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The '''list of ship commissionings in 2000''' includes a chronological list of all [[ship]]s commissioned in [[2000]].
{{wiktionary|numerology}}
__NOTOC__
'''Numerology''' is any of many [[system]]s, [[tradition]]s or [[belief]]s in a [[mysticism|mystical]] or [[esoteric]] relationship between [[number]]s and physical objects or living things.
{| Class="wikitable"

Numerology and numerological divination were popular among early mathematicians, such as [[Pythagoras]], but are no longer considered part of mathematics and are regarded as [[pseudomathematics]] by most modern scientists. This is similar to the historical development of [[astronomy]] out of [[astrology]], and [[chemistry]] from [[alchemy]].

Today, numerology is often associated with the [[occult]], alongside astrology and similar [[divination|divinatory]] arts. The term can also be used for those who, in the view of some observers, place excess faith in numerical patterns, even if those people don't practice traditional numerology. For example, in his 1997 book ''Numerology: Or What Pythagoras Wrought'', mathematician [[Underwood Dudley]] uses the term to discuss practitioners of the [[Elliott wave principle]] of [[stock market]] analysis.

== History ==
Modern numerology often contains aspects of a variety of ancient cultures and teachers, including [[Babylon]]ia, [[Pythagoras]] and his followers (Greece, 6th century B.C.), astrological philosophy from Hellenistic [[Alexandria]], early [[Christian mysticism]], the occultism of the early [[Gnosticism|Gnostics]], the [[Hebrews|Hebrew]] system of the [[Kabbalah]], The Indian [[Vedas]], the Chinese "[[Circle of the Dead]]", and the [[Egypt]]ian "[[Book of the Master of the Secret House]]" (Ritual of the Dead).

[[Pythagoras]] and other philosophers of the time believed that because mathematical concepts were more "practical" (easier to regulate and classify) than physical ones, they had greater actuality.

St. [[Augustine of Hippo]] (A.D. 354–430) wrote "Numbers are the Universal language offered by the deity to humans as confirmation of the truth." Similar to Pythagoras, he too believed that everything had numerical relationships and it was up to the mind to seek and investigate the secrets of these relationships or have them revealed by divine grace. See [[Numerology and the Church Fathers]] for early Christian views.

In 325 A.D., following the [[First Council of Nicaea]], departures from the beliefs of the state [[Church body|Church]] were classified as civil violations within the [[Roman Empire]]. Numerology had not found favor with the [[Christianity|Christian]] authority of the day and was assigned to the field of unapproved beliefs along with astrology and other forms of divination and "magic".{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Despite this religious purging, the spiritual significance assigned to the heretofore "sacred" numbers had not disappeared; several numbers, such as the "[[888 (number)|Jesus number]]" have been commented and analyzed by [[Dorotheus of Gaza]] and numerology still is used at least in conservative [[Greek Orthodox]] circles. <ref>[http://www.acrobase.gr/showthread.php?t=25436 Η Ελληνική γλ�σσα, ο Πλάτων, ο Αριστοτέλης και η Ορθοδοξία]</ref><ref>[http://users.otenet.gr/~mystakid/petroan.htm Αγαπητέ Πέτρο, Χρόνια Πολλά και ευλογημένα από Τον Κύριο Ημ�ν Ιησού Χριστό.]</ref>.

An example of the influence of numerology in English literature is Sir [[Thomas Browne]]'s 1658 Discourse [[The Garden of Cyrus]]. In it the author illustrates that the number five and related [[Quincunx]] pattern throughout art, nature and [[mysticism]].

Modern numerology has various antecedents. Ruth A. Drayer's book, ''Numerology, The Power in Numbers'' (Square One Publishers) says that around the turn of the century (from 1800 to 1900 A.D.) Mrs. L. Dow Balliett combined Pythagoras' work with Biblical reference. Then in the mid 1970s, Balliett's student, Dr. Juno Jordan, changed Numerology further and helped it to become the system known today under the title "Pythagorean".

== Methods ==
=== Number definitions ===
There are no set definitions for the meaning of specific digits. Common examples include: <ref>[http://www.psyche.com/psyche/qbl/comparative_numerology.html Comparative Numerology: The Numbers One to Ten: Fundamental Powers]. psyche.com</ref>

0. Everything or absoluteness. All <br />
1. Individual. Aggressor. Yang. <br />
2. Balance. Union. Receptive. Yin. <br />
3. Communication/interaction. Neutrality.<br />
4. Creation. <br />
5. Action. Restlessness. <br />
6. Reaction/flux. Responsibility. <br />
7. Thought/consciousness. <br />
8. Power/sacrifice. <br />
9. Completion. <br />
10. Rebirth.

=== Digit summing ===
Numerologists often reduce a number or word by a process known as [[digit sum]]ming, then reach conclusions based on the single digit that is produced.

Digit summing, as the name implies, involves taking the sum of all of the digits in a number, and repeating the process as necessary until a single-digit answer is produced. For a word, the values corresponding to each letter's place in the alphabet (e.g., A=1, B=2, through Z=26) are summed.

Examples:

*3,489 → 3 + 4 + 8 + 9 = 24 → 2 + 4 = 6
*Hello → 8 + 5 + 12 + 12 + 15 = 52 → 5 + 2 = 7

A quicker way to arrive at a single-digit "summation" is simply to take the value [[modulo]] 9, substituting a 0 result with 9 itself.

Different methods of calculation exist, including Chaldean, Pythagorean, Hebraic, [[Helyn Hitchcock]]'s method, Phonetic, Japanese and Indian. According to Ruth Abrams Drayer's book, '''Numerology, The Power in Numbers''', if you were born in a country where the mother tongue was not English, take your own alphabet and letter it out in the same manner as the instructions which are shown with the English alphabet.
The examples above are calculated using [[decimal]] (base 10) arithmetic. Other [[Radix|number systems]] exist, such as binary, octal, hexadecimal and [[vigesimal]]; summing digits in these bases yields different results. The first example, shown above, appears thus when rendered in octal (base 8):

*3,489<sub>10</sub> = 6641<sub>8</sub> → 6 + 6 + 4 + 1 = 21<sub>8</sub> → 2 + 1 = 3<sub>8</sub> = 3<sub>10</sub>

=== English letter numeric values ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! A-I
!
! J-R
! Operator
! Ship
! S-Z
|-
! Flag
|'''A''' = 1
! Class and type
|'''J''' = 10 (1)
! Pennant
|'''S''' = 19 (10) (1)
! Other notes
|-----
|-
|'''B''' = 2
! [[November 15]]
|'''K''' = 11 (2)
| {{navy|BRA}}
|'''T''' = 20 (2)
| [[NAeL São Paulo|'''''São Paulo''''']]
|-
|'''C''' = 3
|'''L''' = 12 (3)
|'''U''' = 21 (3)
|-
|'''D''' = 4
|'''M''' = 13 (4)
|'''V''' = 22 (4)
|-
|'''E''' = 5
|'''N''' = 14 (5)
|'''W''' = 23 (5)
|-
|'''F''' = 6
|'''O''' = 15 (6)
|'''X''' = 24 (6)
|-
|'''G''' = 7
|'''P''' = 16 (7)
|'''Y''' = 25 (7)
|-
|'''H''' = 8
|'''Q''' = 17 (8)
|'''Z''' = 26 (8)
|-
|'''I''' = 9
|'''R''' = 18 (9)
|
|
| [[Clemenceau class aircraft carrier|''Clemenceau'' class]] aircraft carrier
| A12
| former French ''Foch''
|}
|}


=== English letter numeric values &mdash; Chaldean method ===
== See also ==
{| class="wikitable"
{{shipevents1990}}
|-
{{shipevents2000}}
! A-I
! J-R
! S-Z
|-
|'''A''' = 1

|'''J''' = 1
|'''S''' = 3
|-
|'''B''' = 2
|'''K''' = 2
|'''T''' = 4
|-
|'''C''' = 3
|'''L''' = 3
|'''U''' = 6
|-
|'''D''' = 4
|'''M''' = 4
|'''V''' = 6
|-
|'''E''' = 5
|'''N''' = 9
|'''W''' = 6
|-
|'''F''' = 8
|'''O''' = 7
|'''X''' = 5
|-
|'''G''' = 3
|'''P''' = 8
|'''Y''' = 1
|-
|'''H''' = 5
|'''Q''' = 1
|'''Z''' = 7
|-
|'''I''' = 1
|'''R''' = 2
|
|}

=== Other ===
In some cases, in a type of numerological [[divination]], the name and birth date of an individual will be used to analyze and define personality and propensities.

== Chinese numerology ==
{{Main|Numbers in Chinese culture}}
Some Chinese assign a different set of meanings to the numbers and certain number combinations are considered luckier than others. In general, even numbers are considered lucky, since it is believed that good luck comes in pairs.

=== Chinese number definitions ===
Cantonese frequently assign the following definitions, which may differ in other forms of Chinese:

# [[wikt:一|一]]&nbsp;&mdash; sure
# [[wikt:二|二]]&nbsp;&mdash; easy
# [[wikt:三|三]]&nbsp;&mdash; live
# [[wikt:四|四]]&nbsp;&mdash; considered unlucky since the pronunciation of 4 (''sì'' ) sounds like the word for death or suffering (''sǐ'' ).
# [[wikt:五|五]]&nbsp;&mdash; the self, me, myself, nothing, never
# [[wikt:六|六]]&nbsp;&mdash; easy and smooth, all the way.
# [[wikt:七|七]]&nbsp;&mdash; a [[Cantonese profanity#Tsat|slang/vulgar word]] in Cantonese.
# [[wikt:八|八]]&nbsp;&mdash; sudden fortune, prosperity
# [[wikt:九|九]]&nbsp;&mdash; long in time, a [[Cantonese profanity#Gau|slang/vulgar word]] in Cantonese

Some lucky number combinations include:
*99&nbsp;&mdash; doubly long in time, hence eternal; used in the name of a popular Chinese-American supermarket chain, [[99 Ranch Market]].
*168&nbsp;&mdash; road of prosperity or to be prosperous together&nbsp;&mdash; many premium-pay telephone numbers in [[China]] begin with this number. It is also the name of a motel chain in China (Motel 168).
*518&nbsp;&mdash; I will prosper, other variations include: 5189 (I will prosper for a long time), 516289 (I will get on a long, smooth prosperous road) and 5918 (I will soon prosper)
*814&nbsp;&mdash; Similar to 168, this means "I will be wealthy my entire life". 148 also implies the same meaning.
*888&nbsp;&mdash; Three times the prosperity.
*1314&nbsp;&mdash; whole lifetime, existence.

== Other fields ==
=== Numerology and astrology ===
{{main|astrology and numerology}}

Some [[astrology|astrologers]] believe that each number from 0 to 9 is ruled by a celestial body in our solar system.

=== Numerology and alchemy ===
Many [[alchemical]] theories were closely related to numerology. [[Persia]]n alchemist [[Jabir ibn Hayyan]], inventor of many chemical processes still used today, framed his experiments in an elaborate numerology based on the names of substances in the [[Arabic language]].

=== "Numerology" in science ===
Scientific theories are sometimes labeled "numerology" if their primary inspiration appears to be mathematical rather than [[Scientific method|scientific]]. This colloquial use of the term is quite common within the scientific community and it is mostly used to dismiss a theory as questionable science.

The best known example of "numerology" in science involves the coincidental resemblance of certain large numbers that intrigued such eminent men as mathematical physicist [[Paul Dirac]], mathematician [[Hermann Weyl]] and astronomer [[Arthur Stanley Eddington]]. These numerical co-incidences refer to such quantities as the ratio of the age of the universe to the atomic unit of time, the number of electrons in the universe, and the difference in strengths between gravity and the electric force for the electron and proton. ("Is the Universe Fine Tuned for Us?", [[Victor J. Stenger|Stenger, V.J.]], page 3<ref>[http://www.colorado.edu/philosophy/vstenger/Cosmo/FineTune.pdf Colorado University]</ref>).

Large number co-incidences continue to fascinate many mathematical physicists. For instance, James G. Gilson has constructed a "Quantum Theory of Gravity" based loosely on Dirac's large number hypothesis.<ref>[http://www.fine-structure-constant.org/ fine-structure-constant.org]</ref>

=== Numerology in the Bible ===

Biblical numerology is [[symbolism]] portrayed through [[numbers]] in the [[Bible]].<ref>[http://www.vic.australis.com.au/hazz/Numbers.html Symbolic Meaning of selected numbers<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Many numbers in the Bible, especially in the book of Daniel and Revelation, contain symbolic meaning, the majority of the numbers only portray their literal, mathematic connotations, devoid of any symbolic significance. {{Fact|date=April 2008}}

A well known example of Bible numerology is 666, the [[Number of the Beast]].<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-248155/number-symbolism Number Symbolism :: Arithmomancy - Britannica Online Encyclopedia]</ref>

Leading figures in the study of numerology in the [[Bible]] include [[E. W. Bullinger]], the author of ''Number in Scripture'',<ref>[http://philologos.org/__eb-nis/default.htm Number in Scripture by E.W. Bullinger] at Philologos.org</ref>, who had been influenced by Dr Milo Mahan's book ''Palmoni''; <ref>Carey, Juanita S. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=2tAAOvvCgTwC&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=dr+milo+mahan+palmoni&source=web&ots=bYqZa7FCyM&sig=LGtyHy7IomULb3WtiQzWlK-yWEI E.W. Bullinger: A Biography]'', 2000 , p. 103. ISBN 0825423724</ref> and [[Ivan Panin]] who produced numeric patterns that he claimed to be found in the Bible. Panin's patterns are sometimes called Bible Numerology.

==== Number 3 ====

The number 3 is symbolic of "completeness," or "divine perfection".<ref name="biblestudy">[http://www.biblestudy.org/bibleref/meaning-of-numbers-in-bible/3.html Meaning of numbers in the Bible] at Biblestudy.org]</ref><ref name="carm">[http://www.carm.org/questions/numbers.htm Bible numbers] at carm.org</ref><ref>[http://www.vic.australis.com.au/hazz/number003.html Symbolic Meaning of Three<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Examples include, the Holy Trinity (Father, Son and Holy Spirit) being God and Christ was dead for 3 days before being resurrected.

==== Number 7 ====

The number 7 in Hebrew comes from the root word to mean "complete" or "full".<ref name="biblestudy" /><ref name="carm" /> It is taken to mean "spiritual perfection".<ref>[http://www.vic.australis.com.au/hazz/number007.html Symbolic Meaning of Seven<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Examples include there are 7 days in a week.

==== Number 10 ====

Ten denotes ordinal perfection<ref name="biblestudy" /><ref name="carm" /><ref>[http://www.vic.australis.com.au/hazz/number010.html Symbolic Meaning of Ten<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

==== Number 12 ====

This number 12 is considered significant as representing Government and "Twelve denotes governmental perfection";<ref name="biblestudy" /><ref name="carm" /><ref>[http://www.vic.australis.com.au/hazz/number012.html Symbolic Meaning of Twelve<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> There are 12 months governing a year, 2 cycles of 12 to govern the day and night, 12 tribes of Israel, 12 [[Olympians]] and 12 [[Titans|Uranides]] in the [[Greek pantheon]], and 12 apostles established by Jesus to govern the body of his church - fulfilling the Great Commission (Mark 16:15), and the Roman [[decemvirs]] wrote laws called the [[Twelve Tables]].

==== Specific criticism of Bible numerology ====

Critics of Bible numerology note that there is no command in scripture to pursue numerology:
:"Neither the Catholic Canon of 73 books nor the 66 books of the Protestant Bible contains a single scriptural command or encouragement for Christian believers to practice biblical numerology."<ref>[http://consul-at-arms.blogspot.com/2007/07/jo-biblical-numerology.html Consul-At-Arms: JO - Biblical numerology<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

.<ref>[http://science.howstuffworks.com/numerology3.htm HowStuffWorks "Criticism of Numerology"<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

== Popular culture ==
Numerology is a popular plot device in fiction. It can range from a casual item for comic effect, such as in an episode titled ''The Seance'' of the 1950s TV sitcom ''[[I Love Lucy]]'', where Lucy dabbles in numerology, to a central element of the storyline, such as the movie ''[[Pi (film)|π]]'', in which the protagonist meets a numerologist searching for hidden numerical patterns in the Torah.

==See also==
*[[23 Enigma]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* [[Annemarie Schimmel|Schimmel, A.]] (1996). ''The Mystery of Numbers''. ISBN 0-19-506303-1&nbsp;&mdash; a scholarly compendium of the connotations and associations of numbers in historical cultures
* [[Aaadietya Pandey|Pandey, A.]] (2006). ''Numerology: The number game''
* [[Underwood Dudley|Dudley, U.]] (1997). ''Numerology: Or, What Pythagoras Wrought''. Mathematical Association of America.&nbsp;&mdash; a skeptical survey of the field through history
* [[Andras M. Nagy|Nagy, A. M.]] (2007). ''The Secret of Pythagoras'' (DVD). [[Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]] [http://amazon.com/o/ASIN/B000VPTFT6 B000VPTFT6]
* {{cite book | author=[[E. W. Bullinger]] | title=[http://philologos.org/__eb-nis/default.htm Number in Scripture] | publisher=Eyre & Spottiswoode (Bible Warehouse) Ltd | year=1921}}
Drayer, R.A. (2002) Numerology, The Power in Numbers, A Right & Left Brain Approach. ISBN:0-9640321-3-9

== External links ==
<!-- Please don't add links to individual's numerology pages; they will be deleted. We can't be a link farm for every numerologist on the Web -->
*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/26/AR2006102601597.html 2006 article about juror being removed from trial after using numerology]
*[http://www.cycleback.com/numerology.html Aesthetic views of numbers on human history]&nbsp;&mdash; An analysis
*[http://www.psyche.com/psyche/qbl/comparative_numerology.html Comparative Numerology: Fundamental Powers: The Numbers One to Ten]&nbsp;&mdash; Compares qualities of numbers of different numerological systems
* [http://www.carm.org/questions/numbers.htm CARM - Biblical Numerology]
* [http://www.gotquestions.org/Biblical-numerology.html gotquestion.org - What is Biblical numerology?]
* [http://www.bibletexts.com/glossary/number-symbolism.htm Symbolism of various numbers]
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-248155/number-symbolism Encyclopedia Britannica]
* [http://www.sephar.net/index.htm Eschatological Number Symbolism in Judaism and Early Christianity]
* [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=366&letter=N Jewish Encyclopedia]
* [http://www.kalvesmaki.com/Arithmetic/index.htm the Theology of Arithmetic]

[[Category:Numerology|*]]


[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
{{Expand list|date=August 2008}}
[[Category:Technical factors of astrology]]
[[Category:Esoteric Christianity]]


[[bn:নিউমোরোলোজি]]
[[Category:Lists of ship commissionings|2000]]
[[ca:Numerologia]]
[[Category:2000|Ship commissionings]]
[[da:Numerologi]]
[[de:Numerologie]]
[[et:Numeroloogia]]
[[el:Αριθμολογία]]
[[es:Numerología]]
[[fa:جفر]]
[[fo:Talspeki]]
[[fr:Numérologie]]
[[hr:Numerologija]]
[[it:Numerologia]]
[[he:נומרולוגיה]]
[[lt:Numerologija]]
[[mn:Тоон зурхай]]
[[nl:Getallensymboliek]]
[[ja:数秘術]]
[[no:Tallsymbolikk]]
[[pl:Numerologia]]
[[pt:Numerologia]]
[[ru:Нумерологи�]]
[[fi:Numerologia]]
[[sv:Numerologi]]
[[tr:Nümeroloji]]
[[uk:Нумерологі�]]
[[zh:數秘術]]

Revision as of 13:59, 10 October 2008

Look up numerology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Numerology is any of many systems, traditions or beliefs in a mystical or esoteric relationship between numbers and physical objects or living things.

Numerology and numerological divination were popular among early mathematicians, such as Pythagoras, but are no longer considered part of mathematics and are regarded as pseudomathematics by most modern scientists. This is similar to the historical development of astronomy out of astrology, and chemistry from alchemy.

Today, numerology is often associated with the occult, alongside astrology and similar divinatory arts. The term can also be used for those who, in the view of some observers, place excess faith in numerical patterns, even if those people don't practice traditional numerology. For example, in his 1997 book Numerology: Or What Pythagoras Wrought, mathematician Underwood Dudley uses the term to discuss practitioners of the Elliott wave principle of stock market analysis.

History

Modern numerology often contains aspects of a variety of ancient cultures and teachers, including Babylonia, Pythagoras and his followers (Greece, 6th century B.C.), astrological philosophy from Hellenistic Alexandria, early Christian mysticism, the occultism of the early Gnostics, the Hebrew system of the Kabbalah, The Indian Vedas, the Chinese "Circle of the Dead", and the Egyptian "Book of the Master of the Secret House" (Ritual of the Dead).

Pythagoras and other philosophers of the time believed that because mathematical concepts were more "practical" (easier to regulate and classify) than physical ones, they had greater actuality.

St. Augustine of Hippo (A.D. 354–430) wrote "Numbers are the Universal language offered by the deity to humans as confirmation of the truth." Similar to Pythagoras, he too believed that everything had numerical relationships and it was up to the mind to seek and investigate the secrets of these relationships or have them revealed by divine grace. See Numerology and the Church Fathers for early Christian views.

In 325 A.D., following the First Council of Nicaea, departures from the beliefs of the state Church were classified as civil violations within the Roman Empire. Numerology had not found favor with the Christian authority of the day and was assigned to the field of unapproved beliefs along with astrology and other forms of divination and "magic".[citation needed] Despite this religious purging, the spiritual significance assigned to the heretofore "sacred" numbers had not disappeared; several numbers, such as the "Jesus number" have been commented and analyzed by Dorotheus of Gaza and numerology still is used at least in conservative Greek Orthodox circles. [1][2].

An example of the influence of numerology in English literature is Sir Thomas Browne's 1658 Discourse The Garden of Cyrus. In it the author illustrates that the number five and related Quincunx pattern throughout art, nature and mysticism.

Modern numerology has various antecedents. Ruth A. Drayer's book, Numerology, The Power in Numbers (Square One Publishers) says that around the turn of the century (from 1800 to 1900 A.D.) Mrs. L. Dow Balliett combined Pythagoras' work with Biblical reference. Then in the mid 1970s, Balliett's student, Dr. Juno Jordan, changed Numerology further and helped it to become the system known today under the title "Pythagorean".

Methods

Number definitions

There are no set definitions for the meaning of specific digits. Common examples include: [3]

0. Everything or absoluteness. All
1. Individual. Aggressor. Yang.
2. Balance. Union. Receptive. Yin.
3. Communication/interaction. Neutrality.
4. Creation.
5. Action. Restlessness.
6. Reaction/flux. Responsibility.
7. Thought/consciousness.
8. Power/sacrifice.
9. Completion.
10. Rebirth.

Digit summing

Numerologists often reduce a number or word by a process known as digit summing, then reach conclusions based on the single digit that is produced.

Digit summing, as the name implies, involves taking the sum of all of the digits in a number, and repeating the process as necessary until a single-digit answer is produced. For a word, the values corresponding to each letter's place in the alphabet (e.g., A=1, B=2, through Z=26) are summed.

Examples:

  • 3,489 → 3 + 4 + 8 + 9 = 24 → 2 + 4 = 6
  • Hello → 8 + 5 + 12 + 12 + 15 = 52 → 5 + 2 = 7

A quicker way to arrive at a single-digit "summation" is simply to take the value modulo 9, substituting a 0 result with 9 itself.

Different methods of calculation exist, including Chaldean, Pythagorean, Hebraic, Helyn Hitchcock's method, Phonetic, Japanese and Indian. According to Ruth Abrams Drayer's book, Numerology, The Power in Numbers, if you were born in a country where the mother tongue was not English, take your own alphabet and letter it out in the same manner as the instructions which are shown with the English alphabet.

The examples above are calculated using decimal (base 10) arithmetic. Other number systems exist, such as binary, octal, hexadecimal and vigesimal; summing digits in these bases yields different results. The first example, shown above, appears thus when rendered in octal (base 8):

  • 3,48910 = 66418 → 6 + 6 + 4 + 1 = 218 → 2 + 1 = 38 = 310

English letter numeric values

A-I J-R S-Z
A = 1 J = 10 (1) S = 19 (10) (1)
B = 2 K = 11 (2) T = 20 (2)
C = 3 L = 12 (3) U = 21 (3)
D = 4 M = 13 (4) V = 22 (4)
E = 5 N = 14 (5) W = 23 (5)
F = 6 O = 15 (6) X = 24 (6)
G = 7 P = 16 (7) Y = 25 (7)
H = 8 Q = 17 (8) Z = 26 (8)
I = 9 R = 18 (9)

English letter numeric values — Chaldean method

A-I J-R S-Z
A = 1 J = 1 S = 3
B = 2 K = 2 T = 4
C = 3 L = 3 U = 6
D = 4 M = 4 V = 6
E = 5 N = 9 W = 6
F = 8 O = 7 X = 5
G = 3 P = 8 Y = 1
H = 5 Q = 1 Z = 7
I = 1 R = 2

Other

In some cases, in a type of numerological divination, the name and birth date of an individual will be used to analyze and define personality and propensities.

Chinese numerology

Main article: Numbers in Chinese culture

Some Chinese assign a different set of meanings to the numbers and certain number combinations are considered luckier than others. In general, even numbers are considered lucky, since it is believed that good luck comes in pairs.

Chinese number definitions

Cantonese frequently assign the following definitions, which may differ in other forms of Chinese:

  1. 一 — sure
  2. 二 — easy
  3. 三 — live
  4. 四 — considered unlucky since the pronunciation of 4 (sì ) sounds like the word for death or suffering (sǐ ).
  5. 五 — the self, me, myself, nothing, never
  6. 六 — easy and smooth, all the way.
  7. 七 — a slang/vulgar word in Cantonese.
  8. 八 — sudden fortune, prosperity
  9. 九 — long in time, a slang/vulgar word in Cantonese

Some lucky number combinations include:

  • 99 — doubly long in time, hence eternal; used in the name of a popular Chinese-American supermarket chain, 99 Ranch Market.
  • 168 — road of prosperity or to be prosperous together — many premium-pay telephone numbers in China begin with this number. It is also the name of a motel chain in China (Motel 168).
  • 518 — I will prosper, other variations include: 5189 (I will prosper for a long time), 516289 (I will get on a long, smooth prosperous road) and 5918 (I will soon prosper)
  • 814 — Similar to 168, this means "I will be wealthy my entire life". 148 also implies the same meaning.
  • 888 — Three times the prosperity.
  • 1314 — whole lifetime, existence.

Other fields

Numerology and astrology

Main article: astrology and numerology

Some astrologers believe that each number from 0 to 9 is ruled by a celestial body in our solar system.

Numerology and alchemy

Many alchemical theories were closely related to numerology. Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan, inventor of many chemical processes still used today, framed his experiments in an elaborate numerology based on the names of substances in the Arabic language.

"Numerology" in science

Scientific theories are sometimes labeled "numerology" if their primary inspiration appears to be mathematical rather than scientific. This colloquial use of the term is quite common within the scientific community and it is mostly used to dismiss a theory as questionable science.

The best known example of "numerology" in science involves the coincidental resemblance of certain large numbers that intrigued such eminent men as mathematical physicist Paul Dirac, mathematician Hermann Weyl and astronomer Arthur Stanley Eddington. These numerical co-incidences refer to such quantities as the ratio of the age of the universe to the atomic unit of time, the number of electrons in the universe, and the difference in strengths between gravity and the electric force for the electron and proton. ("Is the Universe Fine Tuned for Us?", Stenger, V.J., page 3[4]).

Large number co-incidences continue to fascinate many mathematical physicists. For instance, James G. Gilson has constructed a "Quantum Theory of Gravity" based loosely on Dirac's large number hypothesis.[5]

Numerology in the Bible

Biblical numerology is symbolism portrayed through numbers in the Bible.[6] Many numbers in the Bible, especially in the book of Daniel and Revelation, contain symbolic meaning, the majority of the numbers only portray their literal, mathematic connotations, devoid of any symbolic significance. [citation needed]

A well known example of Bible numerology is 666, the Number of the Beast.[7]

Leading figures in the study of numerology in the Bible include E. W. Bullinger, the author of Number in Scripture,[8], who had been influenced by Dr Milo Mahan's book Palmoni; [9] and Ivan Panin who produced numeric patterns that he claimed to be found in the Bible. Panin's patterns are sometimes called Bible Numerology.

Number 3

The number 3 is symbolic of "completeness," or "divine perfection".[10][11][12] Examples include, the Holy Trinity (Father, Son and Holy Spirit) being God and Christ was dead for 3 days before being resurrected.

Number 7

The number 7 in Hebrew comes from the root word to mean "complete" or "full".[10][11] It is taken to mean "spiritual perfection".[13] Examples include there are 7 days in a week.

Number 10

Ten denotes ordinal perfection[10][11][14]

Number 12

This number 12 is considered significant as representing Government and "Twelve denotes governmental perfection";[10][11][15] There are 12 months governing a year, 2 cycles of 12 to govern the day and night, 12 tribes of Israel, 12 Olympians and 12 Uranides in the Greek pantheon, and 12 apostles established by Jesus to govern the body of his church - fulfilling the Great Commission (Mark 16:15), and the Roman decemvirs wrote laws called the Twelve Tables.

Specific criticism of Bible numerology

Critics of Bible numerology note that there is no command in scripture to pursue numerology:

"Neither the Catholic Canon of 73 books nor the 66 books of the Protestant Bible contains a single scriptural command or encouragement for Christian believers to practice biblical numerology."[16]

.[17]

Popular culture

Numerology is a popular plot device in fiction. It can range from a casual item for comic effect, such as in an episode titled The Seance of the 1950s TV sitcom I Love Lucy, where Lucy dabbles in numerology, to a central element of the storyline, such as the movie π, in which the protagonist meets a numerologist searching for hidden numerical patterns in the Torah.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ [http://www.acrobase.gr/showthread.php?t=25436 Η Ελληνική γλ�σσα, ο Πλάτων, ο Αριστοτέλης και η Ορθοδοξία]
  2. ^ [http://users.otenet.gr/~mystakid/petroan.htm Αγαπητέ Πέτρο, Χρόνια Πολλά και ευλογημένα από Τον Κύριο Ημ�ν Ιησού Χριστό.]
  3. ^ Comparative Numerology: The Numbers One to Ten: Fundamental Powers. psyche.com
  4. ^ Colorado University
  5. ^ fine-structure-constant.org
  6. ^ Symbolic Meaning of selected numbers
  7. ^ Number Symbolism :: Arithmomancy - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  8. ^ Number in Scripture by E.W. Bullinger at Philologos.org
  9. ^ Carey, Juanita S. E.W. Bullinger: A Biography, 2000 , p. 103. ISBN 0825423724
  10. ^ a b c d Meaning of numbers in the Bible at Biblestudy.org]
  11. ^ a b c d Bible numbers at carm.org
  12. ^ Symbolic Meaning of Three
  13. ^ Symbolic Meaning of Seven
  14. ^ Symbolic Meaning of Ten
  15. ^ Symbolic Meaning of Twelve
  16. ^ Consul-At-Arms: JO - Biblical numerology
  17. ^ HowStuffWorks "Criticism of Numerology"

References

  • Schimmel, A. (1996). The Mystery of Numbers. ISBN 0-19-506303-1 — a scholarly compendium of the connotations and associations of numbers in historical cultures
  • Pandey, A. (2006). Numerology: The number game
  • Dudley, U. (1997). Numerology: Or, What Pythagoras Wrought. Mathematical Association of America. — a skeptical survey of the field through history
  • Nagy, A. M. (2007). The Secret of Pythagoras (DVD). ASIN B000VPTFT6
  • E. W. Bullinger (1921). Number in Scripture. Eyre & Spottiswoode (Bible Warehouse) Ltd. {{cite book}}: External link in |title= (help)

Drayer, R.A. (2002) Numerology, The Power in Numbers, A Right & Left Brain Approach. ISBN:0-9640321-3-9

External links

[[ru:Нумерологи�]] [[uk:Нумерологі�]]

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