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{{Short description|Extinct genus of ray-finned fishes}}
{{Short description|Extinct genus of ray-finned fishes}}
{{Automatic Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Geological range/linked|Toarcian|Callovian}}
| fossil_range = {{Geological range/linked|Toarcian|Callovian}}
| image = Leptolepis coryphaenoides.jpg
| image = Leptolepis coryphaenoides.jpg
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}}
}}


'''''Leptolepis''''' (from {{lang-el|λεπτός}} {{transl|el|leptós}}, 'slight' and {{lang-el|λεπίς}} {{transl|el|lepis}} 'scale')<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=George |title=An etymological and explanatory dictionary of the terms and language of geology |date=1839 |publisher=Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans |location=London |page=115 |url=https://archive.org/details/anetymologicala00robegoog |access-date=31 December 2021 |language=English}}</ref> is an [[extinction|extinct]] [[genus]] of [[stem group|stem]]-[[teleost]] fish that lived in what is now [[Europe]] during the [[Jurassic]] period ([[Toarcian]]–[[Callovian]] ages).<ref name="Konwert2017" />
'''''Leptolepis''''' (from {{lang-el|λεπτός}} {{transl|el|leptós}}, 'slight' and {{lang-el|λεπίς}} {{transl|el|lepis}} 'scale')<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=George |title=An etymological and explanatory dictionary of the terms and language of geology |date=1839 |publisher=Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans |location=London |page=115 |url=https://archive.org/details/anetymologicala00robegoog |access-date=31 December 2021 |language=English}}</ref> is an [[extinction|extinct]] [[genus]] of [[stem group|stem]]-[[teleost]] fish that lived in what is now Europe during the [[Jurassic]] period ([[Toarcian]]–[[Callovian]] ages).<ref name="Konwert2017" />


== Species ==
== Taxonomy ==
The genus ''Leptolepis'' was for a long time used as a [[wastebasket taxon]] for various small, unspecialised teleosts that did not form a natural [[clade]]. In 1974 the Swedish ichthyologist Orvar Nybelin revised the genus, restricting it to seven species from the Early to Middle Jurassic of Europe. Other species were reassigned to different genera.<ref name="Konwert2017">{{cite journal |last1=Konwert |first1=M. |last2=Stumpf |first2=S. |title=Exceptionally preserved Leptolepidae (Actinopterygii, Teleostei) from the late Early Jurassic Fossil-Lagerstätten of Grimmen and Dobbertin (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany) |journal=Zootaxa |date=2017 |volume=4243 |issue=2 |pages=249 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4243.2.2}}</ref>
The genus ''Leptolepis'' was for a long time used as a [[wastebasket taxon]] for various small, unspecialised teleosts that did not form a natural [[clade]]. In 1974 the Swedish ichthyologist Orvar Nybelin revised the genus, restricting it to seven species from the Early to Middle Jurassic of Europe. Other species were reassigned to different genera.<ref name="Konwert2017">{{cite journal |last1=Konwert |first1=M. |last2=Stumpf |first2=S. |title=Exceptionally preserved Leptolepidae (Actinopterygii, Teleostei) from the late Early Jurassic Fossil-Lagerstätten of Grimmen and Dobbertin (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany) |journal=Zootaxa |date=2017 |volume=4243 |issue=2 |pages=249–296 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4243.2.2|pmid=28610149 }}</ref>


* ''Leptolepis autissiodorensis'' {{Small|Sauvage, 1892}}
* ''Leptolepis autissiodorensis'' {{Small|Sauvage, 1892}}
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* ''Leptolepis talbragarensis'' {{Small|Woodward, 1895}} (Now referred to ''[[Cavenderichthys]]'')
* ''Leptolepis talbragarensis'' {{Small|Woodward, 1895}} (Now referred to ''[[Cavenderichthys]]'')
* ''Leptolepis koonwarri'' {{Small|Waldman, 1971}} (Now referred to ''[[Waldmanichthys]]'')<ref name=luisiella>Sferco, Emilia, Adriana López-Arbarello, and Ana María Báez. "Phylogenetic relationships of† Luisiella feruglioi (Bordas) and the recognition of a new clade of freshwater teleosts from the Jurassic of Gondwana." BMC Evolutionary Biology 15.1 (2015): 1.</ref>
* ''Leptolepis koonwarri'' {{Small|Waldman, 1971}} (Now referred to ''[[Waldmanichthys]]'')<ref name=luisiella>Sferco, Emilia, Adriana López-Arbarello, and Ana María Báez. "Phylogenetic relationships of† Luisiella feruglioi (Bordas) and the recognition of a new clade of freshwater teleosts from the Jurassic of Gondwana." BMC Evolutionary Biology 15.1 (2015): 1.</ref>
The type species ''Leptolepis coryphaenoides'' is placed as a stem-group [[Teleost]].

Cladogram of Teleosteomorpha after Sferco et al. 2021:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sferco |first1=Emilia |last2=López-Arbarello |first2=Adriana |last3=Báez |first3=Ana María |date=December 2015 |title=Phylogenetic relationships of †Luisiella feruglioi (Bordas) and the recognition of a new clade of freshwater teleosts from the Jurassic of Gondwana |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=268 |doi=10.1186/s12862-015-0551-6 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=4668602 |pmid=26630925|bibcode=2015BMCEE..15..268S }}</ref>{{clade|[[Holostei]]|{{clade
|1=[[Pachycormiformes]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Aspidorhynchiformes]]
|2=''[[Mesturus]]''
|3={{clade
|1=[[Pholidophoridae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Siemensichythys]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Dorsetichthys]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Eurycormus]]''
|2={{clade
|1='''''Leptolepis coryphaenoides'''''
|2={{clade
|1=[[Luisiellidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Tharsis dubius]]''
|2={{clade
|1=[[Varasichthyidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ascalabos]]''
|2={{clade
|1=[[Ichthyodectiformes]]
|2=[[Teleostei]] crown group (including [[Crossognathiformes]])
}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|label2=Teleostei total group ([[Teleosteomorpha]])}}


== Appearance ==
== Appearance ==
[[File:Clarkeiteuthis and Leptolepis reconstruction.png|left|thumb|204x204px|Reconstruction of ''Leptolepis'' being predated by ''Clarkeiteuthis'']]
An average individual of ''Leptolepis'' was about {{convert|30|cm|in}} long, and superficially resembled the unrelated modern [[herring]]. While more [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] teleosts such as ''[[Pholidophorus]]'' had skeletons composed of a mixture of [[bone]] and [[cartilage]], ''Leptolepis'' resembled modern teleosts in possessing a skeleton completely made of bone.<ref name=AA>[http://petrifiedwoodmuseum.org/TriassicIntroduction.htm The virtual petrified wood museum]</ref>. Another modern development in ''Leptolepis'' were its [[cycloid scale]]s, which lacked the covering of [[ganoine]] present in more basal teleosts. These two developments made swimming easier, as the bony [[vertebral column|spine]] was now more resistant to the pressure caused by the S movements made while swimming.<ref name=EoDP>{{cite book |editor=Palmer, D.|year=1999 |title= The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals|publisher= Marshall Editions|location=London|page= 39|isbn= 1-84028-152-9}}</ref>
Length of ''Leptolepis'' was about {{convert|8.5|cm|in}} long,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cavin|first1=Lionel|last2=Piuz|first2=André|last3=Ferrante|first3=Christophe|last4=Guinot|first4=Guillaume|date=2021-06-03|title=Giant Mesozoic coelacanths (Osteichthyes, Actinistia) reveal high body size disparity decoupled from taxic diversity|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=11812|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-90962-5|pmid=34083600 |pmc=8175595 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1111812C |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> and superficially resembled the unrelated modern [[herring]]. While more [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] teleosts such as ''[[Pholidophorus]]'' had skeletons composed of a mixture of [[bone]] and [[cartilage]], ''Leptolepis'' resembled modern teleosts in possessing a skeleton completely made of bone.<ref name=AA>[http://petrifiedwoodmuseum.org/TriassicIntroduction.htm The virtual petrified wood museum]</ref> Another modern development in ''Leptolepis'' were its [[cycloid scale]]s, which lacked the covering of [[ganoine]] present in more basal teleosts. These two developments made swimming easier, as the bony [[vertebral column|spine]] was now more resistant to the pressure caused by the S movements made while swimming.<ref name=EoDP>{{cite book |editor=Palmer, D.|year=1999 |title= The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals|publisher= Marshall Editions|location=London|page= 39|isbn= 1-84028-152-9}}</ref>


Mass graves of ''Leptolepis'' have indicated that species probably lived in [[Shoaling and schooling|schools]] which would provide some protection from predators while the creatures fed on surface [[plankton]]. ''[[Pelagosaurus]]'' was a known predator of ''Leptolepis'', as a ''Pelagosaurus'' fossil was found with ''Leptolepis'' remains in its stomach.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Pierce |first= Stephanie E. |last2= Benton |first2= Michael J. |year= 2006 |title= Pelagosaurus typus Bronn, 1841 (Mesoeucrocodylia: Thalattosuchia) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Lower Jurassic) of Somerset, England |journal= Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume= 26 |issue= 3 |pages= 621–635 |doi= 10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[621:PTBMTF]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref>
Mass graves of ''Leptolepis'' have indicated that species probably lived in [[Shoaling and schooling|schools]] which would provide some protection from predators while the creatures fed on surface [[plankton]]. ''[[Pelagosaurus]]'' was a known predator of ''Leptolepis'', as a ''Pelagosaurus'' fossil was found with ''Leptolepis'' remains in its stomach.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Pierce |first1= Stephanie E. |last2= Benton |first2= Michael J. |year= 2006 |title= Pelagosaurus typus Bronn, 1841 (Mesoeucrocodylia: Thalattosuchia) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Lower Jurassic) of Somerset, England |journal= Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume= 26 |issue= 3 |pages= 621–635 |doi= 10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[621:PTBMTF]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid= 131524957 |url= http://doc.rero.ch/record/15689/files/PAL_E1241.pdf }}</ref> ''[[Clarkeiteuthis]]'' is known from three specimens with ''Leptolepis'' in its arms, which estimate that ''Leptolepis'' is probably most common prey of ''Clarkeiteuthis''.


==The Morrison cf. ''Leptolepis''==
==The Morrison cf. ''Leptolepis''==
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== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{reflist}}


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
* Silva Santos, R. (1958) - Leptolepis diasii, novo peixe fossil da Serra do Araripe, Brasil”. Boletim da Divisa˜o de Geologia e Mineralogia do Departamento Nacional de Produc¸a˜o Mineral, Notas Preliminares, Brazil 108, 1–15. o, Kiadó: Departamento Nacional de Produc¸a˜o Mineral.
* Silva Santos, R. (1958) - Leptolepis diasii, novo peixe fossil da Serra do Araripe, Brasil”. Boletim da Divisa˜o de Geologia e Mineralogia do Departamento Nacional de Produc¸a˜o Mineral, Notas Preliminares, Brazil 108, 1–15. o, Kiadó: Departamento Nacional de Produc¸a˜o Mineral.
* Maisey, J.. Santana fossils, an illustrated atlas. Neptune City, New Jersey, USA: T.F.H. Publications (1991)
* Maisey, J.. Santana fossils, an illustrated atlas. Neptune City, New Jersey, USA: T.F.H. Publications (1991)
* Silva Santos, R. (1995) - Santanichthys, novo epı´teto gene´rico para Leptolepis diasii Silva Santos, 1958 (Pisces, Teleostei) da Formac¸a˜o Santana (Aptiano), Bacia do Araripe, NE do Brasil”. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Cieˆncias, Brazil 67, 249-258. o, Kiadó: Academia Brasileira de Cieˆncias.
* Silva Santos, R. (1995) - Santanichthys, novo epı´teto gene´rico para Leptolepis diasii Silva Santos, 1958 (Pisces, Teleostei) da Formac¸a˜o Santana (Aptiano), Bacia do Araripe, NE do Brasil”. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Cieˆncias, Brazil 67, 249–258. o, Kiadó: Academia Brasileira de Cieˆncias.
* Filleul, Arnaud, John G. Maisey (2004) - Redescription of Santanichthys diasii (Otophysi, Characiformes) from the Albian of the Santana Formation and Comments on Its Implications for Otophysan Relationships”. ''American Museum Novitates'', New York, NY, USA 3455, American Museum of Natural History
* Filleul, Arnaud, John G. Maisey (2004) - Redescription of Santanichthys diasii (Otophysi, Characiformes) from the Albian of the Santana Formation and Comments on Its Implications for Otophysan Relationships”. ''American Museum Novitates'', New York, NY, USA 3455, American Museum of Natural History


Latest revision as of 01:02, 17 March 2024

Leptolepis
Temporal range: Toarcian–Callovian
Fossil of L. coryphaenoides
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: †Leptolepiformes
Family: †Leptolepidae
Genus: †Leptolepis
Agassiz, 1843
Type species
Cyprinus coryphaenoides
Bronn, 1830

Leptolepis (from Greek: λεπτός leptós, 'slight' and Greek: λεπίς lepis 'scale')[1] is an extinct genus of stem-teleost fish that lived in what is now Europe during the Jurassic period (Toarcian–Callovian ages).[2]

Taxonomy[edit]

The genus Leptolepis was for a long time used as a wastebasket taxon for various small, unspecialised teleosts that did not form a natural clade. In 1974 the Swedish ichthyologist Orvar Nybelin revised the genus, restricting it to seven species from the Early to Middle Jurassic of Europe. Other species were reassigned to different genera.[2]

  • Leptolepis autissiodorensis Sauvage, 1892
  • Leptolepis coryphaenoides (Bronn, 1830)
  • Leptolepis jaegeri Agassiz, 1832
  • Leptolepis nathorsti Woodward, 1900
  • Leptolepis normandica Nybelin, 1962
  • Leptolepis saltviciensis Simpson, 1855
  • Leptolepis woodwardi Nybelin, 1974

Species formerly placed in Leptolepis[edit]

The type species Leptolepis coryphaenoides is placed as a stem-group Teleost.

Cladogram of Teleosteomorpha after Sferco et al. 2021:[4]

Holostei

Teleostei total group (Teleosteomorpha)

Appearance[edit]

Reconstruction of Leptolepis being predated by Clarkeiteuthis

Length of Leptolepis was about 8.5 centimetres (3.3 in) long,[5] and superficially resembled the unrelated modern herring. While more basal teleosts such as Pholidophorus had skeletons composed of a mixture of bone and cartilage, Leptolepis resembled modern teleosts in possessing a skeleton completely made of bone.[6] Another modern development in Leptolepis were its cycloid scales, which lacked the covering of ganoine present in more basal teleosts. These two developments made swimming easier, as the bony spine was now more resistant to the pressure caused by the S movements made while swimming.[7]

Mass graves of Leptolepis have indicated that species probably lived in schools which would provide some protection from predators while the creatures fed on surface plankton. Pelagosaurus was a known predator of Leptolepis, as a Pelagosaurus fossil was found with Leptolepis remains in its stomach.[8] Clarkeiteuthis is known from three specimens with Leptolepis in its arms, which estimate that Leptolepis is probably most common prey of Clarkeiteuthis.

The Morrison cf. Leptolepis[edit]

Known only from a single nearly complete skeleton found at Rabbit Valley, Colorado.[9] A 13 centimetres (5 in) fish that was deeper bodied than its co-occurring contemporaries Morrolepis and Hulettia.[9] The Morrison cf. Leptolepis probably had a live mass of about 37 grams (1.3 oz).[9] It is the only teleost fish known from the formation and was morphologically more highly derived than other Morrison fish.[9] A specific example of apomorphy in cf. Leptolepis is its "more modern tail structure" compared to Morrolepis.[9] It is believed to have fed on fish and small invertebrates.[9]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Roberts, George (1839). An etymological and explanatory dictionary of the terms and language of geology. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans. p. 115. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  2. ^ a b Konwert, M.; Stumpf, S. (2017). "Exceptionally preserved Leptolepidae (Actinopterygii, Teleostei) from the late Early Jurassic Fossil-Lagerstätten of Grimmen and Dobbertin (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany)". Zootaxa. 4243 (2): 249–296. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4243.2.2. PMID 28610149.
  3. ^ Sferco, Emilia, Adriana López-Arbarello, and Ana María Báez. "Phylogenetic relationships of† Luisiella feruglioi (Bordas) and the recognition of a new clade of freshwater teleosts from the Jurassic of Gondwana." BMC Evolutionary Biology 15.1 (2015): 1.
  4. ^ Sferco, Emilia; López-Arbarello, Adriana; Báez, Ana María (December 2015). "Phylogenetic relationships of †Luisiella feruglioi (Bordas) and the recognition of a new clade of freshwater teleosts from the Jurassic of Gondwana". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15 (1): 268. Bibcode:2015BMCEE..15..268S. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0551-6. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4668602. PMID 26630925.
  5. ^ Cavin, Lionel; Piuz, André; Ferrante, Christophe; Guinot, Guillaume (2021-06-03). "Giant Mesozoic coelacanths (Osteichthyes, Actinistia) reveal high body size disparity decoupled from taxic diversity". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 11812. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1111812C. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90962-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8175595. PMID 34083600.
  6. ^ The virtual petrified wood museum
  7. ^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 39. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
  8. ^ Pierce, Stephanie E.; Benton, Michael J. (2006). "Pelagosaurus typus Bronn, 1841 (Mesoeucrocodylia: Thalattosuchia) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Lower Jurassic) of Somerset, England" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (3): 621–635. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[621:PTBMTF]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 131524957.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Foster, J. (2007). "cf. Leptolepis." Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. p. 135.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Silva Santos, R. (1958) - Leptolepis diasii, novo peixe fossil da Serra do Araripe, Brasil”. Boletim da Divisa˜o de Geologia e Mineralogia do Departamento Nacional de Produc¸a˜o Mineral, Notas Preliminares, Brazil 108, 1–15. o, Kiadó: Departamento Nacional de Produc¸a˜o Mineral.
  • Maisey, J.. Santana fossils, an illustrated atlas. Neptune City, New Jersey, USA: T.F.H. Publications (1991)
  • Silva Santos, R. (1995) - Santanichthys, novo epı´teto gene´rico para Leptolepis diasii Silva Santos, 1958 (Pisces, Teleostei) da Formac¸a˜o Santana (Aptiano), Bacia do Araripe, NE do Brasil”. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Cieˆncias, Brazil 67, 249–258. o, Kiadó: Academia Brasileira de Cieˆncias.
  • Filleul, Arnaud, John G. Maisey (2004) - Redescription of Santanichthys diasii (Otophysi, Characiformes) from the Albian of the Santana Formation and Comments on Its Implications for Otophysan Relationships”. American Museum Novitates, New York, NY, USA 3455, American Museum of Natural History
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