Arisarum: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}} |
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|fossil_range = {{Fossil range |46.1 |0}}<small>Middle [[Eocene]] – Recent<ref name = "Mansion et al., 2008" /></small> |
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|image = Arisarum vulgare Mallorca 01.jpg |
|image = Arisarum vulgare Mallorca 01.jpg |
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|image_caption = ''Arisarum vulgare'' |
|image_caption = ''Arisarum vulgare'' |
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'''''Arisarum''''' is a [[genus]] of flowering plants in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Araceae]]. It is native to the [[Mediterranean]] region, east to the [[Caucasus]] and west to |
'''''Arisarum''''' is a [[genus]] of flowering plants in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Araceae]]. It is native to the [[Mediterranean]] region, east to the [[Caucasus]] and west to [[Macaronesia]].<ref name=r8r8r8r8r8r8r8r8r8r8rff>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=15804 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref><ref>Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref><ref>[http://luirig.altervista.org/flora/taxa/floraspecie.php?genere=Arisarum Altervista Flora Italiana, Genere: ''Arisarum''] includes European distribution maps</ref> |
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[[File:Arisarum simorrhinum Durieu seeds.jpg|thumb|Seeds of ''Arisarum simorrhinum'' Durieu]] |
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[[File:Arisarum simorrhinum Durieu seedlings.jpg|thumb|Seedlings of ''Arisarum simorrhinum'' Durieu]] |
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==Taxonomy== |
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===Species=== |
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Accepted species:<ref name=r8r8r8r8r8r8r8r8r8r8rff/> |
Accepted species:<ref name=r8r8r8r8r8r8r8r8r8r8rff/> |
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! Image !! Scientific name !! Distribution |
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===Natural Hybrids=== |
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# ''[[Arisarum × aspergillum]]'' <small>Dunal</small> - Spain, Algeria, Morocco <small>(A. simorrhinum × A. vulgare)</small> |
# ''[[Arisarum × aspergillum]]'' <small>Dunal</small> - Spain, Algeria, Morocco <small>(A. simorrhinum × A. vulgare)</small> |
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==Phylogeny== |
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''Arisarum'' species look very similar to ''[[Arum]]'' except that their [[flower]]s, [[spathe]]s, and [[inflorescence]]s are considerably different.<ref>Bown, Deni (2000). ''Aroids: Plants of the Arum Family''. Timber Press. {{ISBN|0-88192-485-7}}. |
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It is closely related to the genera ''[[Ambrosina]]'', ''[[Peltandra]]'', and ''[[Typhonodorum]]''. ''Ambrosina'' is the sister group to ''Arisarum'', from which it separated about 46.1 Million years ago.<ref name = "Mansion et al., 2008">Mansion, G., Rosenbaum, G., Schoenenberger, N., Bacchetta, G., Rosselló, J. A., & Conti, E. (2008). [https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article/57/2/269/1624158?view=extract "Phylogenetic analysis informed by geological history supports multiple, sequential invasions of the Mediterranean Basin by the angiosperm family Araceae."] Systematic Biology, 57(2), 269-285.</ref> |
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</ref> |
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The precise relationships are displayed in the following cladogram:<ref name = "Mansion et al., 2008" /> |
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{{clade |
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|1= |
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{{clade |
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|1={{clade |
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|label1=Ambrosineae |
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|1=''Ambrosina'' [[File:Ambrosina bassii (16636137351).jpg|50px]] |
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|label2=Arisareae |
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|2=''Arisarum'' [[File:Arisarum vulgare, Crete 01(js).jpg|50px]]}} |
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|label2=Peltandreae |
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|2={{clade |
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|1=''Typhonodorum'' [[File:Typhonodorum lindleyanum kz1.jpg|50px]] |
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|2=''Peltandra'' [[File:Plant Peltandra Alligator River NWR ncwetlands am (119).jpg|50px]]}} |
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}}}} |
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==Description== |
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In ''A. simorrhinum'', the [[peduncle (botany)|flower stalk]] is shorter or equal in length to the [[petiole (botany)|leaf stalk]], whereas in ''A. vulgare'', the flower stalk is longer than the leaf stalk. ''A. vulgare'' also has a generally longer [[spadix (botany)|spadix]] than ''A. simorrhinum''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Arisarum |url=http://www.floraiberica.es/floraiberica/texto/pdfs/18_179_04_Arisarum.pdf |publisher=[[Flora Iberica]] |access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref> |
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==Ecology== |
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===Parasite ecology=== |
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[[File:Phyllosiphon arisari.jpg|thumb|right|Illustration of the phytopathogenic green algae ''Phyllosiphon arisari'', which affects the foliage of ''Arisarum'']] |
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''Arisarum'' foliage is parasitized by the siphonous green algae ''[[Phyllosiphon arisari]]'' <small>Kühn</small>. It induces necrosis in leaf tissue, after invading the intracellular space.<ref name = "Aboal & Werner, 2011">Aboal, M., & Werner, O. (2011). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09670262.2011.590902 "Morphology, fine structure, life cycle and phylogenetic analysis of ''Phyllosiphon arisari'', a siphonous parasitic green alga."] European journal of phycology, 46(3), 181-192.</ref> The foliage also may be affected by two species of fungi, namely ''[[Phyllosticta arisari]]'' and ''[[Melanustilospora arisari]]''. The scale insect ''[[Icerya purchasi]]'' also feeds on ''Arisarum''.<ref name = "Ellis, 2023">W.N. Ellis. (2023). Genus ''Arisarum''. Plant Parasites of Europe Leafminers, Galls and Fungi. Retrieved February 28, 2023, from https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/plantae/spermatopsida/angiosperma/monocots/alismatales/araceae/aroideae/arisarum/genus-arisarum/</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons|Arisarum|''Arisarum''}} |
*{{Commons category-inline|Arisarum|''Arisarum''}} |
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*{{Wikispecies-inline|Arisarum|''Arisarum''}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q2447519}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2447519}} |
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Latest revision as of 12:31, 22 April 2023
Arisarum Middle | |
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Arisarum vulgare | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Order: | Alismatales |
Family: | Araceae |
Subfamily: | Aroideae |
Tribe: | Arisareae |
Genus: | Arisarum Mill. |
Synonyms[2] | |
Balmisa Lag. |
Arisarum is a genus of flowering plants in the family Araceae. It is native to the Mediterranean region, east to the Caucasus and west to Macaronesia.[2][3][4]
Taxonomy[edit]
Species[edit]
Accepted species:[2]
Image | Scientific name | Distribution |
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Arisarum simorrhinum Durieu | Portugal Spain, Balearic Islands, Algeria, Morocco | |
Arisarum proboscideum (L.) Savi | Spain, Italy | |
Arisarum vulgare O.Targ.Tozz. | Mediterranean region of northern Africa and southern Europe from Portugal and Morocco to Turkey and Israel; Caucasus; Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores |
Natural Hybrids[edit]
- Arisarum × aspergillum Dunal - Spain, Algeria, Morocco (A. simorrhinum × A. vulgare)
Phylogeny[edit]
It is closely related to the genera Ambrosina, Peltandra, and Typhonodorum. Ambrosina is the sister group to Arisarum, from which it separated about 46.1 Million years ago.[1]
The precise relationships are displayed in the following cladogram:[1]
Description[edit]
In A. simorrhinum, the flower stalk is shorter or equal in length to the leaf stalk, whereas in A. vulgare, the flower stalk is longer than the leaf stalk. A. vulgare also has a generally longer spadix than A. simorrhinum.[5]
Ecology[edit]
Parasite ecology[edit]
Arisarum foliage is parasitized by the siphonous green algae Phyllosiphon arisari Kühn. It induces necrosis in leaf tissue, after invading the intracellular space.[6] The foliage also may be affected by two species of fungi, namely Phyllosticta arisari and Melanustilospora arisari. The scale insect Icerya purchasi also feeds on Arisarum.[7]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Mansion, G., Rosenbaum, G., Schoenenberger, N., Bacchetta, G., Rosselló, J. A., & Conti, E. (2008). "Phylogenetic analysis informed by geological history supports multiple, sequential invasions of the Mediterranean Basin by the angiosperm family Araceae." Systematic Biology, 57(2), 269-285.
- ^ a b c Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ^ Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Genere: Arisarum includes European distribution maps
- ^ "Arisarum" (PDF). Flora Iberica. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
- ^ Aboal, M., & Werner, O. (2011). "Morphology, fine structure, life cycle and phylogenetic analysis of Phyllosiphon arisari, a siphonous parasitic green alga." European journal of phycology, 46(3), 181-192.
- ^ W.N. Ellis. (2023). Genus Arisarum. Plant Parasites of Europe Leafminers, Galls and Fungi. Retrieved February 28, 2023, from https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/plantae/spermatopsida/angiosperma/monocots/alismatales/araceae/aroideae/arisarum/genus-arisarum/
External links[edit]