2 - the number 3 being considered unlucky) grouping comprising of Khanna, Kapur, and Mehra/Malhotra clans is not mentioned by the ancient authors (see above). Along with the Seth clan these four form the Char Ghar grouping. With the Chopra, Dhavan, Mahendru, Sahgal, Talwar, Tandon, Vohra and Wadhawan sub castes, all 12 form the barah-jati grouping. Another group is called Bavanjai (52). The Sarins, for some reason, are at the bottom of the pyramid. The historical reasons for these divisions need research. A regional clan grouping is the Kukhrain grouping (see below). Yet another grouping is one associated with the ten Sikh gurus (Bedi, Trehan, Bhalla, and Sodhi).

Regionally Churamani, Nanda, Khullar, Jerath, Chopra and Vig were particularly connected with Ludhiana; Bahl, Kapur, Mehra, Seth, Beri, Sencher and Dhir with Jagraon ; Batte, Sondhi and Karir with Machhiwara and Bahlolpur ; Sehgal and Thapar with Raikot; and Had and Cham with Khanna.

Kukhran

File:Manmohan singh with bush.jpg

Dr. Manmohan Singh with USA President

Kukhran (also spelt Kukhrain) Khatris are a regional grouping of nine subcastes of Punjabi Khatris originally from the town of Bhera in the Jech doab (Jhelum - Chenab interfluve) region of Sargodha district of Pakistani Punjab. In keeping with Khatri traditions, Bhera was an important trading outpost on the road to Kabul, and a 'taksal' (mint) during the reign of Ranjit Singh. It declined in importance due to a shifting of the Jhelum river course, which left it away from the river bank. The Kukhrans were traditionally warrior peoples who bore the brunt of Muslim invasions from the northwest during the 12-16th centuries. Kukhrans are Aryan and Vedic peoples and have originally followed Hinduism, however a significant number adapted Sikhism during the 18th and 19th centuries. This, and also because many Hindu Kukhran families, as well as other Khatri clans, raised at least one Sikh son during the formation of the Khalsa in 1699, resulted in Kukhran family names, as well as other Khatri clan names, being present in both Hindu and Sikh communities worldwide. Common Kukhran names are Anand, Bhasin, Chadha, Chandok, Kohli, Sabbarwal, Sahni, Sethi and Suri many of whom had migrated from present Pakistan to India during partition.

The Prime Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh is a Kukhran of the Kohli subcaste. Other famous Khukrain personalities are: Mulkh Raj Anand (English novelist/Writer ----- most famous for the novel "Untouchable" and "Coolie"), Dev Anand (Actor/Producer/Director in Bollywood ---- famous for "Hum Dono", "Guide" " Hare Rama Hare Krishna" "Jewel Thief"), Balraj Sahni (Actor), Geet Sethi ( Six time World Billiard Champion), Narinder Kohli (Hindi Novelist/ Writer famous for "Abhigyan" and "Krish.Katha"), Gurinder Chadha ( UK based film director most famous for movies like "Bend it like Beckham" and "Bride and Prejudice"), Bhism Sahni (Younger brother of Balraj Sahni and Sahitya Academy Award and Padam Shree winner for his work in Hindi. Most famous Hindi playwright famous for "Amirtsar Aaa Gaya" and "Tamas" which was made into a movies as well)

Khukrain clans Gotra and other details:

Clan Vansh Gotra Purohit Kuldevta

Anand : Suryavansh Kashyap Bijra Durga Mata

Bhasin : Suryavansh Kashyap Bijra Durga Mata

Sahni : Chandravansh Vats Vasudev Bhadarkali

Suri : Suryavansh Bhargav Panda Sesh Nag

Kohli : Chandravansh Kashyap Dutt Satyavati

Ghai : Suryavansh Bharadvaja

Sethi : Suryavansh Palsth Soodan Vaishnoo Devi

Sabharwal : Suryavansh Hanslas Madankhamb Baba Medar

Afghanistan Khatris

According to the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica, the Hindki, Hindus living in Afghanistan, are part of the Khatri class. The term is sometimes applied in a historical sense to the Buddhist inhabitants of the Peshawar Valley north of the Kabul river, who were driven thence about the 5th or 6th century and settled in the neighborhood of Kandahar.

The temples and gurdwaras in Kabul and Kandahar are maintained by the Khatris.

During the Taliban rule, most the Khatris had fled Afghanistan. Some of them have now returned.

UP Khatris

Uttar Pradesh Khatris are those who have been living in Uttar Pradesh for several generations.

Khatris in Burma

Prior to revolutionary and nationalist movements in Burma, Chinese and Indian merchants and landowners formed an economic upperclass in the country. Many of the Indians landowners in Burma were Khatri that settled in the country for generations because of their economic control and prosperity. Wealth became increasingly concentrated in the hands of very few Indian upperclass families. However, as nationalist sentiments grew, most all Indian and Chinese merchants were forced out of the country.

Muslim Khatris

Although the vast majority of Khatris are Hindus, some are Muslim. The conversion started in 12th century and continued until 1947. They are known as Punjabi Sheikhs and are a very important community of Pakistan. Their main profession is trade. House of Saigols and Chiniotis are the leading industralists of Pakistan.

In western districts of the Punjab (Sargodha, Mianwali, Multan, Jhang, Chakwal, Rawalpindi and Faislabad) any Khatri trader when become Muslim called themselves "Khoja". Sometimes they are called "Khoja Sheikh".

In other districts of the Punjab Khatris use "Sheikh" as title and it is generally assumed that they belong to Muslim trading families. The Khoja Sheikhs of Chiniot, a town in district Jhang, have industris in all over Pakistan. A group of Muslim Khatris is known as "Qanungo Sheikhs". They are descended of Qanungos described above. They are mostly employed in government or private sectors.

There are large number of Muslim Khatris from Gurdaspur, Jallandhar amd Amritsar living in Karachi. They mainly belong to Sahgal and Chaddha sections, are involved in trade and commerce

Distinguished Khatris

Master Tara Singh (Malhotra) - freedom fighter and leader of the movement for creation of Punjabi subah
M.S. Oberoi - hotelier, founder of the Oberoi chain of hotels
Najam Sethi - crusading Pakistani editor of the Friday Times
Kuldip Nayyar - crusading Indian journalist
Purushottam Das Tandon freedom fighter
Prakash Lal Tandon - Indian professional manager, author of 'Punjabi Century' and 'Beyond Punjab'
The father-son duo of Prithviraj and Raj Kapoor legendary actors, directors, and producers of Indian movies
The brothers Balraj and Bhisham Sahni, the former a well known actor and the latter the Hindi author ('Tamas')
The brothers Satish and Inder Kumar Gujral, the former a well regarded artist and muralist who trained under Diego Rivera, the latter a Prime Minister of India
Kundan Lal Saigal (Sahgal/Sehgal), the legendary singer and actor in early North Indian (Hindi and Bengali) talkies, known as the Enrico Caruso of North India for his vocal range.
Vikram Seth, the novelist, who so sensitively portrayed urban Khatri life after the partition of India in 'A Suitable Boy'
Meera Nair, the director and producer of the award winning movies as 'Salaam Bombay'
Gurinder Chadha - Kenyan- Brit movie director ('Bend it like Beckham', 'Bhaji on the Beach')
Deepa Mehta - award winning Indo-Canadian director of the trilogy 'Earth','Wind','Fire'
Yash Chopra - Bollywood movie director and producer
Kartar Singh Duggal - author
Shekhar Kapur - movie director ('Bandit Queen', 'Elizabeth')
Rajinder Singh Bedi - Urdu author
Y.K. Sabharwal, Chief Justice of India
Sangam Rai - philanthropist (ex-Maharaja of Burdwan)
Devaki Nandan Khatri, pioneer Hindi author
Manmohan Singh, Prime minister of India
Mulk Raj Anand, pioneering Indian novelist in English
Narendra Kohli, Hindi Author

References

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

Jwalaprasad Mishra, Jati Bhaskar, 1914.
M.A. Sherring, Hindu Castes and Tribes as represented in Banares, 1872.
Raja Vanvihari Kapur, The History of Khatris
Bhai Gurdus ji, Varan Bhai Gurdas Ji, Vaar 8 - Pauri 10.
Guru Gobind Gingh, Vichitra Natak, Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee, Amritsar.
Abu L-Fazl Allami, The Ain-i Akbari, (1590 AD) Trans. H. Blochmann, 1873-1907.
Denzil Ibbetson, Edward MacLagan, H.A. Rose "A Glossary of The Tribes & Casts of The Punjab & North-West Frontier Province", 1911 AD, Page 501-526, Vol II,
Ibid, Page 537-538, Vol II.
Temple, R.C. "The Legends of The Panjab", 1884, Reprinted by Institute of Folk Heritage, Islamabd, 1981.