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{{Short description|Extinct genus of ray-finned fishes}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Geological range/linked|Toarcian|Callovian}}
| name = ''Leptolepis''
| image = Leptolepidae - Leptolepis knorri.JPG
| image = Leptolepis coryphaenoides.jpg
| image_caption = ''Leptolepis knorri'', from [[Solnhofen]] (Germany). Jurassic
| image_caption = Fossil of ''L. coryphaenoides''
| taxon = Leptolepis
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|242.0|112.6}} <small>[[Middle Triassic]] to [[Early Cretaceous]]</small><ref name=CC/>
⚫
| authority = [[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1843
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
⚫
| type_species = '''''Cyprinus coryphaenoides'''''
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| type_species_authority = Bronn, 1830
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| ordo = [[Leptolepiformes]]
| familia = [[Leptolepidae]]
⚫
| genus = '''''Leptolepis'''''
⚫
| genus_authority = [[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz]], 1843
⚫
| type_species = ''Cyprinus coryphaenoides''
}}
}}


'''''Leptolepis''''' (from {{lang-el|λεπτός}} {{transl|el|leptós}}, 'slight' and {{lang-el|λεπίς}} {{transl|el|lepis}} 'scale')<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=George |title=An etymological and explanatory dictionary of the terms and language of geology |date=1839 |publisher=Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans |location=London |page=115 |url=https://archive.org/details/anetymologicala00robegoog |access-date=31 December 2021 |language=English}}</ref> is an [[extinction|extinct]] [[genus]] of [[stem group|stem]]-[[teleost]] fish that lived in what is now Europe during the [[Jurassic]] period ([[Toarcian]]–[[Callovian]] ages).<ref name="Konwert2017" />
'''''Leptolepis''''' ("delicate scale") is an [[extinction|extinct]] [[genus]] of [[teleost]] fish that lived in freshwater and marine environments from the Middle [[Triassic]] period until the Early [[Cretaceous]]. The genus is one of the earliest recognized teleost genera.


==Species==
== Taxonomy ==
The genus ''Leptolepis'' was for a long time used as a [[wastebasket taxon]] for various small, unspecialised teleosts that did not form a natural [[clade]]. In 1974 the Swedish ichthyologist Orvar Nybelin revised the genus, restricting it to seven species from the Early to Middle Jurassic of Europe. Other species were reassigned to different genera.<ref name="Konwert2017">{{cite journal |last1=Konwert |first1=M. |last2=Stumpf |first2=S. |title=Exceptionally preserved Leptolepidae (Actinopterygii, Teleostei) from the late Early Jurassic Fossil-Lagerstätten of Grimmen and Dobbertin (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany) |journal=Zootaxa |date=2017 |volume=4243 |issue=2 |pages=249–296 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4243.2.2|pmid=28610149 }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

* ''Leptolepis africana'' Gardiner 1960
* ''Leptolepis autissiodorensis'' Sauvage 1892
* ''Leptolepis autissiodorensis'' {{Small|Sauvage, 1892}}
* ''Leptolepis brodiei'' Agassiz 1845
* ''Leptolepis coryphaenoides'' {{Small|(Bronn, 1830)}}
* ''Leptolepis concentricus'' Egerton 1849
* ''Leptolepis jaegeri'' {{Small|Agassiz, 1832}}
* ''Leptolepis coryphaenoides'' Bronn 1830
* ''Leptolepis nathorsti'' {{Small|Woodward, 1900}}
* ''Leptolepis disjectus'' Woodward 1890
* ''Leptolepis normandica'' {{Small|Nybelin, 1962}}
* ''Leptolepis gregarius'' Woodward 1895
* ''Leptolepis saltviciensis'' {{Small|Simpson, 1855}}
* ''Leptolepis jaegeri'' Agassiz 1844
* ''Leptolepis woodwardi'' {{Small|Nybelin, 1974}}
* ''Leptolepis knorri'' Agassiz<ref>[https://www.gbif.org/species/5816807 GBIF]</ref>
* ''Leptolepis lowei Woodward'' 1895
* ''Leptolepis macrophthalmus'' Egerton 1853
* ''Leptolepis neumayri'' Agassiz, L., 1832<ref>[https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id417300/ Biolib]</ref>
* ''Leptolepis nevadensis'' David 1941
* ''Leptolepis normandica'' Nybelin 1962
* ''Leptolepis saltviciensis'' Simpson 1884
* ''Leptolepis toyei'' Flannery Sutherland ''et al.'' 2017<ref name=PGALeptolepis>{{Cite journal|author1=Joseph T. Flannery Sutherland |author2=Peter A. Austen |author3=Christopher J. Duffin |author4=Michael J. Benton |year=2017 |title=Leptolepid otoliths from the Hauterivian (Lower Cretaceous) Lower Weald Clay (southern England) |journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association |volume=128 |issue=4 |pages=613–625 |doi=10.1016/j.pgeola.2017.05.001 }}</ref>
* ''Leptolepis wealdensis'' Flannery Sutherland ''et al.'' 2017<ref name=PGALeptolepis />
{{div col end}}
<ref name=CC>[http://fossilworks.org/?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=35266 Fossilworks]</ref>


=== Species formerly placed in ''Leptolepis'' ===
=== Species formerly placed in ''Leptolepis'' ===
* ''[[Cavenderichthys|Leptolepis talbragarensis]]'' Woodward 1895 (Now referred to '''''Cavenderichthys''''')
* ''Leptolepis talbragarensis'' {{Small|Woodward, 1895}} (Now referred to ''[[Cavenderichthys]]'')
* ''Leptolepis koonwarri'' Waldman 1971 (Now referred to '''''Waldmanichthys''''')<ref name=luisiella>Sferco, Emilia, Adriana López-Arbarello, and Ana María Báez. "Phylogenetic relationships of† Luisiella feruglioi (Bordas) and the recognition of a new clade of freshwater teleosts from the Jurassic of Gondwana." BMC Evolutionary Biology 15.1 (2015): 1.</ref>
* ''Leptolepis koonwarri'' {{Small|Waldman, 1971}} (Now referred to ''[[Waldmanichthys]]'')<ref name=luisiella>Sferco, Emilia, Adriana López-Arbarello, and Ana María Báez. "Phylogenetic relationships of† Luisiella feruglioi (Bordas) and the recognition of a new clade of freshwater teleosts from the Jurassic of Gondwana." BMC Evolutionary Biology 15.1 (2015): 1.</ref>
The type species ''Leptolepis coryphaenoides'' is placed as a stem-group [[Teleost]].
[[Image:Waldmanichthys koonwarri.jpg|thumb|right|Reconstruction of ''Waldmanichthys (Leptolepis) koonwarri'']]


Cladogram of Teleosteomorpha after Sferco et al. 2021:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sferco |first1=Emilia |last2=López-Arbarello |first2=Adriana |last3=Báez |first3=Ana María |date=December 2015 |title=Phylogenetic relationships of †Luisiella feruglioi (Bordas) and the recognition of a new clade of freshwater teleosts from the Jurassic of Gondwana |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=268 |doi=10.1186/s12862-015-0551-6 |doi-access=free |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=4668602 |pmid=26630925|bibcode=2015BMCEE..15..268S }}</ref>{{clade|[[Holostei]]|{{clade
==Fossil record==
|1=[[Pachycormiformes]]
As mentioned earlier, fossils of ''Leptolepis'' are found in freshwater and marine strata from the Middle [[Triassic]] until the [[Cretaceous]] (age range: from 242.0 to 112.6 million years ago.). Fossils are known from several localities in [[Eurasia]], [[North America]], [[Africa]] and [[Australia]].<ref name=CC/>
|2={{clade
|1=[[Aspidorhynchiformes]]
|2=''[[Mesturus]]''
|3={{clade
|1=[[Pholidophoridae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Siemensichythys]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Dorsetichthys]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Eurycormus]]''
|2={{clade
⚫
|1='''''Leptolepis coryphaenoides'''''
|2={{clade
|1=[[Luisiellidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Tharsis dubius]]''
|2={{clade
|1=[[Varasichthyidae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ascalabos]]''
|2={{clade
|1=[[Ichthyodectiformes]]
|2=[[Teleostei]] crown group (including [[Crossognathiformes]])
}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|label2=Teleostei total group ([[Teleosteomorpha]])}}


== Appearance ==
== Appearance ==
[[Image:Leptolepis NT.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration of a ''Leptolepis'' school]]
[[File:Clarkeiteuthis and Leptolepis reconstruction.png|left|thumb|204x204px|Reconstruction of ''Leptolepis'' being predated by ''Clarkeiteuthis'']]
An average individual of ''Leptolepis'' was about {{convert|30|cm|in}} long, and superficially resembled the unrelated modern [[herring]]. It was the first true [[bony fish]] to really live up to the name, possessing a skeleton completely made of [[bone]];<ref name=AA>[http://petrifiedwoodmuseum.org/TriassicIntroduction.htm The virtual petrified wood museum]</ref> some previous genera such as ''[[Pholidophorus]]'' had skeletons composed of bone and [[cartilage]]. Another modern development in ''Leptolepis'' were its [[scale (zoology)|scales]], which lacked the covering still present in previous genera. These two developments made swimming easier, as the bony [[vertebral column|spine]] was now more resistant to the pressure caused by the S movements made while swimming.<ref name=EoDP>{{cite book |editor=Palmer, D.|year=1999 |title= The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals|publisher= Marshall Editions|location=London|page= 39|isbn= 1-84028-152-9}}</ref>
Length of ''Leptolepis'' was about {{convert|8.5|cm|in}} long,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cavin|first1=Lionel|last2=Piuz|first2=André|last3=Ferrante|first3=Christophe|last4=Guinot|first4=Guillaume|date=2021-06-03|title=Giant Mesozoic coelacanths (Osteichthyes, Actinistia) reveal high body size disparity decoupled from taxic diversity|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=11812|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-90962-5|pmid=34083600 |pmc=8175595 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1111812C |issn=2045-2322}}</ref> and superficially resembled the unrelated modern [[herring]]. While more [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] teleosts such as ''[[Pholidophorus]]'' had skeletons composed of a mixture of [[bone]] and [[cartilage]], ''Leptolepis'' resembled modern teleosts in possessing a skeleton completely made of bone.<ref name=AA>[http://petrifiedwoodmuseum.org/TriassicIntroduction.htm The virtual petrified wood museum]</ref> Another modern development in ''Leptolepis'' were its [[cycloid scale]]s, which lacked the covering of [[ganoine]] present in more basal teleosts. These two developments made swimming easier, as the bony [[vertebral column|spine]] was now more resistant to the pressure caused by the S movements made while swimming.<ref name=EoDP>{{cite book |editor=Palmer, D.|year=1999 |title= The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals|publisher= Marshall Editions|location=London|page= 39|isbn= 1-84028-152-9}}</ref>


Mass graves of ''Leptolepis'' have indicated that species probably lived in [[Shoaling and schooling|schools]] which would provide some protection from predators while the creatures fed on surface [[plankton]]. ''[[Pelagosaurus]]'' was a known predator of ''Leptolepis'', as a ''Pelagosaurus'' fossil was found with ''Leptolepis'' remains in its stomach.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Pierce |first= Stephanie E. |last2= Benton |first2= Michael J. |year= 2006 |title= Pelagosaurus typus Bronn, 1841 (Mesoeucrocodylia: Thalattosuchia) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Lower Jurassic) of Somerset, England |url= |journal= Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume= 26 |issue= 3 |pages= 621–635 |doi= 10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[621:PTBMTF]2.0.CO;2 |access-date= }}</ref>
Mass graves of ''Leptolepis'' have indicated that species probably lived in [[Shoaling and schooling|schools]] which would provide some protection from predators while the creatures fed on surface [[plankton]]. ''[[Pelagosaurus]]'' was a known predator of ''Leptolepis'', as a ''Pelagosaurus'' fossil was found with ''Leptolepis'' remains in its stomach.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Pierce |first1= Stephanie E. |last2= Benton |first2= Michael J. |year= 2006 |title= Pelagosaurus typus Bronn, 1841 (Mesoeucrocodylia: Thalattosuchia) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Lower Jurassic) of Somerset, England |journal= Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume= 26 |issue= 3 |pages= 621–635 |doi= 10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[621:PTBMTF]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid= 131524957 |url= http://doc.rero.ch/record/15689/files/PAL_E1241.pdf }}</ref> ''[[Clarkeiteuthis]]'' is known from three specimens with ''Leptolepis'' in its arms, which estimate that ''Leptolepis'' is probably most common prey of ''Clarkeiteuthis''.


==The Morrison cf. ''Leptolepis''==
==The Morrison cf. ''Leptolepis''==
Known only from a single nearly complete skeleton found at Rabbit Valley, Colorado.<ref name="foster-Leptolepis">Foster, J. (2007). "cf. ''Leptolepis''." ''Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World''. Indiana University Press. p. 135.</ref> A {{convert|13|cm|in|sigfig=1}} fish that was deeper bodied than its co-occurring contemporaries ''[[Morrolepis]]'' and ''[[Hulettia]]''.<ref name="foster-Leptolepis" /> The Morrison cf. ''Leptolepis'' probably had a live mass of about {{convert|37|g|oz}}.<ref name="foster-Leptolepis" /> It is the only teleost fish known from the formation and was morphologically more highly derived than other Morrison fish.<ref name="foster-Leptolepis" /> A specific example of apomorphy in cf. ''Leptolepis'' is its "more modern tail structure" compared to ''Morrolepis''.<ref name="foster-Leptolepis" /> It is believed to have fed on fish and small invertebrates.<ref name="foster-Leptolepis" />
Known only from a single nearly complete skeleton found at Rabbit Valley, Colorado.<ref name="foster-Leptolepis">Foster, J. (2007). "cf. ''Leptolepis''." ''Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World''. Indiana University Press. p. 135.</ref> A {{convert|13|cm|in|sigfig=1}} fish that was deeper bodied than its co-occurring contemporaries ''[[Morrolepis]]'' and ''[[Hulettia]]''.<ref name="foster-Leptolepis" /> The Morrison cf. ''Leptolepis'' probably had a live mass of about {{convert|37|g|oz}}.<ref name="foster-Leptolepis" /> It is the only teleost fish known from the formation and was morphologically more highly derived than other Morrison fish.<ref name="foster-Leptolepis" /> A specific example of apomorphy in cf. ''Leptolepis'' is its "more modern tail structure" compared to ''Morrolepis''.<ref name="foster-Leptolepis" /> It is believed to have fed on fish and small invertebrates.<ref name="foster-Leptolepis" />

⚫
== References ==
{{reflist}}


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
* Silva Santos, R. (1958) - Leptolepis diasii, novo peixe fossil da Serra do Araripe, Brasil”. Boletim da Divisa˜o de Geologia e Mineralogia do Departamento Nacional de Produc¸a˜o Mineral, Notas Preliminares, Brazil 108, 1–15. o, Kiadó: Departamento Nacional de Produc¸a˜o Mineral.
* Silva Santos, R. (1958) - Leptolepis diasii, novo peixe fossil da Serra do Araripe, Brasil”. Boletim da Divisa˜o de Geologia e Mineralogia do Departamento Nacional de Produc¸a˜o Mineral, Notas Preliminares, Brazil 108, 1–15. o, Kiadó: Departamento Nacional de Produc¸a˜o Mineral.
* Maisey, J.. Santana fossils, an illustrated atlas. Neptune City, New Jersey, USA: T.F.H. Publications (1991)
* Maisey, J.. Santana fossils, an illustrated atlas. Neptune City, New Jersey, USA: T.F.H. Publications (1991)
* Silva Santos, R. (1995) - Santanichthys, novo epı´teto gene´rico para Leptolepis diasii Silva Santos, 1958 (Pisces, Teleostei) da Formac¸a˜o Santana (Aptiano), Bacia do Araripe, NE do Brasil”. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Cieˆncias, Brazil 67, 249-258. o, Kiadó: Academia Brasileira de Cieˆncias.
* Silva Santos, R. (1995) - Santanichthys, novo epı´teto gene´rico para Leptolepis diasii Silva Santos, 1958 (Pisces, Teleostei) da Formac¸a˜o Santana (Aptiano), Bacia do Araripe, NE do Brasil”. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Cieˆncias, Brazil 67, 249–258. o, Kiadó: Academia Brasileira de Cieˆncias.
* Filleul, Arnaud, John G. Maisey (2004) - Redescription of Santanichthys diasii (Otophysi, Characiformes) from the Albian of the Santana Formation and Comments on Its Implications for Otophysan Relationships”. American Museum Novitates, New York, NY, USA 3455, American Museum of Natural History
* Filleul, Arnaud, John G. Maisey (2004) - Redescription of Santanichthys diasii (Otophysi, Characiformes) from the Albian of the Santana Formation and Comments on Its Implications for Otophysan Relationships”. ''American Museum Novitates'', New York, NY, USA 3455, American Museum of Natural History

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== References ==
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{{Portal|Paleontology|Fish|Mesozoic}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


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{{Portal|Paleontology|Fish}}
{{Teleostei|C.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q839380}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q839380}}


[[Category:Pachycormiformes]]
[[Category:Prehistoric teleostei]]
[[Category:Prehistoric ray-finned fish genera]]
[[Category:Prehistoric ray-finned fish genera]]
[[Category:Triassic bony fish]]
[[Category:Toarcian genus first appearances]]
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[[Category:Bathonian genera]]
[[Category:Callovian genus extinctions]]
[[Category:Jurassic bony fish]]
[[Category:Jurassic bony fish]]
[[Category:Cretaceous bony fish]]
[[Category:Jurassic fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Middle Triassic first appearances]]
[[Category:Jurassic England]]
[[Category:Early Cretaceous genus extinctions]]
[[Category:Jurassic France]]
[[Category:Prehistoric fish of Australia]]
[[Category:Jurassic Germany]]
[[Category:Fossils of Australia]]
[[Category:Jurassic Italy]]
[[Category:Mesozoic fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Jurassic Norway]]
[[Category:Fossils of Belgium]]
[[Category:Fossils of England]]
[[Category:Fossils of France]]
[[Category:Fossils of France]]
[[Category:Fossils of Germany]]
[[Category:Fossils of Germany]]
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[[Category:Solnhofen fauna]]
[[Category:Fossils of Italy]]
[[Category:Fossils of Italy]]
[[Category:Fossils of Luxembourg]]
[[Category:Fossils of Norway]]
[[Category:Fossils of Norway]]
[[Category:Fossils of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Mesozoic fish of North America]]
[[Category:Fossils of the United States]]
[[Category:Prehistoric fish of South America]]
[[Category:Early Cretaceous animals of South America]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Brazil]]
[[Category:Fossils of Brazil]]
[[Category:Romualdo Formation]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1843]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1843]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Louis Agassiz]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Louis Agassiz]]

Latest revision as of 01:02, 17 March 2024

Leptolepis
Temporal range: Toarcian–Callovian
Fossil of L. coryphaenoides
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: †Leptolepiformes
Family: †Leptolepidae
Genus: †Leptolepis
Agassiz, 1843
Type species
Cyprinus coryphaenoides
Bronn, 1830

Leptolepis (from Greek: λεπτός leptós, 'slight' and Greek: λεπίς lepis 'scale')[1] is an extinct genus of stem-teleost fish that lived in what is now Europe during the Jurassic period (Toarcian–Callovian ages).[2]

Taxonomy[edit]

The genus Leptolepis was for a long time used as a wastebasket taxon for various small, unspecialised teleosts that did not form a natural clade. In 1974 the Swedish ichthyologist Orvar Nybelin revised the genus, restricting it to seven species from the Early to Middle Jurassic of Europe. Other species were reassigned to different genera.[2]

  • Leptolepis autissiodorensis Sauvage, 1892
  • Leptolepis coryphaenoides (Bronn, 1830)
  • Leptolepis jaegeri Agassiz, 1832
  • Leptolepis nathorsti Woodward, 1900
  • Leptolepis normandica Nybelin, 1962
  • Leptolepis saltviciensis Simpson, 1855
  • Leptolepis woodwardi Nybelin, 1974

Species formerly placed in Leptolepis[edit]

The type species Leptolepis coryphaenoides is placed as a stem-group Teleost.

Cladogram of Teleosteomorpha after Sferco et al. 2021:[4]

Holostei

Teleostei total group (Teleosteomorpha)

Appearance[edit]

Reconstruction of Leptolepis being predated by Clarkeiteuthis

Length of Leptolepis was about 8.5 centimetres (3.3 in) long,[5] and superficially resembled the unrelated modern herring. While more basal teleosts such as Pholidophorus had skeletons composed of a mixture of bone and cartilage, Leptolepis resembled modern teleosts in possessing a skeleton completely made of bone.[6] Another modern development in Leptolepis were its cycloid scales, which lacked the covering of ganoine present in more basal teleosts. These two developments made swimming easier, as the bony spine was now more resistant to the pressure caused by the S movements made while swimming.[7]

Mass graves of Leptolepis have indicated that species probably lived in schools which would provide some protection from predators while the creatures fed on surface plankton. Pelagosaurus was a known predator of Leptolepis, as a Pelagosaurus fossil was found with Leptolepis remains in its stomach.[8] Clarkeiteuthis is known from three specimens with Leptolepis in its arms, which estimate that Leptolepis is probably most common prey of Clarkeiteuthis.

The Morrison cf. Leptolepis[edit]

Known only from a single nearly complete skeleton found at Rabbit Valley, Colorado.[9] A 13 centimetres (5 in) fish that was deeper bodied than its co-occurring contemporaries Morrolepis and Hulettia.[9] The Morrison cf. Leptolepis probably had a live mass of about 37 grams (1.3 oz).[9] It is the only teleost fish known from the formation and was morphologically more highly derived than other Morrison fish.[9] A specific example of apomorphy in cf. Leptolepis is its "more modern tail structure" compared to Morrolepis.[9] It is believed to have fed on fish and small invertebrates.[9]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Roberts, George (1839). An etymological and explanatory dictionary of the terms and language of geology. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans. p. 115. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  2. ^ a b Konwert, M.; Stumpf, S. (2017). "Exceptionally preserved Leptolepidae (Actinopterygii, Teleostei) from the late Early Jurassic Fossil-Lagerstätten of Grimmen and Dobbertin (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany)". Zootaxa. 4243 (2): 249–296. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4243.2.2. PMID 28610149.
  3. ^ Sferco, Emilia, Adriana López-Arbarello, and Ana María Báez. "Phylogenetic relationships of† Luisiella feruglioi (Bordas) and the recognition of a new clade of freshwater teleosts from the Jurassic of Gondwana." BMC Evolutionary Biology 15.1 (2015): 1.
  4. ^ Sferco, Emilia; López-Arbarello, Adriana; Báez, Ana María (December 2015). "Phylogenetic relationships of †Luisiella feruglioi (Bordas) and the recognition of a new clade of freshwater teleosts from the Jurassic of Gondwana". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15 (1): 268. Bibcode:2015BMCEE..15..268S. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0551-6. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4668602. PMID 26630925.
  5. ^ Cavin, Lionel; Piuz, André; Ferrante, Christophe; Guinot, Guillaume (2021-06-03). "Giant Mesozoic coelacanths (Osteichthyes, Actinistia) reveal high body size disparity decoupled from taxic diversity". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 11812. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1111812C. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-90962-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8175595. PMID 34083600.
  6. ^ The virtual petrified wood museum
  7. ^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 39. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
  8. ^ Pierce, Stephanie E.; Benton, Michael J. (2006). "Pelagosaurus typus Bronn, 1841 (Mesoeucrocodylia: Thalattosuchia) from the Upper Lias (Toarcian, Lower Jurassic) of Somerset, England" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (3): 621–635. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[621:PTBMTF]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 131524957.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Foster, J. (2007). "cf. Leptolepis." Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. p. 135.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Silva Santos, R. (1958) - Leptolepis diasii, novo peixe fossil da Serra do Araripe, Brasil”. Boletim da Divisa˜o de Geologia e Mineralogia do Departamento Nacional de Produc¸a˜o Mineral, Notas Preliminares, Brazil 108, 1–15. o, Kiadó: Departamento Nacional de Produc¸a˜o Mineral.
  • Maisey, J.. Santana fossils, an illustrated atlas. Neptune City, New Jersey, USA: T.F.H. Publications (1991)
  • Silva Santos, R. (1995) - Santanichthys, novo epı´teto gene´rico para Leptolepis diasii Silva Santos, 1958 (Pisces, Teleostei) da Formac¸a˜o Santana (Aptiano), Bacia do Araripe, NE do Brasil”. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Cieˆncias, Brazil 67, 249–258. o, Kiadó: Academia Brasileira de Cieˆncias.
  • Filleul, Arnaud, John G. Maisey (2004) - Redescription of Santanichthys diasii (Otophysi, Characiformes) from the Albian of the Santana Formation and Comments on Its Implications for Otophysan Relationships”. American Museum Novitates, New York, NY, USA 3455, American Museum of Natural History
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