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{{Short description|Species of aquatic plant}}
{{italic title}}
{{speciesbox
{{taxobox
|name = Narrow leaf chain sword
|image = Echinodorus tenellus BB-1913.jpg
|image = Echinodorus tenellus BB-1913.jpg
|genus = Helanthium
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|species = tenellum
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|authority = (Mart. ex Schult.f.) J.G.Sm.
|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="kathyodonnell"/>
|ordo = [[Alismatales]]
|synonyms = *''Alisma tenellum'' <small>Mart. ex Schult.f. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes</small>
⚫
|familia = [[Alismataceae]]
*''Echinodorus tenellus'' <small>(Mart. ex Schult.f.) Buchenau</small>
|genus = ''[[Echinodorus]]''
*''Sagittaria tenella'' <small>(Mart. ex Schult.f.) Kuntze</small>
|species = '''''E. tenellus'''''
*''Alisma ranunculoides ''var''. brasiliense'' <small>A.St.-Hil.</small>
|binomial = ''Echinodorus tenellus''
*''Echinodorus parvulus'' <small>Engelm. in A.Gray</small>
|binomial_authority = (Martius) Buchenau in Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen 2:21, 1869
*''Echinodorus subulatus'' <small>Engelm. in A.Gray</small>
⚫
|}}
*''Helanthium parvulum'' <small>(Engelm.) Small in N.L.Britton & al.</small>
*''Echinodorus tenellus ''var''. ecostatus'' <small>Fassett</small>
*''Echinodorus tenellus ''var''. parvulus'' <small>(Engelm.) Fassett</small>
*''Echinodorus tenellus f. randii'' <small>Fassett</small>
⚫
}}


'''''Helanthium tenellum''''', the '''pygmy chain sword''', is a species of plants in the [[Alismataceae]]. It is native to the eastern United States (from [[Texas]] to [[Florida]], north to [[Michigan]] and [[Massachusetts]]), southern Mexico ([[Chiapas]], [[Veracruz]]), West Indies (Cuba, Jamaica, [[Hispaniola]]), Central America, South America (from Guyana to Argentina)<ref name="kathyodonnell">{{Cite web|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=294874|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|website=apps.kew.org|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-01-28}}</ref><ref>[http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Helanthium%20tenellum.png Biota of North America Program] Image</ref>
[[File:Echinodorus isthmicus2.jpg|thumbnail|Echinodorus isthmicus]]


==Common names==
==Description==
⚫
The [[leaves]] of ''H. tenellum'' are narrowly elliptical or [[lanceolate]]. At different times during the plant's [[biological life cycle|life cycle]], the blade of the leaf is scarcely distinguishable from the [[petiole (botany)|petiole]], while at other times the petiole is 10 to 15 times as long as the blade, which may be 1–4&nbsp;cm long and 0.2–1&nbsp;cm wide, with a pointed tip. The base is decurrent to the petiole and has between one and three veins.
'''Pygmy chain sword plant''', '''Bolivian Sword'''.


⚫
The stem is thin, erect, often curved, and may be 3–20&nbsp;cm long. In small plants, the stem ends in a single [[inflorescence]] (umbel or coil); in larger plants the inflorescence is [[racemose]], composed of two [[Whorl (botany)|whorls]] placed one above the other. [[Bracts]] are free and 2–6&nbsp;mm long in the first whorl. Pedicels are 1–3.5&nbsp;cm long. [[Sepals]] are 3&nbsp;mm long, membraneous, and usually have five fine ribs. During ripening, the [[sepals]] enlarge and reach a length of up to 6&nbsp;mm and fully cover the aggregate [[fruit]]. A specimen may have six to nine [[stamens]], each about 1&nbsp;mm long. [[Anthers]] are 0.25&nbsp;mm wide by 2.25&nbsp;mm long, which is three times shorter than the filaments. It may have sixteen to eighteen [[pistils]]. The [[achenes]] are compressed, and arched in the apical part; they are (0.9) – 1.1 – (1.3) mm long, and black, with three lateral ribs. The basis of the [[Style (botany)|stylar]] beak is under the level of the tip of the [[pyrena|nutlet]] and may be 0.1–0.3&nbsp;mm long.<ref>Buchenau, Franz Georg Philipp. 1868. Index Criticus Butomacearum, Alismacearum, Juncaginacearum 21.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lord|first=Britton, Nathaniel|date=1905-01-01|title=Manual of the flora of the northern states and Canada /|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/22883224#page/84/mode/1up|language=en}}</ref>
==Synonyms==
''Alisma tenellus'' Martius; ''Alisma tenellum''; ''Echinodorus naine''; ''Echinodorus parvulus'' [[Engelm.]]; ''Echinodorus tenellus'' [[var.]] ''ecostatus''; ''Echinodorus tenellus'' ([[Mart.]]) [[Buch.]] var. ''latifolius'' ([[Seub.]]) [[Fassett]]{{dn|date=September 2012}}; ''Echinodorus tenellus'' ([[Mart.]]) [[Buch.]] var. ''[[parvulus]]{{dn|date=July 2013}}'' (Engelm.) Fassett; ''Helianthium parvulum'' ([[Engelm.]]) [[Britt.]]; ''Helianthium tenellum'' [[Britt.]]; ''Sagittaria microfolia''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Synonyms of Echinodorus bolivianus|url=http://aplx5.rdg.ac.uk/annual-checklist/2009/show_species_details.php?record_id=4948677|publisher=Aplx5.rdg.ac.uk|accessdate=2013-09-20}}</ref>


It propagates by sending out [[Stolon|runners]] and will also flower when grown emersed.<ref name="TFH" />
==Distribution==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2013}}
''Echinodorus tenellus'' is found throughout North, Central, and [[South America]], especially in Southern [[Brazil]] and the [[Southern United States|southern states]] of [[North America]]. It may be the widest-distributed of all the [[Echinodorus]], with the most northerly range.


⚫
==Conservation status in the United States==
There may be several different variations, which have at times been given separate [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] rank.
It is endangered in [[Connecticut]],<ref>[http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/wildlife/pdf_files/nongame/ets15.pdf "Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015"]. State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 January 2018. (Note: This list is newer than the one used by plants.usda.gov and is more up-to-date.)</ref> [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[Kentucky]], and [[Michigan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ECTE2|title= Plants Profile for Echinodorus tenellus (mudbabies) |website= plants.usda.gov |access-date= 11 January 2018 |author=<!--Not stated-->}}</ref>


==In the aquarium==
It is only rarely found in running water. Normally it is found in wet sand on the shores of pools or in inundated zones of rivers.
''Helanthium tenellum'' is a common [[aquarium plant]] with a large variation in shapes and sizes kept by people for their aesthetic appeal. Its care is undemanding and it can adapt to a large range of conditions.<ref name="TFH" >{{cite web |last1=Jacobson |first1=Drinda |title=Helanthium tenellum |url=https://www.tfhmagazine.com/articles/aquatic-plants/helanthium-tenellum |website=www.tfhmagazine.com |publisher=Tropical Fish Hobbyist Magazine |access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref>

==Description==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2013}}
⚫
The [[leaves]] of E. tenellus are narrowly elliptical or [[lanceolate]]. At different times during the plant's [[biological life cycle|life cycle]], the blade of the leaf is scarcely distinguishable from the [[petiole (botany)|petiole]], while at other times the petiole is 10 to 15 times as long as the blade, which may be 1-4 cm long and 0.2-1 cm wide, with a pointed tip. The base is decurrent to the petiole and has between one and three veins.

⚫
The stem is thin, erect, often curved and radicans, and may be 3-20 cm long. In small plants, the stem ends in a single [[inflorescence]] (umbel or coil); in larger plants the inflorescence is [[racemose]], composed of two whorls placed one above the other. [[Bracts]] are free and 2-6 mm long in the first whorl. Pedicels are 1-3.5 cm long. [[Sepals]] are 3 mm long, membraneous, and usually have five fine ribs. During ripening, the [[sepals]] enlarge and reach a length of up to 6 mm and fully cover the aggregate [[fruit]]. A specimen may have six to nine [[stamens]], each about 1 mm long. [[Anthers]] are 0.25 mm wide by 2.25 mm long, which is three times shorter than the filaments. It may have sixteen to eighteen [[pistils]]. The [[achenes]] are compressed, and arched in the apical part; they are (0.9) - 1.1 - (1.3) mm long, and black, with three lateral ribs. The basis of the stylar beak is under the level of the tip of the [[pyrena|nutlet]] and may be 0.1-0.3 mm long.

It is a highly variable species according to its geography and environmental conditions.

==Cultivation==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2013}}
Easy to grow in tropical [[aquariums]] or outside in and around [[ponds]] in warmer regions. It will form a mat in good conditions and in plenty of light. Likes a good [[Substrate (aquarium)|substrate]] of small grained gravel / sand. Benefits from additional CO<sub>2</sub>. Ideal for the fore - mid-ground of the [[aquarium]]. Will tolerate lower temperatures than many other [[Echinodorus]], down to at least 68F (20C) or lower. Propagates readily by runners.


==References==
==References==
Line 46: Line 37:


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=222000054 N. American flora ''Echinodorus tenellus'']
*[http://www.tropicos.org/ImageFullView.aspx?imageid=100143264 Photo of herbarium specimen collected in Missouri in 1845, ''Helanthium tenellum'']
* [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ECTE2 ''Echinodorus tenellus'']
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=222000054 Flora of North America, ''Echinodorus tenellus'']
* [http://www.lifemapper.org/robotfood/Plant/Echinodorus%20tenellus.HTM ''Echinodorus tenellus'']
* [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ECTE2 US Department of Agriculture plant profile, ''Echinodorus tenellus'']
* [http://pages.infinit.net/natura/echinodorus-tennelus.html ''Echinodorus tenellus'']
* [http://pages.infinit.net/natura/echinodorus-tennelus.html Mary-Ann Lambert, Natura, Les Plantes aquatiques, ''Echinodorus tenellus'']
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=11&taxon_id=222000054 ''Echinodorus tenellus'']
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=11&taxon_id=222000054 Flora of Missouri, ''Echinodorus tenellus'']
* [http://www.aquahobby.com/garden/e_tenellus.php AquaHobby]
* [http://www.aquahobby.com/garden/e_tenellus.php AquaHobby, The Age of Aquariums, ''Echinodorus tenellus'']
* [http://www.tropica.dk/productcard_1.asp?id=067 Tropica]
* [http://www.thekrib.com/Plants/Plants/chain-swords.html Krib discussions]
* [http://www.thekrib.com/Plants/Plants/chain-swords.html Krib discussions]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q15583933}}


⚫
[[Category:Alismataceae]]

[[Category:Echinodorus|tenellus]]
[[Category:Flora of Northern America]]
[[Category:Pteridophyta of the Americas]]
[[Category:Flora of Southern America]]
⚫
[[Category:Ferns of Mexico]]
⚫
[[Category:Ferns of the United States]]
[[Category:Flora of North America]]
[[Category:Flora of Central America]]
[[Category:Flora of South America]]
[[Category:Flora of Brazil]]
[[Category:Flora of the Cerrado]]
[[Category:Flora of the Southeastern United States]]
[[Category:Aquatic plants]]
[[Category:Aquatic plants]]
⚫
[[Category:Plants described in 1830]]

Latest revision as of 23:08, 22 September 2023

Helanthium tenellum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Alismataceae
Genus: Helanthium
Species:
H. tenellum
Binomial name
Helanthium tenellum
(Mart. ex Schult.f.) J.G.Sm.
Synonyms[1]
  • Alisma tenellum Mart. ex Schult.f. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes
  • Echinodorus tenellus (Mart. ex Schult.f.) Buchenau
  • Sagittaria tenella (Mart. ex Schult.f.) Kuntze
  • Alisma ranunculoides var. brasiliense A.St.-Hil.
  • Echinodorus parvulus Engelm. in A.Gray
  • Echinodorus subulatus Engelm. in A.Gray
  • Helanthium parvulum (Engelm.) Small in N.L.Britton & al.
  • Echinodorus tenellus var. ecostatus Fassett
  • Echinodorus tenellus var. parvulus (Engelm.) Fassett
  • Echinodorus tenellus f. randii Fassett

Helanthium tenellum, the pygmy chain sword, is a species of plants in the Alismataceae. It is native to the eastern United States (from Texas to Florida, north to Michigan and Massachusetts), southern Mexico (Chiapas, Veracruz), West Indies (Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola), Central America, South America (from Guyana to Argentina)[1][2]

Description[edit]

The leaves of H. tenellum are narrowly elliptical or lanceolate. At different times during the plant's life cycle, the blade of the leaf is scarcely distinguishable from the petiole, while at other times the petiole is 10 to 15 times as long as the blade, which may be 1–4 cm long and 0.2–1 cm wide, with a pointed tip. The base is decurrent to the petiole and has between one and three veins.

The stem is thin, erect, often curved, and may be 3–20 cm long. In small plants, the stem ends in a single inflorescence (umbel or coil); in larger plants the inflorescence is racemose, composed of two whorls placed one above the other. Bracts are free and 2–6 mm long in the first whorl. Pedicels are 1–3.5 cm long. Sepals are 3 mm long, membraneous, and usually have five fine ribs. During ripening, the sepals enlarge and reach a length of up to 6 mm and fully cover the aggregate fruit. A specimen may have six to nine stamens, each about 1 mm long. Anthers are 0.25 mm wide by 2.25 mm long, which is three times shorter than the filaments. It may have sixteen to eighteen pistils. The achenes are compressed, and arched in the apical part; they are (0.9) – 1.1 – (1.3) mm long, and black, with three lateral ribs. The basis of the stylar beak is under the level of the tip of the nutlet and may be 0.1–0.3 mm long.[3][4]

It propagates by sending out runners and will also flower when grown emersed.[5]

Conservation status in the United States[edit]

It is endangered in Connecticut,[6] Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Michigan.[7]

In the aquarium[edit]

Helanthium tenellum is a common aquarium plant with a large variation in shapes and sizes kept by people for their aesthetic appeal. Its care is undemanding and it can adapt to a large range of conditions.[5]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". apps.kew.org. Retrieved 2017-01-28.
  2. ^ Biota of North America Program Image
  3. ^ Buchenau, Franz Georg Philipp. 1868. Index Criticus Butomacearum, Alismacearum, Juncaginacearum 21.
  4. ^ Lord, Britton, Nathaniel (1905-01-01). "Manual of the flora of the northern states and Canada /". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b Jacobson, Drinda. "Helanthium tenellum". www.tfhmagazine.com. Tropical Fish Hobbyist Magazine. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  6. ^ "Connecticut's Endangered, Threatened and Special Concern Species 2015". State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources. Retrieved 11 January 2018. (Note: This list is newer than the one used by plants.usda.gov and is more up-to-date.)
  7. ^ "Plants Profile for Echinodorus tenellus (mudbabies)". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 11 January 2018.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helanthium_tenellum&oldid=1176625228"