Ayer Itam: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 5°24′5.6916″N 100°16′41.343″E / 5.401581000°N 100.27815083°E / 5.401581000; 100.27815083
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m →‎Tourist attractions: The "it is said" doesnt make any sense. That the laksa is served there is without any question of course. If the meaning was otherwise, like "It is said that it was first served or invented there", then this should be added.
m modifying infobox parameters
 
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{{other uses}}
{{other uses}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Ayer Itam
| official_name = Ayer Itam
| settlement_type = Suburb of [[George Town, Penang|George Town]]
| settlement_type = Suburb of [[George Town, Penang|George Town]]
| translit_lang1 = Other
| translit_lang1 = Other
| image_skyline = Ayer Itam Penang Skyline (40681753413).jpg
| image_skyline = Ayer Itam in George Town, Penang.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| imagesize = 250px
| image_caption = Ayer Itam skyline
| image_caption =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=12 }}
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=12 }}
| pushpin_map = Malaysia Penang George Town
| pushpin_map = Malaysia Penang George Town city centre
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_label_position = left
| coordinates = {{coord|5|24|22|N|100|17|47|E|region:MY|display=inline}}
| coordinates = {{coord|5|24|5.6916|N|100|16|41.343|E|region:MY|display=title,inline}}
| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Malaysia}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Malaysia}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|State]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Malaysia|District]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of cities in Malaysia|City]]
⚫
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Penang}}
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of cities in Malaysia|City]]
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| subdivision_name2 = [[File:Seal of George Town.svg|20px]] [[George Town, Penang|George Town]]
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| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Penang}}
| subdivision_name2 = [[Northeast Penang Island District|Northeast Penang Island]]
| leader_title1 = [[Local government in Malaysia|Local government]]
| leader_name1 = [[Penang Island City Council]]
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| subdivision_name3 = [[File:Seal of George Town.svg|20px]] [[George Town, Penang|George Town]]
| leader_title1 = [[Local government in Malaysia|Local government]]
| postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in Malaysia|Postal code]]
| leader_name1 = [[Penang Island City Council]]
| postal_code = 11500
| postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in Malaysia|Postal code]]
| website = {{URL|mbpp.gov.my/}}
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| translit_lang1_type2 = [[Malaysian Mandarin|Mandarin]]
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| postal_code = 11500
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| translit_lang1_info2 = {{lang|zh-hans|亚依淡}} {{font|size=70%|([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]])}}<br />{{lang|zh-hant|亞依淡}} {{font|size=70%|([[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional]])}}<br>''Yà yī dàn'' {{font|size=70%|([[Pinyin]])}}
| website = {{URL|mbpp.gov.my/}}
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| translit_lang1_type3 = [[Penang Hokkien|Hokkien]]
| footnotes =
⚫
| translit_lang1_info3 = ''A-i-tām'' {{font|size=70%|([[Penang Hokkien#Phonology|Tâi-lô]])}}
| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]
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| translit_lang1_type4 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| translit_lang1_info1 = اير اتم
⚫
| translit_lang1_info4 = {{lang|ta|ஆயர் ஈத்தாம்}}
⚫
| translit_lang1_type2 = [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
⚫
| leader_title2 = [[Mayor of Penang Island]]
⚫
| translit_lang1_info2 = {{lang|zh-hans|亚依淡}} {{font|size=70%|([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]])}}<br>{{lang|zh-hant|亞依淡}} {{font|size=70%|([[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional]])}}
| leader_name2 = Rajendran P. Anthony
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| translit_lang1_type3 = [[Penang Hokkien|Hokkien]]
⚫
| leader_title3 = [[Air Itam (Penang state constituency)|Air Itam State Assemblyman]]
⚫
| translit_lang1_info3 = A-i-tām {{font|size=70%|([[Tâi-lô]])}}
⚫
| leader_name3 = Joseph Ng Soon Seong ([[Pakatan Harapan|PH]]-[[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|DAP]])
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| translit_lang1_type4 = [[Malaysian Tamil|Tamil]]
⚫
| leader_title4 = [[Bukit Gelugor (federal constituency)|Bukit Gelugor Member of Parliament]]
⚫
| translit_lang1_info4 = {{lang|ta|ஆயர் ஈத்தாம்}}
⚫
| leader_name4 = [[Ramkarpal Singh]] ([[Pakatan Harapan|PH]]-[[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|DAP]])
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| leader_title2 = [[Mayor of Penang Island]]
| leader_name2 = Yew Tung Seang
| timezone = [[Time in Malaysia|MST]]
⚫
| utc_offset = +8
⚫
| leader_title3 = [[Air Itam (Penang state constituency)|Air Itam State Assemblyman]]
⚫
| timezone_DST = Not observed
⚫
| leader_name3 = Joseph Ng Soon Seong ([[Pakatan Harapan|PH]]-[[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|DAP]])
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within {{Legend inline|#fefee9|outline=silver}} '''[[George Town, Penang|George Town]]''' in {{Legend inline|#f7e2ba|outline=black}} '''[[Penang]]'''
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| leader_title4 = [[Bukit Gelugor (federal constituency)|Bukit Gelugor Member of Parliament]]
| area_total_km2 = 1.8
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| leader_name4 = [[Ramkarpal Singh]] ([[Pakatan Harapan|PH]]-[[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|DAP]])
| population_total = 16974
| timezone = [[Time in Malaysia|MST]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| utc_offset = +8
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
⚫
| timezone_DST = Not observed
| demographics1_info1 = {{tree list}}
* 72.6% [[Penangite Chinese|Chinese]]
* 12.5% [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]]
** 12.2% [[Malaysian Malays|Malay]]
** 0.3% indigenous groups from [[Sabah]] and [[Sarawak]]
* 11.2% [[Malaysians of Indian descent in Penang|Indian]]
* 0.3% Other ethnicities
* 3.4% Non-citizens
{{tree list/end}}
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="mukimcensus" />
| demographics1_title1 = Ethnic groups
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_footnotes = <ref name="mukimcensus">{{Cite journal |date=February 2024 |title=MyCensus 2020: Mukim/Town/Pekan |journal=[[Department of Statistics Malaysia]] |location=[[Putrajaya]] |pages=174–175 |isbn=9789672537069}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''Ayer Itam'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dokumen Gazetir Pulau Pinang Pulau Mutiara 2022 |url=https://mygeoname.mygeoportal.gov.my/pdf/07.pdf |publisher=Jawatankuasa Kebangsaan Nama Geografi (JKNG) Malaysia |page=15 |language=ms}}</ref> (formerly spelt as ''Air Itam'') is a suburb of [[George Town, Penang|George Town]] in the [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|Malaysian state]] of [[Penang]]. Nested within the central valleys of [[Penang Island]], it is located approximately {{Convert|6|km|abbr=on}} southwest of the [[Central George Town, Penang|city centre]]. The suburb is home to [[Kek Lok Si]], touted as the largest Buddhist temple in the country.
'''Ayer Itam''' (also spelt '''Air Itam''' or '''Air Hitam''') is a suburb of [[George Town, Penang|George Town]] in [[Penang]], [[Malaysia]]. Nested within the central valleys of [[Penang Island]], it is located approximately {{Convert|6|km|abbr=on}} southwest of the city centre. Ayer Itam is one of the well-known places to sample [[Penang cuisine]], and includes a handful of major tourist attractions such as [[Penang Hill]] and [[Kek Lok Si|Kek Lok Si Temple]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.timeout.com/penang/restaurants-and-cafes/pasar-air-itam-laksa|title=Pasar Air Itam Laksa|newspaper=Time Out Penang|access-date=2016-11-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/print/eat-drink/behold-the-penang-hokkien-mee|title=Behold, the Penang Hokkien Mee {{!}} Eat/Drink {{!}} Malay Mail Online|website=www.themalaymailonline.com|access-date=2016-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110173339/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/print/eat-drink/behold-the-penang-hokkien-mee|archive-date=2016-11-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The area now known as Ayer Itam was first developed in the late 18th century, soon after the founding of [[Penang Island]] by Captain [[Francis Light]] in 1786. [[British East India Company|British]] officials intended to turn Ayer Itam, including [[Penang Hill]], into an agricultural area and established spice farms. To this day, fruits and vegetables are still grown at the hills of Ayer Itam; fresh produce are then brought downhill daily to the wet markets throughout George Town.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/time-out-penang-visitors-guide/20140501/284554471313774|title=PressReader.com – Connecting People Through News|website=www.pressreader.com|access-date=2016-11-10}}</ref>


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
Air Itam got its name from the murky waters of the Air Itam River ([[Malay language|Malay]]: ''Sungai Air Itam''). The phrase '''Air Hitam''<nowiki/>' means black water in [[Malay language|Malay]].
Ayer Itam got its name from the murky waters of the Air Itam River ([[Malay language|Malay]]: ''Sungai Air Itam''). The phrase '''Air Hitam''<nowiki/>' means black water in [[Malay language|Malay]].
[[File:Penang_Museum_historical_painting_476.jpg|left|thumb|[[Suffolk House, Penang|Suffolk House]] in 1811]][[File:Suffolk_House.JPG|left|thumb|[[Suffolk House, Penang|Suffolk House]]]][[File:Kek Lok Si Temple.jpg|left|thumb|[[Kek Lok Si|Kek Lok Si Temple]] is said to be the largest Buddhist temple in [[Malaysia]] and among the more famous ones in the country.]]
[[File:Penang_Museum_historical_painting_476.jpg|left|thumb|[[Suffolk House, Penang|Suffolk House]] in 1811]][[File:槟榔屿华侨抗战殉职机工罹难同胞纪念碑.JPG|left|thumb|The Chinese Anti-War Memorial at Ayer Itam is where some 800 victims of the [[Sook Ching]] massacres during [[World War II]] were laid to rest.]][[File:Chinese New Year at Ayer Itam, George Town, Penang 2024.jpg|left|thumb|Lanterns adorning Jalan Ayer Itam during [[Chinese New Year]]]]
[[File:槟榔屿华侨抗战殉职机工罹难同胞纪念碑.JPG|left|thumb|The Chinese Anti-War Memorial at Air Itam is where some 800 victims of the [[Sook Ching]] massacres during [[World War II]] were laid to rest.]]

== History ==
== History ==
Soon after the founding of [[Penang Island]] in 1786, [[East India Company|British East India Company]] officials, led by Captain [[Francis Light]], began exploring and clearing the interior of the island for agricultural purposes. Pepper and [[nutmeg]] farms were then established at the hills of Air Itam, while [[Francis Light|Light]] also commissioned the planting of [[Strawberry|strawberries]] at [[Penang Hill]]. The Anglo-Indian [[Suffolk House, Penang|Suffolk House]], one of [[Francis Light|Light]]'s residences, was also built within a pepper estate by the Air Itam River.
Soon after the founding of [[Penang Island]] in 1786, [[East India Company|British East India Company]] officials, led by Captain [[Francis Light]], began exploring and clearing the interior of the island for agricultural purposes. Pepper and [[nutmeg]] farms were then established at the hills of Ayer Itam, while [[Francis Light|Light]] also commissioned the planting of [[Strawberry|strawberries]] at [[Penang Hill]]. The Anglo-Indian [[Suffolk House, Penang|Suffolk House]], one of [[Francis Light|Light]]'s residences, was also built within a pepper estate by the Air Itam River.


The agricultural village of Air Itam grew throughout the 19th century, populated by farmers who owned the fruit and vegetable farms at the surrounding hills. To this day, fruits and vegetables are still produced at the hills of Air Itam and then distributed daily to the wet markets all over [[George Town, Penang|George Town]].<ref name=":0" />
The agricultural village of Ayer Itam grew throughout the 19th century, populated by farmers who owned the fruit and vegetable farms at the surrounding hills. To this day, fresh produce are produced at the foothills of Ayer Itam and distributed daily to the wet markets all over the city.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title= |url=http://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/time-out-penang-visitors-guide/20140501/284554471313774 |access-date=2016-11-10 |via=PressReader}}</ref>


In 1890, construction of the [[Kek Lok Si|Kek Lok Si Temple]], now one of the largest Buddhist temples in [[Southeast Asia]], commenced. Its main pagoda combines [[Chinese architecture|Chinese]], [[Architecture of Thailand|Siamese]] and Burmese styles. The temple was finally opened to the public in 1905.
In 1890, construction of the [[Kek Lok Si|Kek Lok Si Temple]], now one of the largest Buddhist temples in [[Southeast Asia]], commenced. Its main pagoda combines [[Chinese architecture|Chinese]], [[Architecture of Thailand|Siamese]] and Burmese styles. The temple was finally opened to the public in 1905.


Air Itam was once home to the Penang Zoological Gardens, the first zoo in [[Malaysia]]. Supposedly opened in the 1920s by a monk named Fa Kong, the zoo was shut down for good prior to [[World War II]] due to the excessive maintenance costs.
Ayer Itam was once home to the Penang Zoological Gardens, the first zoo in Malaysia. Supposedly opened in the 1920s by a monk named Fa Kong, the zoo was shut down for good prior to [[World War II]] due to the excessive maintenance costs.


The Great Air Itam Fire of 1935 destroyed more than 100 homes in the area. At the time, the residences in Air Itam were mostly wooden; this incident led to the construction of brick buildings in Air Itam.
The Great Ayer Itam Fire of 1935 destroyed more than 100 homes in the area. At the time, the residences at Ayer Itam were mostly wooden; this incident led to the construction of brick buildings within the suburb.


The area was also a hinterland which hid refugees fleeing from the episodes of violence that had occasionally erupted in [[George Town, Penang|George Town]]. For instance, the Penang Riots of 1867 forced some residents in [[George Town, Penang|George Town]] to evacuate to Air Itam. [[World War II]], however, brought even greater numbers of refugees to Air Itam. During the war, when the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] implemented the [[Sook Ching]] purges, Air Itam became one of the sites where Chinese civilians were massacred.
The area was also a hinterland which hid refugees fleeing from the episodes of violence that had occasionally erupted in the city. For instance, the Penang Riots of 1867 forced some residents within the [[Central George Town, Penang|city centre]] to evacuate to Ayer Itam. [[World War II]], however, brought even greater numbers of refugees to the suburb. During the war, when the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] implemented the [[Sook Ching]] purges, Ayer Itam became one of the sites where Chinese civilians were massacred.


The urbanisation of Air Itam since the 1950s has brought about a concurrent increase in living standards and transformed the landscape with more high rises, making Air Itam one of the more densely populated areas on [[Penang Island]]. A new township named [[Farlim]] was also developed to the southeast in the 1980s.
The urbanisation of Ayer Itam since the 1950s has brought about a concurrent increase in living standards and transformed the landscape with more high rises, making the suburb one of the more densely populated areas in George Town.


== Geography ==
== Geography ==
[[File:cmglee_Penang_Air_Itam_dam.jpg|thumb|Ayer Itam Dam|left]]
Located in the valley between Batu Lanchang Hill, Bukit Penara and [[Penang Hill]], this suburb of [[George Town, Penang|George Town]] is connected to the city by two main roads, Air Itam Road and Batu Lanchang Lane. It is also connected to [[Paya Terubong]] and the south of the island via Paya Terubong Road.
Located in the valley between Batu Lanchang Hill, Bukit Penara and [[Penang Hill]], this suburb of George Town is connected to the [[Central George Town, Penang|city centre]] by two main roads, Ayer Itam Road and Batu Lanchang Lane. It is also connected to [[Paya Terubong]] and the south of the island via Paya Terubong Road. The suburb covers an area of {{Convert|1.8|km2|abbr=on}} and includes neighbourhoods developed later in the post-independence era such as [[Rifle Range, Penang|Rifle Range]].


== Demographics ==
The suburb covers a broad area that incorporates [[Farlim]], Thean Teik Estate, [[Rifle Range, Penang|Rifle Range]], Kampung Bahru, Kampung Melayu, [[Hill Railway Station Road|Hill Railway Road]] and Hye Keat Estate, extending as far east as the junction with York Road.
{{Bar box|title=Ethnicities within Ayer Itam in 2020<ref name="mukimcensus" />|left1=Ethnicities / Nationality|right1=Percentage|float=left|bars={{Bar percent|[[Penangite Chinese|Chinese]]|Red|72.6}}{{Bar percent|[[Malaysian Malays|Malays]]|Green|12.2}}{{Bar percent|[[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Other Bumiputeras]]|Teal|0.3}}{{Bar percent|[[Malaysians of Indian descent in Penang|Indians]]|Orange|11.2}} {{Bar percent|Others|DarkGray|0.3}}{{Bar percent|Non-Malaysians|Purple|3.4}}}}
{{As of|2020}}, Ayer Itam was home to a population of 16,974, resulting in a population density of {{convert|9430|/km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="mukimcensus" /> [[Penangite Chinese|Ethnic Chinese]] constituted over 72% of the area's population, while [[Malaysian Malays|Malays]] formed another 12%. [[Malaysians of Indian descent in Penang|Indians]] comprised more than 11% of the suburb's population.


== Transportation ==
== Transportation ==
[[File:RapidPenang_Scania_K270UB_in_Air_Itam.JPG|thumb|A [[Rapid Penang]] bus passing by the Air Itam Market at Air Itam Road.]][[File:Funicular to the top of the Penang Hill, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia.JPG|thumb|The peak of [[Penang Hill]] is accessible via the [[Penang Hill Railway]], the sole rail system on [[Penang Island]].]]Air Itam Road, which snakes its way from [[George Town, Penang|George Town]] proper all the way towards [[Paya Terubong]], remains the major thoroughfare at Air Itam. With a total length of about {{Convert|4.5|km|abbr=on}}, Air Itam Road is heavily used by motorists heading towards [[George Town, Penang|George Town]], and Air Itam and [[Paya Terubong]] in the opposite direction. Other major roads, such as Batu Lanchang Lane, Thean Teik Road and Thean Teik Highway, have been widened to cope with the increasing traffic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2014/02/12/road-widening-will-ease-traffic-jams/|title=Road widening will ease traffic jams – Community {{!}} The Star Online|website=www.thestar.com.my|access-date=2017-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buletinmutiara.com/road-drain-upgrades-to-solve-flash-flood-woes/|title=Road, drain upgrades to solve flash flood woes {{!}} Buletin Mutiara|website=www.buletinmutiara.com|access-date=2017-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.starproperty.my/index.php/articles/property-news/smoother-ride-for-motorists/?search=star|title=Smoother ride for motorists using Lebuhraya Thean Teik – Malaysia Premier Property and Real Estate Portal|work=Malaysia Premier Property and Real Estate Portal|access-date=2017-05-19|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130202354/http://www.starproperty.my/index.php/articles/property-news/smoother-ride-for-motorists/?search=star|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:RapidPenang_Scania_K270UB_in_Air_Itam.JPG|thumb|A [[Rapid Penang]] bus at the Ayer Itam Market|left]]Ayer Itam Road, which stretches from the [[Central George Town, Penang|city centre]] to [[Paya Terubong]], remains the major thoroughfare at Ayer Itam, with a total length of about {{Convert|4.5|km|abbr=on}}. Other major roads, such as Batu Lanchang Lane, Thean Teik Road and Thean Teik Highway, have been widened to cope with the increasing traffic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2014/02/12/road-widening-will-ease-traffic-jams/|title=Road widening will ease traffic jams – Community {{!}} The Star Online|website=www.thestar.com.my|access-date=2017-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buletinmutiara.com/road-drain-upgrades-to-solve-flash-flood-woes/|title=Road, drain upgrades to solve flash flood woes {{!}} Buletin Mutiara|website=www.buletinmutiara.com|date=26 October 2015 |access-date=2017-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.starproperty.my/index.php/articles/property-news/smoother-ride-for-motorists/?search=star|title=Smoother ride for motorists using Lebuhraya Thean Teik – Malaysia Premier Property and Real Estate Portal|work=Malaysia Premier Property and Real Estate Portal|access-date=2017-05-19|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130202354/http://www.starproperty.my/index.php/articles/property-news/smoother-ride-for-motorists/?search=star|url-status=dead}}</ref>


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[[Rapid Penang]] buses 13, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 306 and 502 serve the residents of the suburb, by connecting Ayer Itam with various destinations within the city, including the city centre, [[Paya Terubong]], the [[Penang International Airport]], [[Queensbay Mall]] and [[Balik Pulau]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/13.gif |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722221643/http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/13.gif |archive-date=2016-07-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/rapidpgfans/photos/pcb.10156337865666457/10156337862591457/?type=3&theater|title=Rapid Penang|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/201.gif |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702062515/http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/201.gif |archive-date=2016-07-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/202.gif |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702002037/http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/202.gif |archive-date=2016-07-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/203.gif |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-05-19 |archive-date=2016-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702062424/http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/203.gif |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/306.gif |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702003834/http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/306.gif |archive-date=2016-07-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/502.gif |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702005921/http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/502.gif |archive-date=2016-07-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Air Itam is also famous for [[Malaysia]]'s only operating [[Funicular|funicular rail system]], the [[Penang Hill Railway]]. Designed and opened in the 1920s, this [[Funicular|funicular rail]], which climbs [[Penang]]'s tallest hill, was originally equipped with Swiss coaches. It has since been upgraded twice – in 1977 and 2010. The present-day Swiss-made coaches have a capacity of {{Convert|7500|kg|abbr=on}} and is capable of reaching the peak of [[Penang Hill]] from the base station in as little as five minutes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2011/04/22/penang-funicular-railways-sixday-run-to-raise-funds/|title=Penang funicular railway's six-day run to raise funds – Nation {{!}} The Star Online|website=www.thestar.com.my|access-date=2017-05-19}}</ref>

⚫
[[Rapid Penang]] buses 13, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 306 and 502 serve the residents of the suburb, by connecting Air Itam with [[George Town, Penang|George Town]] to the northeast and other destinations on [[Penang Island]], such as [[Paya Terubong]], the [[Penang International Airport]], [[Queensbay Mall]] and [[Balik Pulau]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/13.gif |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722221643/http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/13.gif |archive-date=2016-07-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/rapidpgfans/photos/pcb.10156337865666457/10156337862591457/?type=3&theater|title=Rapid Penang|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/201.gif |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702062515/http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/201.gif |archive-date=2016-07-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/202.gif |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702002037/http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/202.gif |archive-date=2016-07-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/203.gif |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-05-19 |archive-date=2016-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702062424/http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/203.gif |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/204.gif</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/306.gif |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702003834/http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/306.gif |archive-date=2016-07-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/502.gif |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702005921/http://www.rapidpg.com.my/journey-planner/route-maps/details/502.gif |archive-date=2016-07-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These routes are complemented by Rapid Penang's Congestion Alleviation Transport (CAT), a free-of-charge transit service within Air Itam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/rapidpgfans/photos/pcb.10156337865666457/10156337861591457/?type=3&theater|title=Rapid Penang|website=www.facebook.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-01}}</ref>

Another bus service that caters specifically to tourists is the ''[[Penang Hop-On Hop-Off|Hop-On Hop-Off]]'' service, which utilises [[Open top bus|open-topped]] [[Double-decker bus|double-decker buses]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mypenang.gov.my/pagefull.aspx?id=2608|title=myPenang – Penang Hop-On Hop-Off is here!|website=mypenang.gov.my|access-date=2017-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822182736/http://mypenang.gov.my/pagefull.aspx?id=2608|archive-date=2017-08-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> The ''Hop-On Hop-Off'' service includes stops at [[Penang Hill Railway|Penang Hill Railway Station]] and [[Kek Lok Si|Kek Lok Si Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.myhoponhopoff.com/pg/index.php?pageid=1|title=Penang Hop-On Hop-Off Official Website|website=www.myhoponhopoff.com|language=en|access-date=2017-05-20}}</ref>


== Education ==
== Education ==
[[File:CLHS Block E.JPG|left|thumb|[[Chung Ling High School]]]]
[[File:CLHS Block E.JPG|left|thumb|[[Chung Ling High School]]]]
A total of 10 [[primary school]]s, three [[Secondary school|high schools]] and a [[technical school]] are located within Air Itam. Notably, Air Itam is home to [[Chung Ling High School]], one of the premier Chinese schools in [[Penang]]. Founded in 1917, it has retained the consistent academic performance of its students.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2017/02/13/school-turns-100-with-flourish-grand-chung-ling-celebration-draws-old-boys-including-former-cm/|title=School turns 100 with flourish – Community {{!}} The Star Online|website=www.thestar.com.my|access-date=2017-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2157029|title=Chung Ling High School marks centenary with stamp and first day cover|website=www.thesundaily.my|language=en|access-date=2017-05-19}}</ref>
A total of 10 [[primary school]]s, three [[Secondary school|high schools]] and a [[technical school]] are located within Ayer Itam. Notably, the suburb is home to [[Chung Ling High School]], one of the premier Chinese schools in Penang. Founded in 1917, it has retained the consistent academic performance of its students.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2017/02/13/school-turns-100-with-flourish-grand-chung-ling-celebration-draws-old-boys-including-former-cm/|title=School turns 100 with flourish – Community {{!}} The Star Online|website=www.thestar.com.my|access-date=2017-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/2157029|title=Chung Ling High School marks centenary with stamp and first day cover|website=www.thesundaily.my|language=en|access-date=2017-05-19}}</ref>


The schools at Air Itam are as listed below.
The schools at Ayer Itam are as listed below.


'''Primary schools'''
'''Primary schools'''
Line 105: Line 113:
'''Technical school'''
'''Technical school'''
* SMT Tunku Abdul Rahman<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sekolahmy.com/N_PULAU_PINANG/PKB1116.html|title=SMT TUNKU ABD RAHMAN – PULAU PINANG – Carian Sekolah Malaysia|website=www.sekolahmy.com|language=ms-MY|access-date=2017-05-19}}</ref>
* SMT Tunku Abdul Rahman<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sekolahmy.com/N_PULAU_PINANG/PKB1116.html|title=SMT TUNKU ABD RAHMAN – PULAU PINANG – Carian Sekolah Malaysia|website=www.sekolahmy.com|language=ms-MY|access-date=2017-05-19}}</ref>

== Shopping ==
[[File:All Season's Place, Penang.jpg|thumb|[[All Seasons Place, Penang|All Seasons Place]], [[Penang]]'s first [[strip mall]]]]
At the time of writing, the sole shopping mall at Air Itam is [[All Seasons Place, Penang|All Seasons Place]], which was opened in 2012. It is the first and only [[strip mall]] in [[Penang]], where the retail outlets and eateries are arranged linearly along a sheltered sidewalk that faces Thean Teik Highway.

In addition, the hypermarkets and smaller supermarkets within the suburb, such as Sunshine Farlim, offer more local brands at cheaper prices, thus catering to the needs of the local community.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://suiwah.com.my/stores-mall.html|title=Stores / Mall {{!}} Sunshine Wholesale Mart Sdn Bhd|website=suiwah.com.my|access-date=2017-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507171558/http://www.suiwah.com.my/stores-mall.html|archive-date=2017-05-07|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timeout.com/penang/shops/sunshine-farlim-mall|title=Sunshine Farlim Mall|work=Time Out Penang|access-date=2017-05-19|language=en}}</ref>

{{As of|2017}}, a second shopping mall, Sunshine Tower, is under construction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.suiwah.com.my/sunshine-tower-registration.html|title=Sunshine Tower Registration {{!}} Sunshine Wholesale Mart Sdn Bhd|website=www.suiwah.com.my|access-date=2017-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811094023/http://www.suiwah.com.my/sunshine-tower-registration.html|archive-date=2017-08-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> The mall, which will also house the first modern cineplex within Air Itam, is slated for completion by 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.penangpropertytalk.com/2011/10/sunshine-tower/|title=Sunshine Tower|date=2011-10-05|work=Penang Property Talk|access-date=2017-05-19|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2017/01/31/suiwah-plans-more-outlets/|title=Suiwah plans more outlets – Business News {{!}} The Star Online|website=www.thestar.com.my|access-date=2017-05-19}}</ref>


== Tourist attractions ==
== Tourist attractions ==
[[File:Thni Kong Tnua, Air Itam, Penang.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Thni Kong Tnua|Jade Emperor's Pavilion]] was famously featured in the reality TV show, ''[[The Amazing Race 16]]''.]][[File:Assam Laksa, Air Itam, Penang.JPG|thumb|[[Penang]]'s most famous ''[[asam laksa]]'' is served at the Air Itam Market.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125679128926715271|title=Asam Laksa|last=Eckhardt|first=Robyn|date=2009-10-30|access-date=2016-11-10|issn=0099-9660|newspaper=Wall Street Journal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.star2.com/food/food-news/2016/09/21/great-malaysian-dishes-penang-nasi-kandar/|title=Great Malaysian dishes: Penang – Nasi kandar - Star2.com|date=2016-09-21|access-date=2016-11-10|language=en-US|newspaper=Star2.com}}</ref>]]
* [[Penang Hill]]
* [[Kek Lok Si|Kek Lok Si Temple]]
* [[Kek Lok Si|Kek Lok Si Temple]]
* [[Suffolk House, Penang|Suffolk House]]
* [[Suffolk House, Penang|Suffolk House]]
⚫
* Ayer Itam Market, where some of the most famous [[Penang cuisine|Penang dishes]], such as [[asam laksa]] and [[Curry Mee|curry mee]], can be sampled
* [[Penang State Mosque]]
⚫
* Air Itam Market, where some of the most famous [[Penang cuisine|Penang dishes]], such as [[asam laksa]] and [[Curry Mee|curry mee]], can be sampled
* Chinese Anti-War Memorial
* Chinese Anti-War Memorial
* [[Thni Kong Tnua|Jade Emperor's Pavilion]]
* [[Thni Kong Tnua|Jade Emperor's Pavilion]]

== Neighbourhoods ==
* [[Farlim]]


==References==
==References==
Line 131: Line 125:


==External links==
==External links==
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Air Itam}}{{coord|5|24|22|N|100|17|47|E|type:city_region:MY_source:nlwiki|display=title}}
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Air Itam}}
{{Geographic Location|North=[[Tikus Island|Pulau Tikus]]|West=[[Penang Hill]]|Centre=Air Itam|East=[[George Town, Penang|George Town]]|South=[[Paya Terubong]]}}
{{Geographic Location|North=[[Penang Hill]]|West=[[Penang Hill]]|Centre=Ayer Itam|East=[[Central George Town, Penang|City centre]]|South=[[Paya Terubong]]}}

{{District of Northeast Penang Island}}
{{District of Northeast Penang Island}}
{{Penang}}
{{Penang}}
Line 139: Line 134:
[[Category:Populated places in Penang]]
[[Category:Populated places in Penang]]
[[Category:George Town, Penang]]
[[Category:George Town, Penang]]
[[Category:Penang]]

Latest revision as of 10:01, 6 March 2024

For other uses, see Ayer Itam (disambiguation).
Ayer Itam
Suburb of George Town
Other transcription(s)
 • Mandarin亚依淡 (Simplified)
亞依淡 (Traditional)
Yà yī dàn (Pinyin)
 • HokkienA-i-tām (Tâi-lô)
 • Tamilஆயர் ஈத்தாம்
Map
Ayer Itam is located in Central George Town, Penang
Ayer Itam
Ayer Itam
Location within    George Town in    Penang
Coordinates: 5°24′5.6916″N 100°16′41.343″E / 5.401581000°N 100.27815083°E / 5.401581000; 100.27815083
Country Malaysia
State Penang
City George Town
Government
 • Local governmentPenang Island City Council
 • Mayor of Penang IslandRajendran P. Anthony
 • Air Itam State AssemblymanJoseph Ng Soon Seong (PH-DAP)
 • Bukit Gelugor Member of ParliamentRamkarpal Singh (PH-DAP)
Area
 • Total1.8 km2 (0.7 sq mi)
Population
 (2020)[1]
 • Total16,974
 • Density9,400/km2 (24,000/sq mi)
Demographics
[1]
 • Ethnic groups
Time zoneUTC+8 (MST)
 • Summer (DST)Not observed
Postal code
11500
Websitembpp.gov.my

Ayer Itam[2] (formerly spelt as Air Itam) is a suburb of George Town in the Malaysian state of Penang. Nested within the central valleys of Penang Island, it is located approximately 6 km (3.7 mi) southwest of the city centre. The suburb is home to Kek Lok Si, touted as the largest Buddhist temple in the country.

Etymology[edit]

Ayer Itam got its name from the murky waters of the Air Itam River (Malay: Sungai Air Itam). The phrase 'Air Hitam' means black water in Malay.

Suffolk House in 1811
The Chinese Anti-War Memorial at Ayer Itam is where some 800 victims of the Sook Ching massacres during World War II were laid to rest.
Lanterns adorning Jalan Ayer Itam during Chinese New Year

History[edit]

Soon after the founding of Penang Island in 1786, British East India Company officials, led by Captain Francis Light, began exploring and clearing the interior of the island for agricultural purposes. Pepper and nutmeg farms were then established at the hills of Ayer Itam, while Light also commissioned the planting of strawberries at Penang Hill. The Anglo-Indian Suffolk House, one of Light's residences, was also built within a pepper estate by the Air Itam River.

The agricultural village of Ayer Itam grew throughout the 19th century, populated by farmers who owned the fruit and vegetable farms at the surrounding hills. To this day, fresh produce are produced at the foothills of Ayer Itam and distributed daily to the wet markets all over the city.[3]

In 1890, construction of the Kek Lok Si Temple, now one of the largest Buddhist temples in Southeast Asia, commenced. Its main pagoda combines Chinese, Siamese and Burmese styles. The temple was finally opened to the public in 1905.

Ayer Itam was once home to the Penang Zoological Gardens, the first zoo in Malaysia. Supposedly opened in the 1920s by a monk named Fa Kong, the zoo was shut down for good prior to World War II due to the excessive maintenance costs.

The Great Ayer Itam Fire of 1935 destroyed more than 100 homes in the area. At the time, the residences at Ayer Itam were mostly wooden; this incident led to the construction of brick buildings within the suburb.

The area was also a hinterland which hid refugees fleeing from the episodes of violence that had occasionally erupted in the city. For instance, the Penang Riots of 1867 forced some residents within the city centre to evacuate to Ayer Itam. World War II, however, brought even greater numbers of refugees to the suburb. During the war, when the Imperial Japanese Army implemented the Sook Ching purges, Ayer Itam became one of the sites where Chinese civilians were massacred.

The urbanisation of Ayer Itam since the 1950s has brought about a concurrent increase in living standards and transformed the landscape with more high rises, making the suburb one of the more densely populated areas in George Town.

Geography[edit]

Ayer Itam Dam

Located in the valley between Batu Lanchang Hill, Bukit Penara and Penang Hill, this suburb of George Town is connected to the city centre by two main roads, Ayer Itam Road and Batu Lanchang Lane. It is also connected to Paya Terubong and the south of the island via Paya Terubong Road. The suburb covers an area of 1.8 km2 (0.69 sq mi) and includes neighbourhoods developed later in the post-independence era such as Rifle Range.

Demographics[edit]

Ethnicities within Ayer Itam in 2020[1]
Ethnicities / Nationality Percentage
Chinese
 
 72.6%
Malays
 
 12.2%
Other Bumiputeras
 
 0.3%
Indians
 
 11.2%
Others
 
 0.3%
Non-Malaysians
 
 3.4%

As of 2020, Ayer Itam was home to a population of 16,974, resulting in a population density of 9,430/km2 (24,400/sq mi).[1] Ethnic Chinese constituted over 72% of the area's population, while Malays formed another 12%. Indians comprised more than 11% of the suburb's population.

Transportation[edit]

A Rapid Penang bus at the Ayer Itam Market

Ayer Itam Road, which stretches from the city centre to Paya Terubong, remains the major thoroughfare at Ayer Itam, with a total length of about 4.5 km (2.8 mi). Other major roads, such as Batu Lanchang Lane, Thean Teik Road and Thean Teik Highway, have been widened to cope with the increasing traffic.[4][5][6]

Rapid Penang buses 13, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 306 and 502 serve the residents of the suburb, by connecting Ayer Itam with various destinations within the city, including the city centre, Paya Terubong, the Penang International Airport, Queensbay Mall and Balik Pulau.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13]

Education[edit]

Chung Ling High School

A total of 10 primary schools, three high schools and a technical school are located within Ayer Itam. Notably, the suburb is home to Chung Ling High School, one of the premier Chinese schools in Penang. Founded in 1917, it has retained the consistent academic performance of its students.[14][15]

The schools at Ayer Itam are as listed below.

Primary schools

  • SRK Ayer Itam[16]
  • SRK Padang Tembak[17]
  • SRK Seri Indah[18]
  • St. Xavier's Primary School[19]
  • SRJK (C) Chung Hwa Confucian[20]
  • SRJK (C) Kong Min Pusat[21]
  • SRJK (C) Kong Min Cawangan Satu[22]
  • SRJK (C) Kong Min Cawangan Kedua[23]
  • SRJK (C) Shang Wu[24]
  • SRJK (C) Sin Kang[25]

High schools

Technical school

  • SMT Tunku Abdul Rahman[27]

Tourist attractions[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d "MyCensus 2020: Mukim/Town/Pekan". Department of Statistics Malaysia. Putrajaya: 174–175. February 2024. ISBN 9789672537069.
  2. ^ "Dokumen Gazetir Pulau Pinang Pulau Mutiara 2022" (PDF) (in Malay). Jawatankuasa Kebangsaan Nama Geografi (JKNG) Malaysia. p. 15.
  3. ^ http://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/time-out-penang-visitors-guide/20140501/284554471313774. Retrieved 2016-11-10 – via PressReader. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  4. ^ "Road widening will ease traffic jams – Community | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  5. ^ "Road, drain upgrades to solve flash flood woes | Buletin Mutiara". www.buletinmutiara.com. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  6. ^ "Smoother ride for motorists using Lebuhraya Thean Teik – Malaysia Premier Property and Real Estate Portal". Malaysia Premier Property and Real Estate Portal. Archived from the original on 2018-11-30. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  7. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-07-22. Retrieved 2017-05-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. ^ "Rapid Penang". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  9. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-07-02. Retrieved 2017-05-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-07-02. Retrieved 2017-05-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-07-02. Retrieved 2017-05-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-07-02. Retrieved 2017-05-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-07-02. Retrieved 2017-05-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ^ "School turns 100 with flourish – Community | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  15. ^ "Chung Ling High School marks centenary with stamp and first day cover". www.thesundaily.my. Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  16. ^ "SK AYER ITAM – PULAU PINANG – Carian Sekolah Malaysia". www.sekolahmy.com (in Malay). Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  17. ^ "SK PADANG TEMBAK – PULAU PINANG – Carian Sekolah Malaysia". www.sekolahmy.com (in Malay). Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  18. ^ "SK SERI INDAH – PULAU PINANG – Carian Sekolah Malaysia". www.sekolahmy.com (in Malay). Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  19. ^ "SK ST XAVIER – PULAU PINANG – Carian Sekolah Malaysia". www.sekolahmy.com (in Malay). Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  20. ^ "SJK(C) CHUNG HWA CONFUCIAN 'B' – PULAU PINANG – Carian Sekolah Malaysia". www.sekolahmy.com (in Malay). Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  21. ^ "SJK(C) KONG MIN PUSAT – PULAU PINANG – Carian Sekolah Malaysia". www.sekolahmy.com (in Malay). Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  22. ^ "SJK(C) KONG MIN CAWANGAN SATU – PULAU PINANG – Carian Sekolah Malaysia". www.sekolahmy.com (in Malay). Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  23. ^ "SJK(C) KONG MIN CAWANGAN KEDUA – PULAU PINANG – Carian Sekolah Malaysia". www.sekolahmy.com (in Malay). Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  24. ^ "SJK(C) SHANG WU – PULAU PINANG – Carian Sekolah Malaysia". www.sekolahmy.com (in Malay). Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  25. ^ "SJK(C) SIN KANG – PULAU PINANG – Carian Sekolah Malaysia". www.sekolahmy.com (in Malay). Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  26. ^ "SMK AIR ITAM – PULAU PINANG – Carian Sekolah Malaysia". www.sekolahmy.com (in Malay). Retrieved 2017-05-19.
  27. ^ "SMT TUNKU ABD RAHMAN – PULAU PINANG – Carian Sekolah Malaysia". www.sekolahmy.com (in Malay). Retrieved 2017-05-19.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayer_Itam&oldid=1212142649"