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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{taxobox
⚫
|image = Garcinia_morella_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-063.jpg
⚫
|name = ''Garcinia morella''
⚫
|genus = Garcinia
⚫
|image =Garcinia_morella_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-063.jpg
⚫
|species = morella
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
⚫
|authority = ([[Joseph Gaertner|Gaertn.]]) [[Louis Auguste Joseph Desrousseaux|Desr.]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|synonyms =
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
*''Garcinia gaudichaudii''
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
*''Mangostana morella'' <small>[[Joseph Gaertner|Gaertn.]]</small>
|ordo = [[Malpighiales]]
*''Garcinia elliptica'' <small>Wall.</small>
|familia = [[Clusiaceae]]
*''Garcinia gutta'' <small>Wt.</small>
|subfamilia = [[Clusioideae]]
⚫
}}
|tribus = [[Garcinieae]]
[[File:Garcinia morella at Aralam WLS (12).jpg|thumb|Fruit]]
⚫
|genus = ''[[Garcinia]]''
'''''Garcinia morella''''' is a species of tree in the family [[Clusiaceae]] found in [[India]], and [[Sri Lanka]].
⚫
|species = '''''G. morella'''''
|binomial = ''Garcinia morella''
⚫
|binomial_authority = ([[Gaertn.]]) [[Louis Auguste Joseph Desrousseaux|Desr.]]
|synonyms = ''Garcinia gaudichaudii''<ref>[http://www.globinmed.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=79865:garcinia-morella-gaertn-desr&catid=371:g Garcinia morella on www.globinmed.com]</ref>
⚫
|}}


==Common names==
'''''Garcinia morella''''' is a species of tree in the [[Clusiaceae]] family. In Tamil it is called ''ireevalsinni'' (இரேவற்சின்னி) and in the Philippines it is known as ''batuan''.
*[[Assamese language|Assamese]]: Kũzi Thekera (কুঁঁজী ঠেকেৰা)<ref name="WILD">{{cite web|url=http://www.assamforest.in/publication/wildEdible_plantsAssam.pdf|title=''Wild Edible Plants of Assam''|publisher=Director, Forest Communication, Forest Department, Assam, India.|access-date=2013-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629052006/http://assamforest.in/publication/wildEdible_plantsAssam.pdf|archive-date=2014-06-29|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[English language|English]]: ''gamboge'' ([[Sri Lanka]]), ''gamboge'' ([[India]])
*[[Tamil language|Tamil]]: ''iravasinni'' (இரேவற்சின்னி), ''makki''
*[[Tulu language|Tulu]]: a''radāḷa''<ref>{{Cite web |others=Select "Tulu" as the search language and set the search type to "exact". Then, enter "aradaala" in the search box and click search. In the search results, select "ಅರದಾಳ aradaaḷa" to view the results. |title=ಅರದಾಳ aradaaḷa |url=https://tuludictionary.in/dictionary/cgi-bin/web/frame.html |website=Tulu Word : Online Tulu dictionary |language=en, tcy, kn}}</ref>
*[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]: ''iravi'', ''chigiri''
*[[Kannada language|Kannada]]: ''devana huli'', ''jirigehuli'', ''murina huli'', ''ponpuli'', 'dirakala hannu'
*[[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]]: ''kokatiya'', ''gokatiya'', ''goraka'' (ගොරකා)

==Description==

Trees are up to 12 m tall. Bark is smooth, and dark brown in color; blaze white.

Leaves simple, opposite, decussate; petiole 0.6-1.5&nbsp;cm long, canaliculate, sheathing at base, glabrous; lamina 6.5-15 x 3.5-8&nbsp;cm, usually elliptic, sometimes narrow obovate, apex acute to acuminate, base attenuate; coriaceous or subcoriaceous, glabrous; secondary_nerves 6-8 pairs; tertiary_nerves obscure.

Flowers show [[inflorescence]] and are [[dioecious]]; male flowers in fascicles, axillary; female flowers larger than male, solitary, axillary.

==Uses==

Ripe fruits can be eaten but they are very acidic. Just like other garcinia varieties such as [[kokum]] (which is prevalent in the Indian west coast) or [[garcinia pedunculata]], the fruit can be preserved by slicing into thin pieces and then drying under sun. It can be made into pickles. [[Bodo people|Bodos]] cook the unripe fruit as vegetable with fish. A [[chutney]] can be made by boiling the fruit. In [[Assam]], dried and preserved slices are added to black green pulses to make a popular slightly acidic curry. Dried up fruit slices are valued as a traditional remedy for [[dysentery]].<ref name="WILD" /> In [[Ayurveda]] the fruits are used in the treatment of dysentery, gastritis, etc. and is said to have anti inflammatory properties.<ref>Tamala – Garcinia morella Uses, Dose, Research at http://easyayurveda.com/2015/04/23/tamala-garcinia-morella-uses-dose-research/</ref> When the bark is cut it exudes a yellow resin called [[gamboge]] that is used in food, paints and medicines. It can be used as a rootstock for the [[mangosteen]] (Garcinia mangostana).<ref>Useful Tropical Plants: Garcinia morella at http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Garcinia+morella</ref>

In Malnad region of Karnataka, Tirtahalli and Chikkamagalore this is widely used in name of 'odduli', especially in fish recipes. Odduli is prepared by boiling the fruit to get a thick black liquid which can be stored for years without adding preservatives.

==Chemistry==


The [[xanthonoid]]s [[gaudichaudione A]], [[gaudichaudione B|B]], [[gaudichaudione C|C]], [[gaudichaudione D|D]], [[gaudichaudione E|E]], [[gaudichaudione F|F]], [[gaudichaudione G|G]], [[gaudichaudione H|H]], [[gaudichaudiic acid A]], [[gaudichaudiic acid B|B]], [[gaudichaudiic acid C|C]], [[gaudichaudiic acid D|D]], [[gaudichaudiic acid E|E]], [[morellic acid]] and [[forbesione]] from ''G. gaudichaudii''.<ref>Novel cytotoxic polyprenylated xanthonoids from Garcinia gaudichaudii (Guttiferae). Shu-Geng Cao, Valerie H. L. Sng, Xiao-Hua Wu, a, Keng-Yeow Sim, B. H. K. Tan, J. T. Pereira and S. H. Goh, Tetrahedron, Volume 54, Issue 36, 3 September 1998, Pages 10915-10924, {{doi|10.1016/S0040-4020(98)00644-9}}</ref>
The [[xanthonoid]]s [[gaudichaudione A]], [[gaudichaudione B|B]], [[gaudichaudione C|C]], [[gaudichaudione D|D]], [[gaudichaudione E|E]], [[gaudichaudione F|F]], [[gaudichaudione G|G]], [[gaudichaudione H|H]], [[gaudichaudiic acid A]], [[gaudichaudiic acid B|B]], [[gaudichaudiic acid C|C]], [[gaudichaudiic acid D|D]], [[gaudichaudiic acid E|E]], [[morellic acid]] and [[forbesione]] from ''G. gaudichaudii''.<ref>Novel cytotoxic polyprenylated xanthonoids from Garcinia gaudichaudii (Guttiferae). Shu-Geng Cao, Valerie H. L. Sng, Xiao-Hua Wu, a, Keng-Yeow Sim, B. H. K. Tan, J. T. Pereira and S. H. Goh, Tetrahedron, Volume 54, Issue 36, 3 September 1998, Pages 10915-10924, {{doi|10.1016/S0040-4020(98)00644-9}}</ref>

==See also==
*''[[Garcinia binucao]]''
⚫
*''[[Garcinia dulcis]]''
*''[[Garcinia gummi-gutta]]''


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2043769}}


[[Category:Garcinia|morella]]
[[Category:Garcinia|morella]]
[[Category:Plant dyes]]




Latest revision as of 11:05, 9 February 2024

Garcinia morella
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Clusiaceae
Genus: Garcinia
Species:
G. morella
Binomial name
Garcinia morella
Synonyms
  • Garcinia gaudichaudii
  • Mangostana morella Gaertn.
  • Garcinia elliptica Wall.
  • Garcinia gutta Wt.
Fruit

Garcinia morella is a species of tree in the family Clusiaceae found in India, and Sri Lanka.

Common names[edit]

  • Assamese: Kũzi Thekera (কুঁঁজী ঠেকেৰা)[1]
  • English: gamboge (Sri Lanka), gamboge (India)
  • Tamil: iravasinni (இரேவற்சின்னி), makki
  • Tulu: aradāḷa[2]
  • Malayalam: iravi, chigiri
  • Kannada: devana huli, jirigehuli, murina huli, ponpuli, 'dirakala hannu'
  • Sinhalese: kokatiya, gokatiya, goraka (ගොරකා)

Description[edit]

Trees are up to 12 m tall. Bark is smooth, and dark brown in color; blaze white.

Leaves simple, opposite, decussate; petiole 0.6-1.5 cm long, canaliculate, sheathing at base, glabrous; lamina 6.5-15 x 3.5-8 cm, usually elliptic, sometimes narrow obovate, apex acute to acuminate, base attenuate; coriaceous or subcoriaceous, glabrous; secondary_nerves 6-8 pairs; tertiary_nerves obscure.

Flowers show inflorescence and are dioecious; male flowers in fascicles, axillary; female flowers larger than male, solitary, axillary.

Uses[edit]

Ripe fruits can be eaten but they are very acidic. Just like other garcinia varieties such as kokum (which is prevalent in the Indian west coast) or garcinia pedunculata, the fruit can be preserved by slicing into thin pieces and then drying under sun. It can be made into pickles. Bodos cook the unripe fruit as vegetable with fish. A chutney can be made by boiling the fruit. In Assam, dried and preserved slices are added to black green pulses to make a popular slightly acidic curry. Dried up fruit slices are valued as a traditional remedy for dysentery.[1] In Ayurveda the fruits are used in the treatment of dysentery, gastritis, etc. and is said to have anti inflammatory properties.[3] When the bark is cut it exudes a yellow resin called gamboge that is used in food, paints and medicines. It can be used as a rootstock for the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana).[4]

In Malnad region of Karnataka, Tirtahalli and Chikkamagalore this is widely used in name of 'odduli', especially in fish recipes. Odduli is prepared by boiling the fruit to get a thick black liquid which can be stored for years without adding preservatives.

Chemistry[edit]

The xanthonoids gaudichaudione A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, gaudichaudiic acid A, B, C, D, E, morellic acid and forbesione from G. gaudichaudii.[5]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Wild Edible Plants of Assam" (PDF). Director, Forest Communication, Forest Department, Assam, India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-06-29. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
  2. ^ "ಅರದಾಳ aradaaḷa". Tulu Word : Online Tulu dictionary (in English, Tulu, and Kannada). Select "Tulu" as the search language and set the search type to "exact". Then, enter "aradaala" in the search box and click search. In the search results, select "ಅರದಾಳ aradaaḷa" to view the results.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  3. ^ Tamala – Garcinia morella Uses, Dose, Research at http://easyayurveda.com/2015/04/23/tamala-garcinia-morella-uses-dose-research/
  4. ^ Useful Tropical Plants: Garcinia morella at http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Garcinia+morella
  5. ^ Novel cytotoxic polyprenylated xanthonoids from Garcinia gaudichaudii (Guttiferae). Shu-Geng Cao, Valerie H. L. Sng, Xiao-Hua Wu, a, Keng-Yeow Sim, B. H. K. Tan, J. T. Pereira and S. H. Goh, Tetrahedron, Volume 54, Issue 36, 3 September 1998, Pages 10915-10924, doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(98)00644-9


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