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{{Infobox architect
{{Infobox person
| name = Vittorio Cassar
| name = Vittorio Cassar
| birth_date = c. 1550
| image =
⚫
| caption =
⚫
| birth_place = [[Birgu]], [[History of Malta under the Order of Saint John|Malta]]
| death_date = 1607 or 1609 (aged c. 57-59)
| native_name = Vitor Cassar
| death_place = [[Gozo]]
| native_name_lang = mt
| nationality = Maltese
| birth_name = Gio Vittorio Cassar
| parents = [[Girolamo Cassar]]<br>Mattea Cassar
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1550
⚫
| birth_place = probably [[Birgu]], [[History of Malta under the Order of Saint John|Hospitaller Malta]]
| significant_buildings = various fortifications and churches
| death_date = {{circa}} June 1609
| death_place =
| resting_place = probably [[Valletta]]
| nationality = Maltese
| occupation = [[Architect]] and [[military engineer]]
| employer = [[Knights Hospitaller|Order of St. John]]
| notable_works = Upgrading of the [[Cittadella (Gozo)|Cittadella]]
| style =
| mother = Mattea Cassar
| father = [[Girolamo Cassar]]
}}
}}


'''Vittorio Cassar''' ({{lang-mt|Vitor Cassar}}, {{circa}} 1550 – {{circa}} 1609), born '''Gio Vittorio Cassar''',<ref name="melitahistorica1973"/> was a [[Maltese people|Maltese]] architect and military engineer. The son of the renowned architect [[Girolamo Cassar]], he was admitted as a knight within the [[Knights Hospitaller|Order of St. John]] in 1587. He became the Order's resident engineer in the early 17th century, and he directed the upgrading of the [[Cittadella (Gozo)|Cittadella]] of [[Gozo]] between 1600 and 1603.
[[File:Chiesa di Santa Maria.jpg|thumb|Parish church of the Assumption of Mary, Birkirkara. The roof and dome of the church collapsed in an earthquake in 1856. The church was later restored, but the dome was never rebuilt and damage can still be seen on the pedament.]]


'''Vittorio Cassar''' was a Maltese architect, engineer and knight in the late 16th and early 17th century. He is claimed to have designed several fortifications and churches, but very few documents supporting his involvement exist. Many details about his life, including his date of birth and death, are also disputed.
Many details about his life are uncertain, including the dates of his birth and death. He is claimed to have designed some of the [[Wignacourt towers]] and several churches, but there is no evidence of these attributions.


==Early life==
==Biography==
Vittorio Cassar was born around 1550 in the town of [[Birgu]]. His father was the architect [[Girolamo Cassar]] and his mother Mattea Cassar. In the 1570s, his family moved to Strada Pia (now Melita Street) in the newly built capital city [[Valletta]], where his father had designed many buildings.


Vittorio Cassar was probably the firstborn son of [[Girolamo Cassar]] and his wife Mattea, and he was his father's favourite and principal heir.<ref name="melitahistorica1973">{{cite journal|last1=Mangion|first1=Giovanni|title=Girolamo Cassar Architetto maltese del cinquecento|journal=Melita Historica|date=1973|volume=6|issue=2|pages=192–200|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.06(1972-75)/MH.6(1972)2/orig07.pdf|publisher=Malta Historical Society|language=Italian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416133159/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.06(1972-75)/MH.6(1972)2/orig07.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="gaul">{{cite book|last=Gaul|first=Simon|title=Malta, Gozo and Comino|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fevix8jSqg0C&q=%22castellania+Valletta%22&pg=PA325|publisher=New Holland publishers|date=2007|page=325|isbn=9781860113659}}</ref> He is said to have been born in around 1550, but this date is mainly based on speculation.<ref name="melitahistorica1984">{{cite journal|last1=Mallia-Milanes|first1=Victoria|title=In Search of Vittorio Cassar – A Documentary Approach|journal=Melita Historica|date=1984|volume=9|issue=3|pages=247–269|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.09(1984-87)/MH.9(1984)3/orig04.pdf|publisher=Malta Historical Society|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416144531/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.09(1984-87)/MH.9(1984)3/orig04.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2016}}</ref> The Cassar family, probably originating from Sicily, had been established in Malta since at least the year 1440.<ref name="melitahistorica1973"/>
==Career==
On 9 April 1587, Cassar joined the [[Knights Hospitaller|Order of Saint John]]. Since there was no [[Langue (Knights Hospitaller)|langue]] for Maltese knights, he was admitted into the langue of Castile. On 18 May of that same year, he was created serjeant-at-arms at the [[Collegiate Parish Church of St Paul's Shipwreck]] in Valletta.<ref name=melitensiawth>{{cite web|last1=Mallia-Milanes|first1=Victoria|title=In Search of Vittorio Cassar - A Documentary Approach|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.09(1984-87)/MH.9(1984)3/orig04.pdf|website=melitensiawth.com|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6Z5HeDVhV|archivedate=6 June 2015}}</ref>


Cassar was admitted as a knight within the [[Knights Hospitaller|Order of St. John]] on 9 April 1587, joining the Langue of Castille, Léon and Portugal (there was no [[Langue (Knights Hospitaller)|langue]] for Maltese knights). On 18 May of the same year, he was created serjeant-at-arms at the [[Collegiate Parish Church of St Paul's Shipwreck|Church of St. Paul's Shipwreck]] in Valletta. In around 1594, the Order sent Cassar to tour various towns in Italy in order to study the latest architectural styles and meet famous engineers.<ref name="melitahistorica1984"/>
In 1594, the Order sent Cassar to various towns in Italy to study various buildings and fortifications and meet famous engineers. After he arrived back in Malta, Cassar was appointed resident engineer of the Order. He spent part of his career in [[Gozo]], and was involved in the rebuilding of the [[Cittadella (Gozo)|Cittadella]] and the construction of [[Garzes Tower]].<ref name=dictionary>{{cite book|last1=Schiavone|first1=Michael J.|title=Dictionary of Maltese Biographies Vol. 1 A-F|date=2009|publisher=Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza|location=[[Pietà, Malta|Pietà]]|isbn=9789993291329|page=534}}</ref> However, he developed an uneasy relationship with Fra Ferdinando de Rosolmini, the [[Governor of Gozo]], and was dismissed from attending to Gozo's defences by 1603.<ref name=arx13>{{cite journal|last1=Spiteri|first1=Stephen C.|title=In Defence of the Coast (I) - The Bastioned Towers|journal=Arx - International Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification|date=2013|issue=3|url=http://www.militaryarchitecture.com/index.php/Journals/arx-occasional-papers-in-defence-of-the-coast-i.html|pages=70–74|accessdate=24 April 2015}}</ref>


[[File:Bastion Michael Citadel.jpg|thumb|Cassar directed the upgrading of the [[Cittadella (Gozo)|Cittadella]] between 1600 and 1603]]
Cassar was also involved in the construction of various churches.


In around 1600, Cassar was appointed as the Order's resident engineer, a post which had been previously held by his father. In September 1600, Cassar was assigned to direct the upgrading of the fortifications of the [[Cittadella (Gozo)|Cittadella]] on [[Gozo]]. During his stay on Gozo, he also produced designs for the [[Garzes Tower]], but the tower was eventually built after Cassar left the island. Cassar developed an uneasy relationship with [[Governor of Gozo|the island's governor]], Fra [[Ferdinando de Rosolmini]], which led to him being recalled back to Malta in August 1603 after being repeatedly reprimand due to the slow progress of the works.<ref name="melitahistorica1984"/>
The date and circumstances of Cassar's death are unknown. It is traditionally held that he died in 1607 on the island of [[Gozo]].<ref name=melitensiawth/> However, some sources say that he died in mid-June 1609.<ref name=arx13/> Cassar is buried in the chapel of Saint Barbara within the Walls in the [[Cittadella (Gozo)|Cittadella]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scerri|first1=John|title=Rabat (Victoria)|url=http://www.malta-canada.com/churches-chapels/Rabat-Ghawdex.htm|website=malta-canada.com|accessdate=7 March 2014}}</ref>

The date and circumstances of Cassar's death are unknown. It has been traditionally held that he died in 1607, when he erected a slab commemorating himself within the Chapel of St. Barbara in the Cittadella.<ref name="mepa"/> However, military historian [[Stephen C. Spiteri]] states that he died in around mid-June 1609,<ref name="arx">{{cite journal|last1=Spiteri|first1=Stephen C.|title=In Defence of the Coast (I) – The Bastioned Towers|journal=Arx – International Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification|date=2013|volume=3|pages=70–74|url=https://issuu.com/arkitettura/docs/arx_op_3_2014_4web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727200958/https://issuu.com/arkitettura/docs/arx_op_3_2014_4web|archive-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> and some records suggest that he was buried in Valletta.<ref name="mepa">{{cite web|title=Environmental Planning Statement for the Creation of Stabilised Slopes and Car Parking at Rabat, Gozo – Responses to MEPA and other stakeholders' comments|url=http://www.mepa.org.mt/eiacms/documents/Cittadella%20Car%20Park/AIS6856_8487_ResponsesMEPAComments_Aug12.pdf|website=[[Malta Environment and Planning Authority]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329031457/http://www.mepa.org.mt/eiacms/documents/Cittadella%20Car%20Park/AIS6856_8487_ResponsesMEPAComments_Aug12.pdf|archive-date=29 March 2015|location=[[Fgura]]|pages=44, 233|date=August 2012}}</ref> He was definitely dead by 14 May 1615, when his mother Mattea made her will and referred to masses for the repose of Vittorio's soul.<ref name="melitahistorica1984"/>

==Buildings attributed to Cassar==

[[File:Santa Marija Tower Comino 2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Saint Mary's Tower]], which was attributed to Cassar by [[Giovanni Francesco Abela]]. This claim is unlikely since Cassar was already dead when work on the tower began.]]

There is very little documentary evidence about Cassar's work as an architect or military engineer. The only evidence of his work as a military engineer are documents relating to his directing the rebuilding of the [[Cittadella (Gozo)|Cittadella]] between 1600 and 1603, and mentions of preliminary sketches of the [[Garzes Tower]] dated 1601–02.<ref name="melitahistorica1984"/>

Many other buildings have been attributed to Cassar, but these claims are dubious and unlikely, since there is no evidence supporting them. As early as 1647, [[Giovanni Francesco Abela]] attributed the design of the [[Saint Mary's Tower]] on [[Comino]] (built 1618) to Cassar. In 1703, Bartolomeo dal Pozzo attributed both the Comino tower and [[Santa Maria delle Grazie Tower]] (built 1620) to him, and the claim was later extended to include three other [[Wignacourt towers]] – [[Wignacourt Tower|St. Paul]] (1610), [[Fort San Lucian|St. Lucian]] (1610–11) and [[Saint Thomas Tower|St. Thomas]] (1614) towers.<ref name="melitahistorica1984"/><ref name="gaul"/> However, Cassar is believed to have died in 1609, before work on the first Wignacourt tower had begun.<ref name="arx"/>

[[File:Chiesa di Santa Maria.jpg|thumb|The [[Parish Church of St. Mary, Birkirkara|Parish Church of St. Mary]] in [[Birkirkara]], one of several churches attributed to Cassar without any evidence supporting the claim]]

The following churches are attributed to Cassar,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schiavone|first1=Michael J.|title=Dictionary of Maltese Biographies Vol. 1 A–F|date=2009|publisher=Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza|location=[[Pietà, Malta|Pietà]]|isbn=9789993291329|page=534}}</ref> but once again there is no documentary evidence supporting any of these attributions.<ref name="melitahistorica1984"/>

⚫
*[[Our Lady of Victories Parish Church]] in [[Senglea]] ({{circa}} 1580)
⚫
*Church of St. George in [[Qormi]] ({{circa}} 1584)
*[[Church of St Philip of Agira, Ħaż-Żebbuġ|Church of St. Philip of Agira]] in [[Żebbuġ]] ({{circa}} 1599)
*Church of St. Mary in [[Attard]] ({{circa}} 1600)
*[[Parish Church of St. Mary, Birkirkara|Parish Church of St. Mary]] in [[Birkirkara]] ({{circa}} 1615)
*Church of Our Lady of Victory in [[Naxxar]] ({{circa}} 1610)
⚫
*[[St. Ubaldesca Church]] in [[Paola, Malta|Paola]] (1630)


==Personal life==
==Personal life==
⚫
Vittorio Cassar was short tempered and was often involved in quarrels and criminal offences. He was imprisoned for six months in [[Fort St Angelo]] after beating a servant of another knight. In 1604, he and his brother Gabriele were involved in an 'armed scuffle' with some 'secular persons'. The exact circumstances are unknown, but it is believed that it was a serious offence.<ref name=melitensiawth/>


⚫
Vittorio Cassar was short tempered and was often involved in quarrels and criminal offences. He was imprisoned for six months in [[Fort St. Angelo]] after harassing another knight and beating his servant. In 1604, he and his brother Gabriele were involved in a fight with some "secular persons". The circumstances of this incident are unknown, but it was regarded as a serious offence.<ref name="melitahistorica1984"/>
⚫
Cassar had a relationship with Gioanna La Siracusana, a [[Magician (paranormal)|magician]] and [[prostitute]]. As a result, he was accused and sentenced by the Roman Inquisition for the practice of magic. It is now believed that his 'sins' were possession of banned manuscripts about magic which he obtained in [[Messina]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Owen|title=Grimoires: A History of Magic Books|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199590049|page=67|url=https://books.google.com.mt/books?id=buKLmQUX_LQC&pg=PA67#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>


⚫
Between the 1590s and 1606, the Inquisition accused and sentenced Cassar for practicing [[fortune-telling]], and he was said to be able to relieve people and read their future.<ref name="melitahistorica1984"/> He is said to have had a relationship with Gioanna La Siracusana, a [[Magician (paranormal)|magician]] and [[prostitute]]. It is now believed that Cassar's "sins" included possession of banned manuscripts about magic which he had obtained in [[Messina]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Owen|title=Grimoires: A History of Magic Books|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199590049|page=67|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fYcY-PgBzMsC&pg=PA67}}</ref>
==List of works==
The following works have been attributed to Cassar.<ref name=dictionary/> In most cases, the attribution is disputed.
⚫
*[[Our Lady of Victories Parish Church]], [[Senglea]] (1580)
*Church of St. George, [[Qormi]] (c. 1584) - claim unverified<ref>{{cite web|title=St. George, Qormi|url=http://www.mepa.org.mt/qormi|website=Malta Environment and Planning Authority|accessdate=24 April 2015}}</ref>
*[[Church of St Philip of Agira, Ħaż-Żebbuġ|Church of St. Philip of Agira]], [[Żebbuġ]] (1599-1613)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scerri|first1=John|title=Zebbug|url=http://www.malta-canada.com/churches-chapels/Zebbug-Malta.htm|website=malta-canada.com|accessdate=7 March 2014}}</ref>
*Modernization of the [[Cittadella (Gozo)#Fortifications|Cittadella]] (1599-1603) - documentary evidence about Cassar's involvement exists<ref name=melitensiawth/>
*[[Garzes Tower]], [[Mġarr, Gozo]] (1605) - documentary evidence about Cassar's involvement exists<ref name=melitensiawth/>
*[[Wignacourt Tower]], [[St. Paul's Bay]] (1609) - claim unverified and unlikely<ref name=arx13/>
*[[Fort San Lucian|Saint Lucian Tower]], [[Marsaxlokk]] (1610) - claim unverified and unlikely<ref name=arx13/>
⚫
*Church of St. Mary, [[Attard]] (c. 1610)
*[[Saint Thomas Tower]], [[Marsaskala]] (1614) - claim unverified and unlikely<ref name=arx13/>
*Assumption of Mary Parish Church, [[Birkirkara]] (1617-1655)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Scerri|first1=John|title=Birkirkara|url=http://www.malta-canada.com/churches-chapels/Birkirkara.htm|website=malta-canada.com|accessdate=7 March 2014}}</ref>
*[[Saint Mary's Tower]], [[Comino]] (1618) - claimed by [[Giovanni Francesco Abela]] but unlikely<ref name=arx13/>
*[[Santa Maria delle Grazie Tower]], [[Xgħajra]] (1620) - claim unverified and unlikely<ref name=arx13/>
⚫
*[[St. Ubaldesca Church]], [[Paola, Malta|Paola]] (1626-1630) - claim unverified and unlikely<ref name=melitensiawth/>


==References==
==References==
⚫
{{reflist}}


⚫
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->

⚫
| NAME = Cassar, Vittorio
{{authority control}}
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =

| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Maltese architect
| DATE OF BIRTH = c. 1550
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Birgu]], [[Malta]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 1607 or 1609
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Gozo]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cassar, Vittorio}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cassar, Vittorio}}
[[Category:1550s births]]
[[Category:1550s births]]
[[Category:1600s deaths]]
[[Category:1600s deaths]]
⚫
[[Category:People from Birgu]]
[[Category:Maltese Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Maltese Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Maltese architects]]
[[Category:16th-century Maltese architects]]
[[Category:17th-century Maltese architects]]
[[Category:Maltese military engineers]]
[[Category:Maltese military engineers]]
[[Category:Knights of Malta]]
⚫
[[Category:People from Birgu]]
[[Category:Maltese people of Sicilian descent]]
[[Category:Maltese people of Sicilian descent]]
[[Category:Maltese knights]]
[[Category:Knights of Malta]]

Latest revision as of 16:15, 13 February 2021

Vittorio Cassar
Vitor Cassar
Born
Gio Vittorio Cassar

c. 1550
probably Birgu, Hospitaller Malta
Diedc. June 1609
Resting placeprobably Valletta
NationalityMaltese
Occupation(s)Architect and military engineer
EmployerOrder of St. John
Notable workUpgrading of the Cittadella
Parents

Vittorio Cassar (Maltese: Vitor Cassar, c. 1550 – c. 1609), born Gio Vittorio Cassar,[1] was a Maltese architect and military engineer. The son of the renowned architect Girolamo Cassar, he was admitted as a knight within the Order of St. John in 1587. He became the Order's resident engineer in the early 17th century, and he directed the upgrading of the Cittadella of Gozo between 1600 and 1603.

Many details about his life are uncertain, including the dates of his birth and death. He is claimed to have designed some of the Wignacourt towers and several churches, but there is no evidence of these attributions.

Biography[edit]

Vittorio Cassar was probably the firstborn son of Girolamo Cassar and his wife Mattea, and he was his father's favourite and principal heir.[1][2] He is said to have been born in around 1550, but this date is mainly based on speculation.[3] The Cassar family, probably originating from Sicily, had been established in Malta since at least the year 1440.[1]

Cassar was admitted as a knight within the Order of St. John on 9 April 1587, joining the Langue of Castille, Léon and Portugal (there was no langue for Maltese knights). On 18 May of the same year, he was created serjeant-at-arms at the Church of St. Paul's Shipwreck in Valletta. In around 1594, the Order sent Cassar to tour various towns in Italy in order to study the latest architectural styles and meet famous engineers.[3]

Cassar directed the upgrading of the Cittadella between 1600 and 1603

In around 1600, Cassar was appointed as the Order's resident engineer, a post which had been previously held by his father. In September 1600, Cassar was assigned to direct the upgrading of the fortifications of the Cittadella on Gozo. During his stay on Gozo, he also produced designs for the Garzes Tower, but the tower was eventually built after Cassar left the island. Cassar developed an uneasy relationship with the island's governor, Fra Ferdinando de Rosolmini, which led to him being recalled back to Malta in August 1603 after being repeatedly reprimand due to the slow progress of the works.[3]

The date and circumstances of Cassar's death are unknown. It has been traditionally held that he died in 1607, when he erected a slab commemorating himself within the Chapel of St. Barbara in the Cittadella.[4] However, military historian Stephen C. Spiteri states that he died in around mid-June 1609,[5] and some records suggest that he was buried in Valletta.[4] He was definitely dead by 14 May 1615, when his mother Mattea made her will and referred to masses for the repose of Vittorio's soul.[3]

Buildings attributed to Cassar[edit]

Saint Mary's Tower, which was attributed to Cassar by Giovanni Francesco Abela. This claim is unlikely since Cassar was already dead when work on the tower began.

There is very little documentary evidence about Cassar's work as an architect or military engineer. The only evidence of his work as a military engineer are documents relating to his directing the rebuilding of the Cittadella between 1600 and 1603, and mentions of preliminary sketches of the Garzes Tower dated 1601–02.[3]

Many other buildings have been attributed to Cassar, but these claims are dubious and unlikely, since there is no evidence supporting them. As early as 1647, Giovanni Francesco Abela attributed the design of the Saint Mary's Tower on Comino (built 1618) to Cassar. In 1703, Bartolomeo dal Pozzo attributed both the Comino tower and Santa Maria delle Grazie Tower (built 1620) to him, and the claim was later extended to include three other Wignacourt towers – St. Paul (1610), St. Lucian (1610–11) and St. Thomas (1614) towers.[3][2] However, Cassar is believed to have died in 1609, before work on the first Wignacourt tower had begun.[5]

The Parish Church of St. Mary in Birkirkara, one of several churches attributed to Cassar without any evidence supporting the claim

The following churches are attributed to Cassar,[6] but once again there is no documentary evidence supporting any of these attributions.[3]

Personal life[edit]

Vittorio Cassar was short tempered and was often involved in quarrels and criminal offences. He was imprisoned for six months in Fort St. Angelo after harassing another knight and beating his servant. In 1604, he and his brother Gabriele were involved in a fight with some "secular persons". The circumstances of this incident are unknown, but it was regarded as a serious offence.[3]

Between the 1590s and 1606, the Inquisition accused and sentenced Cassar for practicing fortune-telling, and he was said to be able to relieve people and read their future.[3] He is said to have had a relationship with Gioanna La Siracusana, a magician and prostitute. It is now believed that Cassar's "sins" included possession of banned manuscripts about magic which he had obtained in Messina.[7]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Mangion, Giovanni (1973). "Girolamo Cassar Architetto maltese del cinquecento" (PDF). Melita Historica (in Italian). 6 (2). Malta Historical Society: 192–200. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2016.
  2. ^ a b Gaul, Simon (2007). Malta, Gozo and Comino. New Holland publishers. p. 325. ISBN 9781860113659.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Mallia-Milanes, Victoria (1984). "In Search of Vittorio Cassar – A Documentary Approach" (PDF). Melita Historica. 9 (3). Malta Historical Society: 247–269. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2016.
  4. ^ a b "Environmental Planning Statement for the Creation of Stabilised Slopes and Car Parking at Rabat, Gozo – Responses to MEPA and other stakeholders' comments" (PDF). Malta Environment and Planning Authority. Fgura. August 2012. pp. 44, 233. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2015.
  5. ^ a b Spiteri, Stephen C. (2013). "In Defence of the Coast (I) – The Bastioned Towers". Arx – International Journal of Military Architecture and Fortification. 3: 70–74. Archived from the original on 27 July 2016.
  6. ^ Schiavone, Michael J. (2009). Dictionary of Maltese Biographies Vol. 1 A–F. Pietà: Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza. p. 534. ISBN 9789993291329.
  7. ^ Davies, Owen (2010). Grimoires: A History of Magic Books. Oxford University Press. p. 67. ISBN 9780199590049.
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