Parasteatoda
| Parasteatoda | |
|---|---|
| |
| P. tepidariorum | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Theridiidae |
| Genus: | Parasteatoda Archer, 1946[1] |
| Type species | |
| P. tepidariorum (C. L. Koch, 1841)
| |
| Species | |
|
42, see text | |
Parasteatoda is a genus of comb-footed spiders that was first described by Allan Frost Archer in 1946.[2] The name is a combination of the Ancient Greek "para-" (παρά), meaning "near" or "next to", and the theridiid genus Steatoda. The Japanese name for this genus is O-himegumo zoku.[3]
Description[edit]
Parasteatoda species have a characteristic teardrop-shaped abdomen, with the anterior section much higher than the carapace and the spinnerets pointed downwards. The abdomen's colouration is highly variable, both between and often within species. They have slight sexual dimorphism; males are visually similar to females, although slightly smaller.[4]
Species[edit]
It is mostly an Old World genus, with many species found in Asia and New Guinea, though the distribution reaches into Europe. A few species originate from the New World, but many have been introduced, and they are becoming more widespread in the Americas and Europe.[3]
As of May 2020[update] it contains forty-two species and two subspecies:[1]
- Parasteatoda aequipeiformis Yang, Irfan & Peng, 2019 – China
- Parasteatoda angulithorax (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) – Russia (Far East), China, Korea, Japan
- Parasteatoda asiatica (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) – China, Korea, Japan
- Parasteatoda camura (Simon, 1877) – Philippines, New Guinea, Solomon Is.
- Parasteatoda celsabdomina (Zhu, 1998) – India, China, Thailand, Laos
- Parasteatoda cingulata (Zhu, 1998) – China
- Parasteatoda corrugata Yoshida, 2016 – Japan
- Parasteatoda culicivora (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) – China, Japan
- Parasteatoda daliensis (Zhu, 1998) – China, Laos
- Parasteatoda decorata (L. Koch, 1867) – Indonesia (Krakatau), New Guinea, Australia (Queensland)
- Parasteatoda ducta (Zhu, 1998) – China
- Parasteatoda galeiforma (Zhu, Zhang & Xu, 1991) – China
- Parasteatoda gui (Zhu, 1998) – China
- Parasteatoda hammeni (Chrysanthus, 1963) – New Guinea
- Parasteatoda hatsushibai Yoshida, 2009 – Japan
- Parasteatoda jinghongensis (Zhu, 1998) – China
- Parasteatoda kaindi (Levi, Lubin & Robinson, 1982) – New Guinea
- Parasteatoda kentingensis Yoshida, 2015 – Taiwan
- Parasteatoda kompirensis (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) – India, China, Korea, Japan
- Parasteatoda lanyuensis (Yoshida, Tso & Severinghaus, 2000) – Taiwan
- Parasteatoda longiducta (Zhu, 1998) – China
- Parasteatoda lunata (Clerck, 1757) – Europe, Turkey, Israel, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Iran
- Parasteatoda l. serrata (Franganillo, 1930) – Cuba
- Parasteatoda merapiensis Yoshida & Takasuka, 2011 – Indonesia (Java)
- Parasteatoda nigrovittata (Keyserling, 1884) – Mexico to Argentina
- Parasteatoda oxymaculata (Zhu, 1998) – China, India, Laos
- Parasteatoda palmata Gao & Li, 2014 – China
- Parasteatoda polygramma (Kulczyński, 1911) – New Guinea
- Parasteatoda quadrimaculata (Yoshida, Tso & Severinghaus, 2000) – Taiwan
- Parasteatoda ryukyu (Yoshida, 2000) – Japan, Ryukyu Is., Taiwan
- Parasteatoda simulans (Thorell, 1875) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to South Siberia)
- Parasteatoda songi (Zhu, 1998) – China
- Parasteatoda subtabulata (Zhu, 1998) – China
- Parasteatoda subvexa (Zhu, 1998) – China
- Parasteatoda tabulata (Levi, 1980) – Tropical Asia. Introduced to North America, Europe, Georgia, Russia (Europe to Far East), Central Asia, China, Korea, Japan
- Parasteatoda taiwanica Yoshida, 2015 – Taiwan
- Parasteatoda tepidariorum (C. L. Koch, 1841) (type) – South America. Introduced to Canada, USA, Seychelles, Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia, China, Japan, New Zealand, Hawaii
- Parasteatoda t. australis (Thorell, 1895) – Myanmar
- Parasteatoda transipora (Zhu & Zhang, 1992) – China
- Parasteatoda triangula (Yoshida, 1993) – Singapore, Indonesia (Java, Bali)
- Parasteatoda valoka (Chrysanthus, 1975) – New Guinea, Papua New Guinea (New Britain)
- Parasteatoda vervoorti (Chrysanthus, 1975) – New Guinea
- Parasteatoda wangi Jin & Zhang, 2013 – China
- Parasteatoda wau (Levi, Lubin & Robinson, 1982) – New Guinea
Formerly included:
- P. brookesiana (Barrion & Litsinger, 1995) (Transferred to Nihonhimea)
- P. campanulata (Chen, 1993) (Transferred to Campanicola)
- P. ferrumequina (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) (Transferred to Campanicola)
- P. japonica (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) (Transferred to Nihonhimea)
- P. mundula (L. Koch, 1872) (Transferred to Nihonhimea)
- P. mundula (Chrysanthus, 1963) (Transferred to Nihonhimea)
- P. oculiprominens Saito, 1939 (Transferred to Keijiella)
- P. tesselata (Keyserling, 1884) (Transferred to Nihonhimea)
In synonymy:
- P. boqueronica (Kraus, 1955) = Parasteatoda nigrovittata (Keyserling, 1884)
- P. krausi (Chrysanthus, 1963) = Parasteatoda camura (Simon, 1877)
- P. lunata (Olivier, 1789) = Parasteatoda lunata (Clerck, 1757)
- P. mesax Levi, 1959 = Parasteatoda nigrovittata (Keyserling, 1884)
- P. nipponica (Yoshida, 1983) = Parasteatoda tabulata (Levi, 1980)
- P. obnubila (Keyserling, 1891) = Parasteatoda nigrovittata (Keyserling, 1884)
- P. pallida (Walckenaer, 1841) = Parasteatoda tepidariorum (C. L. Koch, 1841)
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parasteatoda.
References[edit]
- ^ a b Gloor, Daniel; Nentwig, Wolfgang; Blick, Theo; Kropf, Christian (2020). "Gen. Parasteatoda Archer, 1946". World Spider Catalog Version 20.0. Natural History Museum Bern. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2020-06-30.
- ^ Archer, A. F. (1946). "The Theridiidae or comb-footed spiders of Alabama". Museum Paper, Alabama Museum of Natural History. 22: 1–67.
- ^ a b Yoshida, H. (2008). "A revision of the genus Achaearanea (Araneae: Theridiidae)". Acta Arachnologica. 57: 37–40. doi:10.2476/asjaa.57.37.
- ^ Bee, Lawrence; Oxford, Geoff; Smith, Helen (2020). Britain's Spiders: A Field Guide (2nd ed.). Woodstock: Princeton University Press. p. 174. ISBN 9780691204741.
Further reading[edit]
- Song, D. X.; Zhu, M. S.; Chen, J. (1999). The Spiders of China. Hebei Science and Technology Publishing House, Shijiazhuang. p. 640.
- Zhu, M. S. (1998). Fauna Sinica: Arachnida: Araneae: Theridiidae. Science Press, Beijing. p. 436.
- Yin, C. M.; et al. (2012). Fauna Hunan: Araneae in Hunan, China. Hunan Science and Technology Press, Changsha. p. 1590.
- Yoshida, H. (2009), "Uloboridae, Theridiidae, Ctenidae", in Ono, H. (ed.), The spiders of Japan with keys to the families and genera and illustrations of the species