Vachellia sieberiana: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Species of legume}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{taxobox
|name = ''Acacia sieberiana''
|name = Paperbark acacia
|image = Kirstenbosch - Acacia sieberiana.jpg
|image = Kirstenbosch - Acacia sieberiana.jpg
|image_caption = In Kirstenbosch, Cape Town
|image_caption = In Kirstenbosch, Cape Town
|genus = Vachellia
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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|species = sieberiana
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|authority = ([[A. P. de Candolle|DC.]]) Kyal. & Boatwr. 2013<ref name="Kyalangalilwa">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kyalangalilwa B, Boatwright JS, Daru BH, Maurin O, van der Bank M | title = Phylogenetic position and revised classification of ''Acacia s.l.'' (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in Africa, including new combinations in ''Vachellia'' and ''Senegalia''. | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 172 | issue = 4 | pages = 500–523 | year = 2013 | doi = 10.1111/boj.12047 | url = http://repository.uwc.ac.za/xmlui/bitstream/10566/3454/1/Kyalangalilwa_Phylogenetic-position_2013.pdf | doi-access = free }}</ref>
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
⚫
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="ILDIS">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071008010151/http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&LegumeWeb&tno~373&genus~Acacia&species~sieberiana ILDIS LegumeWeb]</ref>
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|synonyms =
|ordo = [[Fabales]]
⚫
* ''Acacia abyssinica <small>sensu auct.</small>''
|familia = [[Fabaceae]]
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* ''Acacia amboensis'' <small>[[Hans Schinz|Schinz]]</small>
|genus = ''[[Acacia]]''
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|species = '''''A. sieberiana'''''
|binomial = ''Acacia sieberiana''
|binomial_authority = ([[A. P. de Candolle|DC.]])
⚫
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="ILDIS">[http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&LegumeWeb&tno~373&genus~Acacia&species~sieberiana ILDIS LegumeWeb]</ref>
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|synonyms = * ''Acacia abyssinica <small>sensu auct.</small>''
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* ''Acacia amboensis'' <small>[[Schinz]]</small>
* ''Acacia davyi <small>sensu auct.</small>''
* ''Acacia davyi <small>sensu auct.</small>''
* ''Acacia purpurascens'' <small>[[Vatke]]</small>
* ''Acacia purpurascens'' <small>[[Georg Carl Wilhelm Vatke|Vatke]]</small>
* ''Acacia sieberiana'' <small>DC.</small><ref>{{cite book |last1=de Candolle |first1=A. P. |title=Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, sive, Enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarium, juxta methodi naturalis, normas digesta. Volume 2|date=1825 |publisher=Treuttel et Würtz. |location=Paris |page=463 of Volume 2|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7151#page/469/mode/1up |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
* ''Acacia sieberana'' <small>DC.</small>
⚫
* ''Acacia sieberiana'' <small>DC.</small>
* ''Acacia sieberiana'' subsp. ''vermoesenii'' <small>([[Émile Auguste Joseph De Wildeman|De Wild.]])[[Troupin]]</small>
* ''Acacia sieberiana'' subsp. ''vermoesenii'' <small>([[Émile Auguste Joseph De Wildeman|De Wild.]])[[Troupin]]</small>
* ''Acacia vermoesenii'' <small>De Wild.</small>
* ''Acacia vermoesenii'' <small>De Wild.</small>
* ''Vachellia sieberiana'' <small>(DC.) Ali 2014</small><ref>{{cite journal | author = Ali SI. | year = 2014 | title = The Genus ''Acacia s.l.'' in Pakistan | journal = [[Pakistan Journal of Botany|Pak J Bot]] | volume = 46 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–4 | url = https://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/46(1)/01.pdf}}</ref>
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|subdivision_ranks = varieties<ref>[http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/fam/f2.shtml ILDIS List]</ref>
|subdivision_ranks = Varieties
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|subdivision = *''Acacia sieberiana'' var. ''sieberiana'' <small>(DC.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small>
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|subdivision_ref = <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031003113313/http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/fam/f2.shtml ILDIS List]</ref>
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*''Acacia sieberiana'' var. ''villosa'' <small>(A.Chev.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small>
|subdivision =
*''Acacia sieberiana'' var. ''woodii'' <small>(Burtt Davy) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small>
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*''Vachellia sieberiana'' var. ''sieberiana'' <small>(DC.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small>
⚫
|}}
⚫
*''Vachellia sieberiana'' var. ''villosa'' <small>(A.Chev.) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small>
⚫
*''Vachellia sieberiana'' var. ''woodii'' <small>(Burtt Davy) Kyal. & Boatwr.</small>
⚫
}}


'''''Acacia sieberiana''''' is a perennial tree native to [[Africa]] and introduced into [[Pakistan]].<ref name="ILDIS"/> It is known in South Africa as the '''Paperbark Thorn'''. It is used in many areas for various products. This tree grows 3–25 m in height, with a trunk diameter of 0.6–1.8 m.<ref name="world">[http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=113 World Agroforestry Centre]</ref> It is not listed as being a [[threatened species]].<ref name="ILDIS"/>
'''''Vachellia sieberiana''''', until recently known as '''''Acacia sieberiana'''''<ref name=tpl>{{cite web|title=''Acacia sieberiana'' |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-613 |website=The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1 |access-date=5 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=hyde>{{cite web |last1=Hyde |first1=Mark |title=''Acacia sieberiana'' DC. var. ''woodii'' (Burtt Davy) Keay & Brenan |url=http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=126200|website=Flora of Zimbabwe |access-date=5 November 2015|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name=joffe>{{cite web |last1=Joffe |first1=Pitta |title=''Vachellia sieberiana'' DC. var. ''woodii'' (Burtt Davy) Keay & Brenan |url=http://pza.sanbi.org/vachellia-sieberiana-var-woodii |website=PlantZAfrica.com |publisher=SANBI |access-date=28 July 2017}}</ref> and commonly known as the '''paperbark thorn''' or '''paperbark acacia''', is a tree native to southern [[Africa]] and introduced into [[Pakistan]].<ref name="ILDIS"/> It is used in many areas for various purposes. The tree varies from 3 to 25 m in height, with a trunk diameter of 0.6 to 1.8 m.<ref name="world">[http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=113 World Agroforestry Centre] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928042515/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=113 |date=2007-09-28 }}</ref> It is not listed as being a [[threatened species]].<ref name="ILDIS"/>


== Uses ==
==Uses==
Its uses include forage, medicine and wood. It is used for fiber ([[twine]] is made from the inside bark for stringing [[bead]]s<ref name="world"/>); for food (the gum is edible); and for [[livestock]] and [[game animal|game]]. [[File:Img00522-A-sieberiana.jpg|thumb|right|Close-up of the leaves]]
''Vachellia sieberiana'' is valued largely as a source of forage, medicine and wood. The inner bark is a source of fibre purposes such as stringing [[bead]]s<ref name="world"/>). The gum is edible) and both [[livestock]] and [[game animal]]s [[Browsing|browse]] the tree and feed on the dropped pods, spreading viable seeds in their dung.
The flowers of the tree make good forage for [[bee]]s and [[bee hive]]s are put directly in the trees for this.<ref name="world"/>
The flowers of the tree make good forage for [[bee]]s and [[bee hive]]s are put directly in the trees to exploit the resource.<ref name="world"/>
The tree leaves sometimes contain chemical compounds that when ingested may release [[hydrogen cyanide]] and they can be lethal to [[cattle]]. They can be lifesaving during dry times of the year.<ref name="world"/>
The leaves of the tree commonly release toxic chemical compounds when the tree has been heavily browsed, some of the compounds may release [[hydrogen cyanide]] when ingested, which may be lethal to [[cattle]]. The fallen pods and foliage can provide lifesaving forage during dry times of the year.<ref name="world"/>


The gum of the tree is used as food, an [[adhesive]], and to make [[ink]].
The gum of the tree is used as food, as an [[adhesive]], and as an ingredient in making [[ink]].


===Traditional medicinal uses===
===Traditional medicinal uses===
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===Nitrogen fixation===
===Nitrogen fixation===
''Vachellia sieberiana'' is a [[legume]] and like many legumes it hosts [[Rhizobium]] [[bacteria]] in its roots. The bacteria [[nitrogen fixation|fix nitrogen]] gas from the air and without requiring nitrogen fertilizer or soil nitrates, they convert it into nitrogen compounds necessary for plant nutrition. Ultimately, surrounding plants also benefit from the increase in available nitrogen, which means that plants such as ''Vachellia'' species are of particular ecological importance.<ref name="world"/>
''Vachellia sieberiana'' is a [[legume]] and like many legumes it hosts ''[[Rhizobium]]'' [[bacteria]] in its roots. The bacteria [[nitrogen fixation|fix nitrogen]] gas from the air and, without requiring nitrogen fertilizer or soil nitrates, they convert it into nitrogen compounds necessary for plant nutrition. Ultimately, surrounding plants also benefit from the increase in available nitrogen, which means that plants such as ''Vachellia'' species are of particular ecological importance.<ref name="world"/>


===Tannin===
===Tannin===
Line 52: Line 48:


===Wood===
===Wood===
⚫
The wood is fairly hard and it is used for [[furniture]], handles for implements and [[tools]] for grinding grain manually.<ref name="world"/> The wood of ''V. sieberiana'' has a density of about 655&nbsp;kg/m³.<ref name="fao">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/V5360E/v5360e0f.htm|title=Tables(Cont. a)|website=www.fao.org|access-date=2017-08-03}}</ref>
⚫
[[File:Kirstenbosch - Acacia sieberiana close-up of bark.jpg|thumb|right|A close-up of the bark that gives the tree its name]]
⚫
The wood is fairly hard and it is used for [[furniture]], handles for implements and [[tools]] for grinding grain manually.<ref name="world"/> The wood of ''V. sieberiana'' has a density of about 655&nbsp;kg/m³.<ref name="fao">[http://www.fao.org/docrep/V5360E/v5360e0f.htm FAO]</ref>

⚫
==Ecology and Conservation==


⚫
==Ecology and conservation==
This tree is widespread in its natural habitat and is not threatened. It is browsed upon by livestock and game such as [[elephant]] and [[giraffe]].
This tree is widespread in its natural habitat and is not threatened. It is browsed upon by livestock and game such as [[elephant]] and [[giraffe]].


== References ==
== Gallery ==
<gallery>
⚫
<References/>
Img00522-A-sieberiana.jpg|Close-up of the leaves
Acacia sieberiana, blomme, Pretoria, a.jpg|The creamy-white, spherical flower heads
⚫
Kirstenbosch - Acacia sieberiana close-up of bark.jpg|A close-up of the papery bark that gives the tree its vernacular name
Acacia sieberiana - original description de Candolle 1825.jpg|Original description by [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle|de Candolle]] (1825)
</gallery>


⚫
==References==
⚫
== External links ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Commonscat|Acacia sieberiana|''Acacia sieberiana''}}

⚫
==External links==
{{Commons category|Vachellia sieberiana}}
{{WestAfricanPlants|Acacia sieberiana}}
{{WestAfricanPlants|Acacia sieberiana}}


{{Taxonbar|from1=Q43375469|from2=Q15289038}}
⚫
[[Category:Acacia |sieberiana]]

⚫
[[Category:Vachellia|sieberiana]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional African medicine]]
[[Category:Plants used in traditional African medicine]]
[[Category:Trees of Africa]]
[[Category:Trees of Africa]]

Latest revision as of 15:31, 16 January 2023

Paperbark acacia
In Kirstenbosch, Cape Town
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
Clade: Mimosoid clade
Genus: Vachellia
Species:
V. sieberiana
Binomial name
Vachellia sieberiana
(DC.) Kyal. & Boatwr. 2013[1]
Varieties[2]
  • Vachellia sieberiana var. sieberiana (DC.) Kyal. & Boatwr.
  • Vachellia sieberiana var. villosa (A.Chev.) Kyal. & Boatwr.
  • Vachellia sieberiana var. woodii (Burtt Davy) Kyal. & Boatwr.
Synonyms[5]
  • Acacia abyssinica sensu auct.
  • Acacia amboensis Schinz
  • Acacia davyi sensu auct.
  • Acacia purpurascens Vatke
  • Acacia sieberiana DC.[3]
  • Acacia sieberiana subsp. vermoesenii (De Wild.)Troupin
  • Acacia vermoesenii De Wild.
  • Vachellia sieberiana (DC.) Ali 2014[4]

Vachellia sieberiana, until recently known as Acacia sieberiana[6][7][8] and commonly known as the paperbark thorn or paperbark acacia, is a tree native to southern Africa and introduced into Pakistan.[5] It is used in many areas for various purposes. The tree varies from 3 to 25 m in height, with a trunk diameter of 0.6 to 1.8 m.[9] It is not listed as being a threatened species.[5]

Uses[edit]

Vachellia sieberiana is valued largely as a source of forage, medicine and wood. The inner bark is a source of fibre purposes such as stringing beads[9]). The gum is edible) and both livestock and game animals browse the tree and feed on the dropped pods, spreading viable seeds in their dung. The flowers of the tree make good forage for bees and bee hives are put directly in the trees to exploit the resource.[9] The leaves of the tree commonly release toxic chemical compounds when the tree has been heavily browsed, some of the compounds may release hydrogen cyanide when ingested, which may be lethal to cattle. The fallen pods and foliage can provide lifesaving forage during dry times of the year.[9]

The gum of the tree is used as food, as an adhesive, and as an ingredient in making ink.

Traditional medicinal uses[edit]

In Africa, the bark or root is used to treat urinary tract inflammation. The bark has astringent properties and it is used to treat colds, cough, and childhood fever.[9] According to the World AgroForestry Centre,

"A decoction of the root is taken as remedy for stomach-ache. The bark, leaves and gums are used to treat tapeworm, bilharzia, haemorrhage, orchitis, colds, diarrhoea, gonorrhoea, kidney problems, syphilis, ophthalmia, rheumatism and disorders of the circulatory system. It is also used as an astringent. The pods serve as an emollient, and the roots for stomach-ache, acne, tapeworms, urethral problems, oedema and dropsy."[9]

Nitrogen fixation[edit]

Vachellia sieberiana is a legume and like many legumes it hosts Rhizobium bacteria in its roots. The bacteria fix nitrogen gas from the air and, without requiring nitrogen fertilizer or soil nitrates, they convert it into nitrogen compounds necessary for plant nutrition. Ultimately, surrounding plants also benefit from the increase in available nitrogen, which means that plants such as Vachellia species are of particular ecological importance.[9]

Tannin[edit]

Tannin is found in the bark and seed pods.[9]

Wood[edit]

The wood is fairly hard and it is used for furniture, handles for implements and tools for grinding grain manually.[9] The wood of V. sieberiana has a density of about 655 kg/m³.[10]

Ecology and conservation[edit]

This tree is widespread in its natural habitat and is not threatened. It is browsed upon by livestock and game such as elephant and giraffe.

Gallery[edit]

  • Close-up of the leaves
    Close-up of the leaves
  • The creamy-white, spherical flower heads
    The creamy-white, spherical flower heads
  • A close-up of the papery bark that gives the tree its vernacular name
    A close-up of the papery bark that gives the tree its vernacular name
  • Original description by de Candolle (1825)
    Original description by de Candolle (1825)

References[edit]

  1. ^ Kyalangalilwa B, Boatwright JS, Daru BH, Maurin O, van der Bank M (2013). "Phylogenetic position and revised classification of Acacia s.l. (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in Africa, including new combinations in Vachellia and Senegalia" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 172 (4): 500–523. doi:10.1111/boj.12047.
  2. ^ ILDIS List
  3. ^ de Candolle, A. P. (1825). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, sive, Enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarium, juxta methodi naturalis, normas digesta. Volume 2. Paris: Treuttel et Würtz. p. 463 of Volume 2. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  4. ^ Ali SI. (2014). "The Genus Acacia s.l. in Pakistan" (PDF). Pak J Bot. 46 (1): 1–4.
  5. ^ a b c ILDIS LegumeWeb
  6. ^ "Acacia sieberiana". The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  7. ^ Hyde, Mark; et al. "Acacia sieberiana DC. var. woodii (Burtt Davy) Keay & Brenan". Flora of Zimbabwe. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  8. ^ Joffe, Pitta. "Vachellia sieberiana DC. var. woodii (Burtt Davy) Keay & Brenan". PlantZAfrica.com. SANBI. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i World Agroforestry Centre Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ "Tables(Cont. a)". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2017-08-03.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vachellia sieberiana.
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