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"NGV" redirects here. For the art gallery in Melbourne, Australia, see National Gallery of Victoria.

A Natural gas vehicle or NGV is a alternative fuel vehicle that uses compressed natural gas (CNG) or, less commonly, liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a clean alternative to other automobile fuels. Worldwide, there are roughly 8 million NGVs as of 2008, with the largest number of NGVs in Argentina, Brazil, Iran, and Pakistan, with South America taking a global market share of 48%. The US has some 120,000, mostly buses. In Europe they are popular in Germany and Italy.

NGV's can be refueled anywhere from existing natural gas lines. This makes home refuelling stations that tap into such lines possible. A company called FuelMaker has pioneered such a system known as "Phill", which they have developed in partnership with Honda. ^[1]^[2]

Existing gasoline-powered vehicles may be converted to CNG. An increasing number of vehicles worldwide are being manufactured to run on CNG (Honda Civic, Samand). GM do Brasil introduced the MultiPower engine in August 2004 which was capable of using CNG, alcohol and petrol as fuel. The GM engine has electronic fuel injection that automatically adjusts to any acceptable fuel configuration. This motor was used in the Chevrolet Astra and was aimed at the taxi market.

Although a localized problem, NGV refill stations can be scarce in some places, with taxi drivers waiting in long queues to refill. This has led to suggestions that taxis should have their own options for fueling at taxi ranks - a model being tested in Casablanca, Morocco. Here, taxi drivers 'belong' to a base station where they operate from and have priority fuel rights including an account card. ^{[citation needed]}

Chemical composition and energy content

Chemical composition

The primary component of natural gas is methane (C H₄), the shortest and lightest hydrocarbon molecule. It may also contain heavier gaseous hydrocarbons such as ethane (C₂H₆), propane (C₃H₈) and butane (C₄H₁₀), as well as other gases, in varying amounts. Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a common contaminant, which must be removed prior to most uses.

Energy content

Combustion of one cubic meter yields 38 MJ (10.6 kWh). Natural gas has the highest energy/carbon ratio of any fossil fuel, and thus produces less carbon dioxide per unit of energy.

Storage and transport

Transport

The major difficulty in the use of natural gas is transportation. Natural gas pipelines are economical, but are impractical across oceans. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) tankers are also used.

Storage

CNG is typically stored in steel or composite containers at high pressure (3000 to 4000 lbf/in², or 205 to 275 bar). These containers are not typically temperature controlled, but are allowed to stay at local ambient temperature.

LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) storage pressures are typically at or just above the local atmospheric pressure (0 to 30 lbf/in², or 0 to 2.1 bar). LNG is stored at temperatures as low as -260°F (-162°C). At these temperature and pressure conditions, natural gas is in a liquid state. Storage temperatures may vary due to varying composition and storage pressure. LNG is far denser than even the highly compressed state of CNG. As a consequence of the low temperatures, vacuum insulated storage tanks are used to hold LNG. These tanks are often referred to as dewars to credit the early cryogenic scientist Sir James Dewar.

Implementation

South America

CNG vehicles are commonly used in South America, 48% of the world total, where these vehicles are mainly used as taxicabs in main cities of Argentina and Brazil. Normally, standard gasoline vehicles are retrofitted in specialized shops, which involve installing the gas cylinder in the trunk and the CNG injection system and electronics. By 2006 there were more than a 1.2 million retrofitted vehicles in Brazil, with a higher concentration in the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.^[3]

Argentina has some 1.69 million NGV's as of 2008, with 1767 refuelling stations across the nation, or 15% of all vehicles. Bolivia has increased its fleet from 30,000 in 2004 to 90,163 units in April 2008, and Brazil has 1.56 million as of July 2008 with 1585 refuelling stations, or about 5% f the total vehicle fleet, but 98% of cars manufactured in Brazil are flex-fuel with locally produced ethanol. Colombia has an NGV fleet of 257,468 vehicles, and 378 refueling stations as of June 2008. Peru has 41,411 NGV as of July 2008.^[4]

In 2006 the Brazilian subsidiary of FIAT introduced the Fiat Siena Tetra fuel, a four-fuel car developed under Magneti Marelli of Fiat Brazil.^[5]^[6] This automobile can run on 100% ethanol (E100), E25 (Brazil's normal ethanol gasoline blend), pure gasoline (not available in Brazil), and natural gas, and switches from the gasoline-ethanol blend to CNG automatically, depending on the power required by road conditions.^[7] Other existing option is to retrofit an ethanol flexible-fuel vehicle to add a natural gas tank and the corresponding injection system. Some taxicabs in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, run on this option, allowing the user to choose among three fuels (E25, E100 and CNG) according to current market prices at the pump. Vehicles with this adaptation are known in Brazil as tri-fuel cars.^[8]

Southeast Asia

In Klang Valley and Penang, Malaysia taxi companies converted their cars to NGV, greatly reducing the cost of operation and many passenger cars in Malaysia converted their system to NGV.

There were about 400 CNG-fueled vehicles in Singapore in mid-2007, of which about 110 are taxis operated by Smart Automobile. By February 2008, the number has risen 520 CNG vehicles, of which about half are taxies^[9]. All vehicles had to refuel at the sole CNG station operated by Sembcorp Gas and located on Jurong Island until the opening of the first publicly accessible CNG station at Mandai in 2008, operated by Smart Automobile^[10]. The company plans to build another four stations by 2011, by which time the company projects to operated 3,000 to 4,000 CNG taxies, and with 10,000 CNG public and commercial vehicles of other types on Singapore's roads^[11]. Sembcorp Gas opened its second CNG station a week after the Mandai station at Jalan Buroh^[9].

Thailand has for over a decade run natural gas taxi cabs in Bangkok. However, conversion in earnest has begun since oil prices have risen, and now thousands of private automobiles and public buses have converted. Natural gas vehicles in Thailand have reached 98,000 in 2008.^[12]

China

China has at year end 2006, 194,860 NGV's and 490 refueling stations. ^[13]

References

^ FuelMaker Corporation - World Leader in Convenient On-Site Refueling Systems
^ EVWORLD FEATURE: Honda's Phill-way to Hydrogen:HONDA | CNG | NATURAL | GAS | CIVIC | GX | PHILL | ELLIS | HYDROGEN | H2
^ GNVNews (2006). "Montadores Investem nos Carros á GNV" (in Portuguese). Institutio Brasileiro de Petroleo e Gas. Retrieved 2008-09-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ [1]
^ Christine Lepisto (2006-08-27). "Fiat Siena Tetra Power: Your Choice of Four Fuels". Treehugger. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
^ "Nouvelle Fiat Siena 2008: sans complexe" (in French). Caradisiac. 2007-11-01. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
^ Agência AutoInforme (2006-06-19). "Siena Tetrafuel vai custar R$ 41,9 mil" (in Portuguese). WebMotor. Retrieved 2008-08-14. The article argues that even though Fiat called it tetra fuel, it actually runs on three fuels: natural gas, ethanol, and gasoline.
^ TaxiNews. "Gás Natural Veicular" (in Portuguese). TDenavagari.com.br. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
^ ^a ^b 404 - NGV Global - Alternative Fuel, CNG, NGV, LNG
^ Channelnewsasia.com
^ Channelnewsasia.com
^ [ http://www.ngvglobal.com/en/market-developments/ptt-softens-loans-for-truck-operators-over-30-million-available-02077.html]
^ [2]

External links

Europe

The GVR - The Natural Gas Vehicles Report
The Italian community of Natural Gas Vehicles Forum, technical info, maps also in English, German, and French.
What is Compressed Natural Gas?
US Department of Energy Consumers' Guide
Boost for natural gas cars: Home fueling

[1] FuelMaker Corporation - World Leader in Convenient On-Site Refueling Systems

[2] EVWORLD FEATURE: Honda's Phill-way to Hydrogen:HONDA | CNG | NATURAL | GAS | CIVIC | GX | PHILL | ELLIS | HYDROGEN | H2

[3] GNVNews (2006). "Montadores Investem nos Carros á GNV" (in Portuguese). Institutio Brasileiro de Petroleo e Gas. Retrieved 2008-09-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[4] [1]

[5] Christine Lepisto (2006-08-27). "Fiat Siena Tetra Power: Your Choice of Four Fuels". Treehugger. Retrieved 2008-08-24.

[6] "Nouvelle Fiat Siena 2008: sans complexe" (in French). Caradisiac. 2007-11-01. Retrieved 2008-08-31.

[7] Agência AutoInforme (2006-06-19). "Siena Tetrafuel vai custar R$ 41,9 mil" (in Portuguese). WebMotor. Retrieved 2008-08-14. The article argues that even though Fiat called it tetra fuel, it actually runs on three fuels: natural gas, ethanol, and gasoline.

[8] TaxiNews. "Gás Natural Veicular" (in Portuguese). TDenavagari.com.br. Retrieved 2008-08-24.

[autogenerated1-9] 404 - NGV Global - Alternative Fuel, CNG, NGV, LNG

[10] Channelnewsasia.com

[11] Channelnewsasia.com

[12] [ http://www.ngvglobal.com/en/market-developments/ptt-softens-loans-for-truck-operators-over-30-million-available-02077.html]

[13] [2]

[1]

[2]

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[4]

[5]

[6]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+:''"NGV" redirects here. For the art gallery in Melbourne, Australia, see [[National Gallery of Victoria]].''
-[[Image:Information.svg|25px]]  Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits{{#if:Australia national rugby union team|, such as the one you made to [[:Australia national rugby union team]],}} did not appear to be constructive and has been removed. Please use [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|the sandbox]] for any test edits you would like to make, and read the [[Wikipedia:Welcoming committee/Welcome to Wikipedia|welcome page]] to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}}<!-- Template:uw-vandalism1 -->--[[Special:Contributions/118.93.0.191|118.93.0.191]] ([[User talk:118.93.0.191|talk]]) 18:50, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
+[[Image:FillingUpCNG.jpg|thumb|200px|Fueling]]
-<div class="user-block"> [[Image:Stop x nuvola with clock.svg|40px|left]] {{#if:31 hours|You have been '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing for a period of '''31 hours'''|You have been '''temporarily [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]]''' from editing}} in accordance with [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|Wikipedia's blocking policy]] for {{#if:|'''reason'''|[[Wikipedia:Vandalism|abuse of editing privileges]]}}. Once the block has expired, you are welcome to [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|make constructive contributions]].  If you believe this block is unjustified, you may [[Wikipedia:Appealing a block|contest the block]] by adding the text <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --><nowiki>{{</nowiki>unblock|''your reason here''<nowiki>}}</nowiki><!-- Do not include the "nowiki" tags. --> below, but you should read our [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|guide to appealing blocks]] first. {{#if:<font face="cursive" color="#808080">[[User talk:gadfium|gadfium]]</font> 07:45, 11 October 2008 (UTC)|<font face="cursive" color="#808080">[[User talk:gadfium|gadfium]]</font> 07:45, 11 October 2008 (UTC)}}</div><!-- Template:uw-block1 -->
+A '''Natural gas vehicle''' or '''NGV''' is a [[Alternative fuel vehicle|alternative fuel]] [[vehicle]] that uses [[Compressed Natural Gas|compressed natural gas (CNG)]] or, less commonly, [[LNG|liquefied natural gas (LNG)]] as a clean alternative to other [[automobile]] fuels. Worldwide, there are roughly 8 million NGVs [[as of 2008]], with the largest number of NGVs in [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]], [[Iran]], and [[Pakistan]], with South America taking a global market share of 48%.  The US has some 120,000, mostly buses.  In Europe they are popular in [[Germany]] and [[Italy]].
+NGV's can be refueled anywhere from existing natural gas lines. This makes home refuelling stations that tap into such lines possible.  A company called [[FuelMaker]] has pioneered such a system known as "Phill", which they have developed in partnership with Honda. <ref>[http://www.fuelmaker.com/Research/PhillQandA.htm FuelMaker Corporation - World Leader in Convenient On-Site Refueling Systems<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.evworld.com/view.cfm?section=article&storyid=847 EVWORLD FEATURE: Honda's Phill-way to Hydrogen:HONDA | CNG | NATURAL | GAS | CIVIC | GX | PHILL | ELLIS | HYDROGEN | H2<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
+Existing gasoline-powered vehicles may be converted to CNG. An increasing number of vehicles worldwide are being manufactured to run on CNG ([[Honda Civic]], [[Samand]]). [[GM do Brasil]] introduced the MultiPower engine in August 2004 which was capable of using CNG, alcohol and petrol as fuel. The GM engine has electronic fuel injection that automatically adjusts to any acceptable fuel configuration. This motor was used in the [[Chevrolet Astra]] and was aimed at the taxi market.
+Although a localized problem, NGV refill stations can be scarce in some places, with taxi drivers waiting in long queues to refill. This has led to suggestions that taxis should have their own options for fueling at taxi ranks - a model being tested in [[Casablanca]], [[Morocco]]. Here, taxi drivers 'belong' to a base station where they operate from and have priority fuel rights including an account card. {{Fact|date=February 2008}}
+== Chemical composition and energy content ==
+=== Chemical composition ===
+The primary component of [[natural gas]] is [[methane]] ([[carbon|C]][[hydrogen|H]]<sub>4</sub>), the shortest and lightest [[hydrocarbon]] molecule.  It may also contain heavier gaseous hydrocarbons such as [[ethane]] ([[carbon|C]]<sub>2</sub>[[hydrogen|H]]<sub>6</sub>), [[propane]] ([[carbon|C]]<sub>3</sub>[[hydrogen|H]]<sub>8</sub>) and [[butane]] ([[carbon|C]]<sub>4</sub>[[hydrogen|H]]<sub>10</sub>), as well as other gases, in varying amounts.  [[Hydrogen sulfide]] ([[hydrogen|H]]<sub>2</sub>[[sulfur|S]]) is a common contaminant, which must be removed prior to most uses.
+===Energy content===
+[[Combustion]] of one [[cubic metre|cubic meter]] yields 38 MJ (10.6 kWh). Natural gas has the highest energy/carbon ratio of any fossil fuel, and thus produces less carbon dioxide per unit of energy.
+== Storage and transport ==
+===Transport===
+The major difficulty in the use of natural gas is [[transport]]ation.  Natural gas [[pipeline transport|pipelines]] are economical, but are impractical across oceans. Liquefied natural gas ([[LNG]]) [[tank truck|tankers]] are also used.
+===Storage===
+[[Image:In-vehicle LPG bottle 001.JPG|thumb|270 px|right|Typical [[LNG]] storage tank located in the trunk.]]
+CNG is typically stored in steel or composite containers at high pressure (3000 to 4000 lbf/in², or 205 to 275 bar). These containers are not typically temperature controlled, but are allowed to stay at local ambient temperature.
+LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) storage pressures are typically at or just above the local atmospheric pressure (0 to 30 lbf/in², or 0 to 2.1 bar). LNG is stored at temperatures as low as -260°F (-162°C). At these temperature and pressure conditions, natural gas is in a liquid state. Storage temperatures may vary due to varying composition and storage pressure. LNG is far denser than even the highly compressed state of CNG. As a consequence of the low temperatures, vacuum insulated storage tanks are used to hold LNG. These tanks are often referred to as dewars to credit the early cryogenic scientist [[James Dewar|Sir James Dewar]].
+==Implementation==
+[[Image:SAO 09 2008 Fiat Siena TetraFuel 2 views v1.jpg|thumb|225px|right|Popular among [[taxi]] drivers, the Brazilian 2008 [[Fiat Siena|Fiat Siena Tetrafuel]] 1.4, the first [[multifuel]] car that runs as a [[flexible-fuel vehicle|flexible-fuel]] on pure [[gasoline]], or [[w:Common ethanol fuel mixtures#E25|E25]], or [[w:Common ethanol fuel mixtures#E100|E100]]; or runs as a [[bi-fuel vehicle|bi-fuel]] with [[Compressed natural gas|natural gas (CNG)]]. Below is shown the CNG storage tanks in the trunk.]]
+===South America===
+CNG vehicles are commonly used in [[South America]], 48% of the world total, where these vehicles are mainly used as [[taxicab]]s in main cities of [[Argentina]] and [[Brazil]]. Normally, standard gasoline vehicles are retrofitted in specialized shops, which involve installing the gas cylinder in the trunk and the CNG injection system and electronics. By 2006 there were more than a 1.2 million retrofitted vehicles in Brazil, with a higher concentration in the cities of [[Rio de Janeiro]] and [[São Paulo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bigas.com.br/sistema/?modulo=gnvnews&acao=abrir&id=22 |title=Montadores Investem nos Carros á GNV|author=GNVNews|publisher=Institutio Brasileiro de Petroleo e Gas|month=November | year=2006|accessdate=2008-09-20|language=Portuguese}}</ref>
+Argentina has some 1.69 million NGV's as of 2008, with 1767 refuelling stations across the nation, or 15% of all vehicles.   Bolivia has increased its fleet from 30,000 in 2004 to 90,163 units in April 2008, and Brazil has 1.56 million as of July 2008 with 1585 refuelling stations, or about 5% f the total vehicle fleet, but 98% of cars manufactured in Brazil are flex-fuel with locally produced ethanol.  Colombia has an NGV fleet of 257,468 vehicles, and 378 refueling stations as of June 2008. Peru has 41,411 NGV as of July 2008.<ref>[http://www.ngvglobal.com/en/country-reports/latin-america-ngvs-an-update-report-02074.html]</ref>
+In 2006 the Brazilian subsidiary of [[FIAT]] introduced the [[Fiat Siena|Fiat Siena Tetra fuel]], a four-fuel car developed under [[Magneti Marelli]] of [[Fiat]] Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.treehugger.com/files/2006/08/fiat_sienna_tetr.php|title= Fiat Siena Tetra Power: Your Choice of Four Fuels |publisher=Treehugger|author= Christine Lepisto|date=2006-08-27 |accessdate=2008-08-24|language= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://news.caradisiac.com/Nouvelle-Fiat-Siena-2008-sans-complexe-359 | author= |title=Nouvelle Fiat Siena 2008: sans complexe |publisher=Caradisiac | date=2007-11-01| accessdate=2008-08-31 | language=French }}</ref> This automobile can run on 100% ethanol ([[w:Common ethanol fuel mixtures#E100|E100]]), [[w:Common ethanol fuel mixtures#E25|E25]] (Brazil's normal ethanol gasoline blend), pure gasoline (not available in Brazil), and natural gas, and switches from the gasoline-ethanol blend to CNG automatically, depending on the power required by road conditions.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.webmotors.com.br/wmpublicador/Noticias_Conteudo.vxlpub?hnid=36391 | author=Agência AutoInforme |title=Siena Tetrafuel vai custar R$ 41,9 mil |publisher=WebMotor | date=2006-06-19  | accessdate=2008-08-14 | language=Portuguese }} The article argues that even though Fiat called it tetra fuel, it actually runs on three fuels: natural gas, ethanol, and gasoline.</ref> Other existing option is to [[retrofit]] an ethanol [[flexible-fuel vehicle]] to add a natural gas tank and the corresponding injection system. Some [[taxicab]]s in [[São Paulo]] and [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil, run on this option, allowing the user to choose among three fuels (E25, E100 and CNG) according to current market prices at the pump. Vehicles with this adaptation are known in Brazil as '''tri-fuel''' cars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.devanagari.com.br/taxinews.com.br/pag/noticia_02_resumos.asp?regn=36|title= Gás Natural Veicular |publisher=TDenavagari.com.br|author= TaxiNews|date= |accessdate=2008-08-24|language=Portuguese }}</ref>
+===Southeast Asia===
+In [[Klang Valley]] and [[Penang]], [[Malaysia]] taxi companies converted their cars to NGV, greatly reducing the cost of operation and many passenger cars in [[Malaysia]] converted their system to NGV.
+There were about 400 CNG-fueled vehicles in [[Singapore]] in mid-2007, of which about 110 are taxis operated by [[Smart Automobile]]. By February 2008, the number has risen 520 CNG vehicles, of which about half are taxies<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.ngvglobal.com/en/market-developments/new-cng-fuelling-station-for-singapore.html 404 - NGV Global - Alternative Fuel, CNG, NGV, LNG<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. All vehicles had to refuel at the sole CNG station operated by Sembcorp Gas and located on [[Jurong Island]] until the opening of the first publicly accessible CNG station at [[Mandai]] in 2008, operated by Smart Automobile<ref>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/329584/1/.html Channelnewsasia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. The company plans to build another four stations by 2011, by which time the company projects to operated 3,000 to 4,000 CNG taxies, and with 10,000 CNG public and commercial vehicles of other types on Singapore's roads<ref>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/287780/1/.html Channelnewsasia.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Sembcorp Gas opened its second CNG station a week after the Mandai station at Jalan Buroh<ref name=autogenerated1 />.
+Thailand has for over a decade run natural gas taxi cabs in Bangkok.  However, conversion in earnest has begun since oil prices have risen, and now thousands of private automobiles and public buses have converted.  Natural gas vehicles in Thailand have reached 98,000 in 2008.<ref>[  http://www.ngvglobal.com/en/market-developments/ptt-softens-loans-for-truck-operators-over-30-million-available-02077.html]</ref>
+===China===
+China has at year end 2006, 194,860 NGV's and 490 refueling stations.  <ref>[http://english.cafv.com.cn/baogao/4.html]</ref>
+==See also==
+{{Commonscat|Natural gas vehicles}}
+* [[List of natural gas vehicles]]
+== References ==
+<references/>
+== External links ==
+* [http://www.cngchat.com/ CNG Users Site]
+* [http://www.cngforum.com/cgi-bin/yabb2/YaBB.pl CNG Forum]
+* [http://www.ngvcommunity.com CNG-NGV Community Forum]
+=== Europe ===
+* [http://www.thegvr.com The GVR - The Natural Gas Vehicles Report]
+* [http://www.metanoauto.com The Italian community of Natural Gas Vehicles ] Forum, technical info, maps also in English, German, and French.
+* [http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/transportation/CNG.html What is Compressed Natural Gas?]
+* [http://www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/vbg/consumers/cng.shtml US Department of Energy Consumers' Guide]
+* [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5960905 Boost for natural gas cars: Home fueling]
+[[Category:Natural gas vehicles|*]]
+[[Category:Alternative propulsion]]
+[[Category:Green vehicles]]
+[[de:Erdgasfahrzeug]]
+[[es:GNC]]
+[[fr:Gaz naturel pour véhicules]]
+[[it:Veicoli a gas naturale]]
+[[ja:天然ガス自動車]]
+[[pt:Gás natural veicular]]
+[[ru:Газотопливная система автомобиля]]
+[[th:เอ็นจีวี]]