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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants in the sedge family Cyperaceae}}
{{italic title}}
{{Italic title}}
{{taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
|name = ''Rhynchospora''
|name = Beak-sedge
|image = Rhynchospora fascicularis.jpg
|image = Rhynchospora fascicularis.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Rhynchospora fascicularis]]''
|image_caption = ''[[Rhynchospora fascicularis]]''
|taxon = Rhynchospora
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|authority = [[Martin Vahl (botanist)|Vahl]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|type_species = ''Rhynchospora alba''
|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
|type_species_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) Vahl.
|unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]]
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="Powo"/>
|ordo = [[Poales]]
|synonyms =
|familia = [[Cyperaceae]]
*''Asteroschoenus'' <small>Nees</small>
|genus = '''''Rhynchospora'''''
*''Astroschoenus'' <small>Lindl.</small>
|genus_authority = [[Martin Vahl (botanist)|Vahl]]
*''Calyptrolepis'' <small>Steud.</small>
|subdivision_ranks = Species
*''Calyptrostylis'' <small>Nees</small>
|subdivision = ''About 400; see text''
*''Cephaloschoenus'' <small>Nees</small>
|}}
*''Ceratoschoenus'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Cleistocalyx'' <small>Steud.</small>
*''Dichroma'' <small>Ham.</small>
*''Dichromena'' <small>Michx.</small>
*''Diplochaete'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Echinoschoenus'' <small>Nees & Meyen</small>
*''Ephippiorhynchium'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Eriochaeta'' <small>Torr. ex Steud.</small>
*''Haloschoenus'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Haplostylis'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Hygrocharis'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Kleistrocalyx'' <small>Steud.</small>
*''Leptoschoenus'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Lonchostylis'' <small>Torr.</small>
*''Microchaeta'' <small>Rchb.</small>
*''Micropapyrus'' <small>Suess.</small>
*''Mitrospora'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Morisia'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Nemochloa'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Nomochloa'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Pachymitra'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Phaeocephalum'' <small>Ehrh</small>
*''Pleurostachys'' <small>Brongn.</small>
*''Psilocarya'' <small>Torr.</small>
*''Pterochaete'' <small>Arn. ex Boeckeler</small>
*''Pterotheca'' <small>C.Presl</small>
*''Ptilochaeta'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Ptilosciadium'' <small>Steud.</small>
*''Spermodon'' <small>P.Beauv. ex Lestib.</small>
*''Sphaeroschoenus'' <small>Nees</small>
*''Syntrinema'' <small>H.Pfeiff.</small>
*''Trichochaeta'' <small>Steud.</small>
*''Triodon'' <small>Pers.</small>
*''Zosterospermon'' <small>P.Beauv. ex Lestib.</small>
}}


'''''Rhynchospora''''' ('''Beak-rush''' or '''Beak-sedge''') is a genus of about 250-300 species of [[Cyperaceae|sedges]] with a [[cosmopolitan distribution]]. The genus includes both annual and perennial species, mostly with erect 3-sided stems and 3-ranked leaves. The achenes bear a beak-like tubercule (hence the name “beak-rush”, although the plants are [[Cyperaceae|sedges]], not [[Juncaceae|rushes]]) and are sometimes subtended by bristles. Many of the species are similar in vegetative appearance, and mature fruits are needed to make a positive identification.
'''''Rhynchospora''''' ('''beak-rush''' or '''beak-sedge''') is a genus of about 400 species of [[Cyperaceae|sedges]] with a [[cosmopolitan distribution]]. The genus includes both annual and perennial species, mostly with erect 3-sided stems and 3-ranked leaves. The achenes bear a beak-like tubercule (hence the name “beak-rush”, although the plants are [[Cyperaceae|sedges]], not [[Juncaceae|rushes]]) and are sometimes subtended by bristles. Many of the species are similar in vegetative appearance, and mature fruits are needed to make a positive identification.<ref name="Powo">{{cite web |title=''Rhynchospora'' Vahl {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:327438-2 |website=Plants of the World Online |access-date=11 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref>Govaerts, R. & Simpson, D.A. (2007). World Checklist of Cyperaceae. Sedges: 1-765. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref>


The inflorescences (spikelets) are sometimes subtended by bracts which can be leaf-like or showy.<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=128495 Flora of China, Vol. 23 Page 253, <big>刺子莞属</big> ci zi guan shu, ''Rhynchospora'' Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: 229. 1805. ]</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=128495 Flora of North America, Vol. 23 Page 200, ''Rhynchospora'' Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: 229. 1805 (as ''Rynchospora'')]</ref>
The infloresences (spikelets) are sometimes subtended by bracts which can be leaf-like or showy.

Members of this genus have [[Holocentric chromosome|holocentric chromosomes]], which is rare in [[Eukaryote|eukaryotes]], and have become a model for the study of chromosome evolution. The genomes of ''[[Rhynchospora pubera]]'', ''[[Rhynchospora breviuscula|R. breviuscula]]'', and ''[[Rhynchospora tenuis|R. tenuis]]'' have been published in 2022.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hofstatter |first=Paulo G. |last2=Thangavel |first2=Gokilavani |last3=Lux |first3=Thomas |last4=Neumann |first4=Pavel |last5=Vondrak |first5=Tihana |last6=Novak |first6=Petr |last7=Zhang |first7=Meng |last8=Costa |first8=Lucas |last9=Castellani |first9=Marco |last10=Scott |first10=Alison |last11=Toegelová |first11=Helena |last12=Fuchs |first12=Joerg |last13=Mata-Sucre |first13=Yennifer |last14=Dias |first14=Yhanndra |last15=Vanzela |first15=André L.L. |date=2022 |title=Repeat-based holocentromeres influence genome architecture and karyotype evolution |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.045 |journal=Cell |volume=185 |issue=17 |pages=3153–3168.e18 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.045 |issn=0092-8674|doi-access=free }}</ref>


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
''Rhynchospora'' occurs on all continents except Antarctica, but is most diverse in the neotropics.<ref name="Thomas 1992">Thomas, W.W. 1992. A synopsis of ''Rhynchospora'' (Cyperaceae) in Mesoamerica. ''Brittonia'' 44:14–44.</ref> It is most frequent in sunny habitats with wet, acidic soils.<ref name="Kral 2002">Kral, R. 2002. ''Rhynchospora''. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 15+ vols. New York and Oxford. Vol. 23 pp. 200-239.</ref> In marshes and savannas, ''Rhynchospora'' may be the dominant form of vegetation.

''Rhynchospora'' occurs on all continents except Antarctica, but is most diverse the neotropics <ref name="Thomas 1992">Thomas, W.W. 1992. A synopsis of ''Rhynchospora'' (Cyperaceae) in Mesoamerica. ''Brittonia'' 44:14–44.</ref>. It is most frequent in sunny habitats with wet, acidic soils <ref name="Kral 2002">Kral, R. 2002. ''Rhynchospora''. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 15+ vols. New York and Oxford. Vol. 23 pp. 200-239.</ref>. In marshes and savannas, ''Rhynchospora'' may be the dominant form of vegetation.


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
{{See also|List of Rhynchospora species}}
Contemporary taxonomic treatments include ''Rhynchospora'' and the related genus ''Pleurostachys'' in the tribe Rhynchosporae, a well-supported clade within Cyperaceae.<ref name="Muasya 2000">Muasya, A. M., J. Bruhl, D. A. Simpson, A. Culham and M. W. Chase. 2000. Suprageneric phylogeny of Cyperaceae: A combined analysis. pp. 593–601. In: K. Wilson and D. Morrison (eds.) Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO: Melbourne.</ref> The most comprehensive monograph of the genus <ref name="Kükenthal 1949">Kükenthal, G. 1949-1951. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie der Rhynchosporoideae. ''Rhynchospora''. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 74, 75</ref> divides ''Rhynchospora'' into two subgenera and 29 sections. A recent molecular analysis <ref name="Thomas 2009">Thomas W.W., A.C. Araujo, and M.V. Alves. 2009. A Preliminary Molecular Phylogeny of the Rhynchosporae (Cyperaceae). Botanical Review 75:22-29.</ref> identifies two primary clades within the genus, with well-supported subgroups that agree with several of the sections identified by Kükenthal. However, this molecular analysis also suggests that ''Pleurostachys'' is embedded within one of the primary clades of ''Rhynchospora'' and that several of the recognized sections are not [[monophyletic]].<ref name="Thomas 2009"/>


;Selected species:<ref name="Powo"/>
Contemporary taxonomic treatments include ''Rhynchospora'' and the related genus ''Pleurostachys'' in the tribe Rhynchosporae, a well-supported clade within Cyperaceae <ref name="Muasya 2000">Muasya, A. M., J. Bruhl, D. A. Simpson, A. Culham and M. W. Chase. 2000. Suprageneric phylogeny of Cyperaceae: A combined analysis. pp. 593–601. In: K. Wilson and D. Morrison (eds.) Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO: Melbourne.</ref>. The most comprehensive monograph of the genus <ref name="Kükenthal 1949">Kükenthal, G. 1949-1951. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie der Rhynchosporoideae. ''Rhynchospora''. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 74, 75</ref> divides ''Rhynchospora'' into two subgenera and 29 sections. A recent molecular analysis <ref name="Thomas 2009">Thomas W.W., A.C. Araujo, and M.V. Alves. 2009. A Preliminary Molecular Phylogeny of the Rhynchosporae (Cyperaceae). Botanical Review 75:22-29.</ref> identifies two primary clades within the genus, with well-supported subgroups that agree with several of the sections identified by Kükenthal. However, this molecular analysis also suggests that ''Pleurostachys'' is embedded within one of the primary clades of ''Rhynchospora'' and that several of the recognized sections are not monophyletic.
*''[[Rhynchospora alba]]'' - White beak-sedge. [[Europe]], [[North America]]

*''[[Rhynchospora caduca]]'' - Southeast [[North America]]

*''[[Rhynchospora californica]]'' - California beaked-rush, occurring in [[Marin County|Marin]] and [[Sonoma County, California]]
;Selected species
*''[[Rhynchospora alba]]'' - White Beak-sedge. [[Europe]].
*''[[Rhynchospora capillacea]]'' - Slender beakrush. Eastern [[North America]]
*''[[Rhynchospora californica]]'' - California beaked-rush, occurring in [[Marin County|Marin]] and [[Sonoma County, California]]
*''[[Rhynchospora capitellata]]'' - Brownish beak-sedge
*''[[Rhynchospora capitellata]]'' - Brownish Beak-sedge
*''[[Rhynchospora colorata]]'' - White star sedge. Southeast [[North America]].
*''[[Rhynchospora colorata]]'' - White Star Sedge. Southeast [[North America]].
*''[[Rhynchospora fusca]]'' - Brown beak-sedge. [[Europe]].
*''[[Rhynchospora glomerata]]'' - Clustered beak-sedge. North America.<ref name="rhgl3">[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=RHGL3 ''Rhynchospora glomerata'' (L.) Vahl] USDA Plants Profile. 23 Nov 2011</ref>
*''[[Rhynchospora fusca]]'' - Brown Beak-sedge. [[Europe]].
*''[[Rhynchospora inexpansa]]'' - Southeastern North America and West Indies
*''[[Rhynchospora knieskernii]]'' - Knieskern's beak-sedge.
*''[[Rhynchospora longisetis]]''
*''[[Rhynchospora macrostachya]]'' - Tall horned beaksedge. Eastern North America.
*''[[Rhynchospora megalocarpa]]'' - [[Southeastern United States]]
*''[[Rhynchospora megaplumosa ]]'' - Florida
*''[[Rhynchospora nervosa]]'' - Tropical [[New World]].
*''[[Rhynchospora nervosa]]'' - Tropical [[New World]].
*''[[Rhynchospora rariflora]]'' - Southeastern North America, West Indies, Central America
*''[[Rhynchospora scirpoides]]'' - North America
*''[[Rhynchospora waspamensis]]'' - [[New World]].


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.herbarium.lsu.edu/keys/rhy/rhynchospora.html''Rhynchospora'' interactive identification key]
* [http://www.herbarium.lsu.edu/keys/rhy/rhynchospora.html''Rhynchospora'' interactive identification key]


==Other sources==
[[Category:Cyperaceae genera]]
* Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2005). Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 52: 1–415.
* Gale, S. 1944. ''Rhynchospora'' sect. ''Eurhynchospora'' in Canada, the United States and the West Indies. Rhodora 46: 80–134, 159–197, 255–278.
* Kral, R. 1996. Supplemental notes on ''Rhynchospora crinipes'' and related species in sect. ''Fuscae'' (Cyperaceae). Sida 17: 385–411.
* Strong, M.T. (2006). Taxonomy and distribution of ''Rhynchospora'' (Cyperaceae) in the Guianas, South America. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 53: 1–225.
* Thomas, W. W. 1994. 1. ''Rhynchospora'' Vahl. 6: 404–422. In G. Davidse, M. Sousa Sánchez & A.O. Chater (eds.) Flora Mesoamericana. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F.


{{Taxonbar|from=Q164202}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Rhynchospora| ]]
{{Cyperaceae-stub}}
[[Category:Cyperaceae genera]]

[[Category:Taxa named by Martin Vahl]]
[[cs:Hrotnosemenka]]
[[de:Schnabelriede]]
[[es:Rhynchospora]]
[[hsb:Pyskownička]]
[[ja:ミカヅキグサ属]]
[[pl:Przygiełka]]
[[pt:Rhynchospora]]
[[ru:Очеретник]]

Latest revision as of 23:10, 11 February 2024

Beak-sedge
Rhynchospora fascicularis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Cyperaceae
Genus: Rhynchospora
Vahl
Type species
Rhynchospora alba
(L.) Vahl.
Synonyms[1]
  • Asteroschoenus Nees
  • Astroschoenus Lindl.
  • Calyptrolepis Steud.
  • Calyptrostylis Nees
  • Cephaloschoenus Nees
  • Ceratoschoenus Nees
  • Cleistocalyx Steud.
  • Dichroma Ham.
  • Dichromena Michx.
  • Diplochaete Nees
  • Echinoschoenus Nees & Meyen
  • Ephippiorhynchium Nees
  • Eriochaeta Torr. ex Steud.
  • Haloschoenus Nees
  • Haplostylis Nees
  • Hygrocharis Nees
  • Kleistrocalyx Steud.
  • Leptoschoenus Nees
  • Lonchostylis Torr.
  • Microchaeta Rchb.
  • Micropapyrus Suess.
  • Mitrospora Nees
  • Morisia Nees
  • Nemochloa Nees
  • Nomochloa Nees
  • Pachymitra Nees
  • Phaeocephalum Ehrh
  • Pleurostachys Brongn.
  • Psilocarya Torr.
  • Pterochaete Arn. ex Boeckeler
  • Pterotheca C.Presl
  • Ptilochaeta Nees
  • Ptilosciadium Steud.
  • Spermodon P.Beauv. ex Lestib.
  • Sphaeroschoenus Nees
  • Syntrinema H.Pfeiff.
  • Trichochaeta Steud.
  • Triodon Pers.
  • Zosterospermon P.Beauv. ex Lestib.

Rhynchospora (beak-rush or beak-sedge) is a genus of about 400 species of sedges with a cosmopolitan distribution. The genus includes both annual and perennial species, mostly with erect 3-sided stems and 3-ranked leaves. The achenes bear a beak-like tubercule (hence the name “beak-rush”, although the plants are sedges, not rushes) and are sometimes subtended by bristles. Many of the species are similar in vegetative appearance, and mature fruits are needed to make a positive identification.[1] [2]

The inflorescences (spikelets) are sometimes subtended by bracts which can be leaf-like or showy.[3][4]

Members of this genus have holocentric chromosomes, which is rare in eukaryotes, and have become a model for the study of chromosome evolution. The genomes of Rhynchospora pubera, R. breviuscula, and R. tenuis have been published in 2022.[5]

Ecology[edit]

Rhynchospora occurs on all continents except Antarctica, but is most diverse in the neotropics.[6] It is most frequent in sunny habitats with wet, acidic soils.[7] In marshes and savannas, Rhynchospora may be the dominant form of vegetation.

Taxonomy[edit]

See also: List of Rhynchospora species

Contemporary taxonomic treatments include Rhynchospora and the related genus Pleurostachys in the tribe Rhynchosporae, a well-supported clade within Cyperaceae.[8] The most comprehensive monograph of the genus [9] divides Rhynchospora into two subgenera and 29 sections. A recent molecular analysis [10] identifies two primary clades within the genus, with well-supported subgroups that agree with several of the sections identified by Kükenthal. However, this molecular analysis also suggests that Pleurostachys is embedded within one of the primary clades of Rhynchospora and that several of the recognized sections are not monophyletic.[10]

Selected species
[1]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c "Rhynchospora Vahl | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  2. ^ Govaerts, R. & Simpson, D.A. (2007). World Checklist of Cyperaceae. Sedges: 1-765. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  3. ^ Flora of China, Vol. 23 Page 253, 刺子莞属 ci zi guan shu, Rhynchospora Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: 229. 1805.
  4. ^ Flora of North America, Vol. 23 Page 200, Rhynchospora Vahl, Enum. Pl. 2: 229. 1805 (as Rynchospora)
  5. ^ Hofstatter, Paulo G.; Thangavel, Gokilavani; Lux, Thomas; Neumann, Pavel; Vondrak, Tihana; Novak, Petr; Zhang, Meng; Costa, Lucas; Castellani, Marco; Scott, Alison; Toegelová, Helena; Fuchs, Joerg; Mata-Sucre, Yennifer; Dias, Yhanndra; Vanzela, André L.L. (2022). "Repeat-based holocentromeres influence genome architecture and karyotype evolution". Cell. 185 (17): 3153–3168.e18. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.045. ISSN 0092-8674.
  6. ^ Thomas, W.W. 1992. A synopsis of Rhynchospora (Cyperaceae) in Mesoamerica. Brittonia 44:14–44.
  7. ^ Kral, R. 2002. Rhynchospora. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 15+ vols. New York and Oxford. Vol. 23 pp. 200-239.
  8. ^ Muasya, A. M., J. Bruhl, D. A. Simpson, A. Culham and M. W. Chase. 2000. Suprageneric phylogeny of Cyperaceae: A combined analysis. pp. 593–601. In: K. Wilson and D. Morrison (eds.) Monocots: Systematics and Evolution. CSIRO: Melbourne.
  9. ^ Kükenthal, G. 1949-1951. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie der Rhynchosporoideae. Rhynchospora. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 74, 75
  10. ^ a b Thomas W.W., A.C. Araujo, and M.V. Alves. 2009. A Preliminary Molecular Phylogeny of the Rhynchosporae (Cyperaceae). Botanical Review 75:22-29.
  11. ^ Rhynchospora glomerata (L.) Vahl USDA Plants Profile. 23 Nov 2011

External links[edit]

Other sources[edit]

  • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P. & Strong, M.T. (2005). Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 52: 1–415.
  • Gale, S. 1944. Rhynchospora sect. Eurhynchospora in Canada, the United States and the West Indies. Rhodora 46: 80–134, 159–197, 255–278.
  • Kral, R. 1996. Supplemental notes on Rhynchospora crinipes and related species in sect. Fuscae (Cyperaceae). Sida 17: 385–411.
  • Strong, M.T. (2006). Taxonomy and distribution of Rhynchospora (Cyperaceae) in the Guianas, South America. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 53: 1–225.
  • Thomas, W. W. 1994. 1. Rhynchospora Vahl. 6: 404–422. In G. Davidse, M. Sousa Sánchez & A.O. Chater (eds.) Flora Mesoamericana. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F.
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