Arisarum: Difference between revisions

Arisarum; Temporal range: 46.1 –0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Middle Eocene – Recent
	Arisarum vulgare
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Alismatales
Family:	Araceae
Subfamily:	Aroideae
Tribe:	Arisareae
Genus:	Arisarum; Mill.
Synonyms
	Balmisa Lag.

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Arisarum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. It is native to the Mediterranean region, east to the Caucasus and west to Macaronesia.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Taxonomy[edit]

Species[edit]

Accepted species:^[2]

Image	Scientific name	Distribution
	Arisarum simorrhinum Durieu	Portugal Spain, Balearic Islands, Algeria, Morocco
	Arisarum proboscideum (L.) Savi	Spain, Italy
	Arisarum vulgare O.Targ.Tozz.	Mediterranean region of northern Africa and southern Europe from Portugal and Morocco to Turkey and Israel; Caucasus; Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores

Natural Hybrids[edit]

Arisarum × aspergillum Dunal - Spain, Algeria, Morocco (A. simorrhinum × A. vulgare)

Phylogeny[edit]

It is closely related to the genera Ambrosina, Peltandra, and Typhonodorum. Ambrosina is the sister group to Arisarum, from which it separated about 46.1 Million years ago.^[1]

The precise relationships are displayed in the following cladogram:^[1]

Ambrosineae	Ambrosina

Arisareae	Arisarum

Peltandreae

	Typhonodorum

	Peltandra

Description[edit]

In A. simorrhinum, the flower stalk is shorter or equal in length to the leaf stalk, whereas in A. vulgare, the flower stalk is longer than the leaf stalk. A. vulgare also has a generally longer spadix than A. simorrhinum.^[5]

Ecology[edit]

Parasite ecology[edit]

Arisarum foliage is parasitized by the siphonous green algae Phyllosiphon arisari Kühn. It induces necrosis in leaf tissue, after invading the intracellular space.^[6] The foliage also may be affected by two species of fungi, namely Phyllosticta arisari and Melanustilospora arisari. The scale insect Icerya purchasi also feeds on Arisarum.^[7]

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c Mansion, G., Rosenbaum, G., Schoenenberger, N., Bacchetta, G., Rosselló, J. A., & Conti, E. (2008). "Phylogenetic analysis informed by geological history supports multiple, sequential invasions of the Mediterranean Basin by the angiosperm family Araceae." Systematic Biology, 57(2), 269-285.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^ Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Genere: Arisarum includes European distribution maps
^ "Arisarum" (PDF). Flora Iberica. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
^ Aboal, M., & Werner, O. (2011). "Morphology, fine structure, life cycle and phylogenetic analysis of Phyllosiphon arisari, a siphonous parasitic green alga." European journal of phycology, 46(3), 181-192.
^ W.N. Ellis. (2023). Genus Arisarum. Plant Parasites of Europe Leafminers, Galls and Fungi. Retrieved February 28, 2023, from https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/plantae/spermatopsida/angiosperma/monocots/alismatales/araceae/aroideae/arisarum/genus-arisarum/

External links[edit]

Media related to Arisarum at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Arisarum at Wikispecies

This Araceae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

[Mansion_et_al.,_2008-1] Mansion, G., Rosenbaum, G., Schoenenberger, N., Bacchetta, G., Rosselló, J. A., & Conti, E. (2008). "Phylogenetic analysis informed by geological history supports multiple, sequential invasions of the Mediterranean Basin by the angiosperm family Araceae." Systematic Biology, 57(2), 269-285.

[r8r8r8r8r8r8r8r8r8r8rff-2] Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

[3] Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

[4] Altervista Flora Italiana, Genere: Arisarum includes European distribution maps

[5] "Arisarum" (PDF). Flora Iberica. Retrieved 28 November 2021.

[Aboal_&_Werner,_2011-6] Aboal, M., & Werner, O. (2011). "Morphology, fine structure, life cycle and phylogenetic analysis of Phyllosiphon arisari, a siphonous parasitic green alga." European journal of phycology, 46(3), 181-192.

[Ellis,_2023-7] W.N. Ellis. (2023). Genus Arisarum. Plant Parasites of Europe Leafminers, Galls and Fungi. Retrieved February 28, 2023, from https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/plantae/spermatopsida/angiosperma/monocots/alismatales/araceae/aroideae/arisarum/genus-arisarum/

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
-{{taxobox
+{{Automatic taxobox
-|name = Arisarum
+|fossil_range = {{Fossil range |46.1 |0}}<small>Middle [[Eocene]] – Recent<ref name = "Mansion et al., 2008" /></small>
 |image = Arisarum vulgare Mallorca 01.jpg
 |image_caption = ''Arisarum vulgare''
+|display_parents = 2
-|regnum = [[Plantae]]
+|taxon = Arisarum
-|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
+|authority = [[Philip Miller|Mill.]]
-|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
+|synonyms_ref = <ref name=r8r8r8r8r8r8r8r8r8r8rff/>
-|ordo = [[Alismatales]]
+|synonyms = ''Balmisa'' <small>Lag.</small>
-|familia = [[Araceae]]
+}}
-|subfamilia = [[Aroideae]]
-|tribus = [[Arisareae]]
-|genus = '''''Arisarum'''
-|subdivision_ranks = Species
-|}}
-[[Image:Arisarum proboscideum 02 detail.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''Arisarum proboscideum'']]
-'''''Arisarum''''' is a [[genus]] of flowering plants in the [[Araceae]] [[family (biology)|family]]. There are 3 species of plants in this [[genus]] namely:
-*''[[Arisarum simorrhinum]]''
-*''[[Arisarum proboscideum]]''
-*''[[Arisarum vulgare]]''.
+'''''Arisarum''''' is a [[genus]] of flowering plants in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Araceae]].  It is native to the [[Mediterranean]] region, east to the [[Caucasus]] and west to [[Macaronesia]].<ref name=r8r8r8r8r8r8r8r8r8r8rff>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=15804 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref><ref>Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref><ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/floraspecie.php?genere=Arisarum Altervista Flora Italiana, Genere: ''Arisarum''] includes European distribution maps</ref>
-''Arisarum'' look very similar to [[Arum]]s except that their [[flower]]s, [[spathe]]s, and [[inflorescence]]s are considerably different. <br><br><br><br>
+[[File:Arisarum simorrhinum Durieu seeds.jpg|thumb|Seeds of ''Arisarum simorrhinum'' Durieu]]
+[[File:Arisarum simorrhinum Durieu seedlings.jpg|thumb|Seedlings of ''Arisarum simorrhinum'' Durieu]]
+==Taxonomy==
+===Species===
+Accepted species:<ref name=r8r8r8r8r8r8r8r8r8r8rff/>
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! Image !! Scientific name !! Distribution
+|-
+|[[File:Arisarum Simorrhinum. Frailillo (6).JPG|120px]] || ''[[Arisarum simorrhinum]]'' <small>Durieu</small> ||  Portugal Spain, Balearic Islands, Algeria, Morocco
+|-
+|[[File:Arisarum proboscideum RHu 002.JPG|120px]] || ''[[Arisarum proboscideum]]''  <small>(L.) Savi</small> || Spain, Italy
+|-
+|[[File:Arisarum vulgare on Corsica.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Arisarum vulgare]]'' <small>O.Targ.Tozz.</small> || Mediterranean region of northern Africa and southern Europe from Portugal and Morocco to Turkey and Israel; Caucasus; Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores
+|-
+|}
+===Natural Hybrids===
+# ''[[Arisarum × aspergillum]]'' <small>Dunal</small> - Spain, Algeria, Morocco   <small>(A. simorrhinum × A. vulgare)</small>
+==Phylogeny==
+It is closely related to the genera ''[[Ambrosina]]'', ''[[Peltandra]]'', and ''[[Typhonodorum]]''. ''Ambrosina'' is the sister group to ''Arisarum'', from which it separated about 46.1 Million years ago.<ref name = "Mansion et al., 2008">Mansion, G., Rosenbaum, G., Schoenenberger, N., Bacchetta, G., Rosselló, J. A., & Conti, E. (2008). [https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article/57/2/269/1624158?view=extract "Phylogenetic analysis informed by geological history supports multiple, sequential invasions of the Mediterranean Basin by the angiosperm family Araceae."] Systematic Biology, 57(2), 269-285.</ref>
+The precise relationships are displayed in the following cladogram:<ref name = "Mansion et al., 2008" />
+{{clade
+|1=
+{{clade
+ |1={{clade
+   |label1=Ambrosineae
+   |1=''Ambrosina'' [[File:Ambrosina bassii (16636137351).jpg|50px]]
+   |label2=Arisareae
+   |2=''Arisarum'' [[File:Arisarum vulgare, Crete 01(js).jpg|50px]]}}
+ |label2=Peltandreae
+ |2={{clade
+   |1=''Typhonodorum'' [[File:Typhonodorum lindleyanum kz1.jpg|50px]]
+   |2=''Peltandra'' [[File:Plant Peltandra Alligator River NWR ncwetlands am (119).jpg|50px]]}}
+}}}}
+==Description==
+In ''A. simorrhinum'', the [[peduncle (botany)|flower stalk]] is shorter or equal in length to the [[petiole (botany)|leaf stalk]], whereas in ''A. vulgare'', the flower stalk is longer than the leaf stalk. ''A. vulgare'' also has a generally longer [[spadix (botany)|spadix]] than ''A. simorrhinum''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Arisarum |url=http://www.floraiberica.es/floraiberica/texto/pdfs/18_179_04_Arisarum.pdf |publisher=[[Flora Iberica]] |access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref>
+==Ecology==
+===Parasite ecology===
+[[File:Phyllosiphon arisari.jpg|thumb|right|Illustration of the phytopathogenic green algae ''Phyllosiphon arisari'', which affects the foliage of ''Arisarum'']]
+''Arisarum'' foliage is parasitized by the siphonous green algae ''[[Phyllosiphon arisari]]'' <small>Kühn</small>. It induces necrosis in leaf tissue, after invading the intracellular space.<ref name = "Aboal & Werner, 2011">Aboal, M., & Werner, O. (2011). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09670262.2011.590902 "Morphology, fine structure, life cycle and phylogenetic analysis of ''Phyllosiphon arisari'', a siphonous parasitic green alga."] European journal of phycology, 46(3), 181-192.</ref> The foliage also may be affected by two species of fungi, namely ''[[Phyllosticta arisari]]'' and ''[[Melanustilospora arisari]]''. The scale insect ''[[Icerya purchasi]]'' also feeds on ''Arisarum''.<ref name = "Ellis, 2023">W.N. Ellis. (2023). Genus ''Arisarum''. Plant Parasites of Europe  Leafminers, Galls and Fungi. Retrieved February 28, 2023, from https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/plantae/spermatopsida/angiosperma/monocots/alismatales/araceae/aroideae/arisarum/genus-arisarum/</ref>
 ==References==
+{{reflist}}
-*Bown, Deni (2000). ''Aroids: Plants of the Arum Family''. Timber Press. ISBN 0881924857.
+==External links==
+*{{Commons category-inline|Arisarum|''Arisarum''}}
+*{{Wikispecies-inline|Arisarum|''Arisarum''}}
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q2447519}}
+[[Category:Aroideae]]
 [[Category:Araceae genera]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Philip Miller]]
 {{Araceae-stub}}
-[[ca:Arisarum]]
-[[es:Arisarum]]
-[[fr:Arisarum]]
-[[he:לופית]]
-[[pt:Arisarum]]