Overtraining
| Classification according to ICD-10 | |
|---|---|
| Z73.0 |
Burnt out Burn-out State of total exhaustion |
| ICD-10 online (WHO version 2019) | |
In sports medicine, overtraining describes a chronic overload reaction that is usually triggered by continuously excessive training intensities , excessive training volumes and / or insufficient regeneration times between training units. The performance level of the affected athlete drops. Accompanying symptoms such as increased resting and exercise pulse , sleep disorders or headaches occur. This condition has disease value. Overloading is seen as a preliminary stage of overtraining. The transitions are fluid; there is currently no binding consensus regarding the nomenclature.
Classification
The classification has so far been inconsistent internationally. In German-speaking countries, a distinction is made between the symptom-oriented terms basedowoides (also sympathetic or classic) and addisonoid (also parasympathetic or modern) overtraining. In the Anglo-American language area, on the other hand, a distinction is made between a lighter and shorter-lasting form, overreaching, and a longer-term, more serious form, the overtraining syndrome . The transitions between the individual forms are fluid, hard diagnostic criteria have not yet been established.
causes
The cause lies in a disproportion between the intensity of the exertion and the recovery phase or ability to recover, whereby, according to the current state of knowledge, both factors are likely to have the same importance. So far there have only been hypotheses about the origin of the “disease” overtraining . The hypotheses can be broken down into cause-related (e.g. hypothesis of psychological genesis, monotony hypothesis according to Foster and Lehmann), clinic-related (e.g. hypothesis regarding dysbalance of the autonomic nervous system), pathophysiologically oriented (e.g. glycogen deficiency Hypothesis , BCAA hypothesis and other “substrate hypotheses”) and the cytokine hypothesis. However, it can also be due to incorrect periodization , if the training stimuli have been set at unsuitable (mostly too close) intervals with regard to a desired supercompensation .
Symptoms
The severity of the symptoms can vary widely. Overtraining manifests itself not only in a reduced performance of the affected athlete, but also in accompanying symptoms such as sleep disorders, nausea, headaches, increased resting and exercise heart rate, increased susceptibility to infections and / or injuries, as well as complaints to muscles and tendons. Also, depression can be triggered.
therapy
Therapy for overtraining can be very difficult and lengthy depending on its severity. Therefore, early detection (e.g. poor night's sleep, concentration disorders) and prevention (e.g. cyclical alternation of intensive and regenerative training units) are of particular importance. In recreational sports, too, attempts are wrongly made to compensate for overtraining through drug abuse or doping .
In the event of overtraining, a break from exercise is mandatory. A sports medical treatment is indicated in such cases. A therapy strategy in the sense of “evidence-based medicine” does not yet exist.
Individual evidence
- ^ A b c Roger Vogel: "Overtraining": Explanation of terms, etiological hypotheses, current trends and methodological limits. In: Swiss journal for "Sports Medicine and Sports Traumatology". 49 (4), 2001, pp. 154-162. (online) .
- ↑ M. Kellmann (Ed.): Enhancing Recovery: Preventing Underperformance in Athletes. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL 2002.
- ↑ Arnd Krüger : Periodization of sports training in the 21st century. Evidence-based or business as usual? In: competitive sport. 45, 4, 2015, pp. 5-10.
- ↑ Daniel Birrer: Overtraining as an Opportunity - An individual case study from cross-country skiing . Eidgenössische Hochschule für Sport Magglingen EHSM, 2007. online at: baspo.admin.ch ( Memento from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive )