Branched chain amino acids

Branched-chain proteinogenic amino acids
L-leucine
L-isoleucine
L-valine

As a branched chain amino acids (abbreviated BCAA for English B ranched- C hain A mino A cids ) refers to the proteinogenic amino acids valine , leucine and isoleucine . They belong to the essential amino acids , so cannot be produced by the body itself, but must be taken in with food. They are found in all protein foods.

In contrast to other amino acids, branched chain amino acids are metabolized less in the liver and more in other tissues .

Applications

In medicine , branched-chain amino acids are used against encephalopathy as a result of liver cirrhosis and in intensive care medicine . A possible application in geriatrics is being discussed, but so far the study situation has been limited to animal experiments. It has also been used to treat muscular atrophy for over 50 years , with the therapeutic effectiveness being discussed. Elevated blood levels of branched-chain amino acids are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus . A possible link with cancer and cardiovascular disease is being investigated.

In sports branched amino acids are in power sports and in endurance sports as a dietary supplement used. The hoped-for effects are improved muscle development with less muscle loss and later fatigue during endurance exercise. An advantage of the isolated administration as a dietary supplement has not been scientifically proven. An increased intake of branched-chain amino acids inhibits the transport of the amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine across the blood-brain barrier . The neurotransmitter serotonin is formed from tryptophan and dopamine is formed from tyrosine, whereby this effect of the branched-chain amino acids mainly affects the absorption of tryptophan.

literature

JS Mattick, K. Kamisoglu, MG Ierapetritou, IP Androulakis, F. Berthiaume: Branched-chain amino acid supplementation: impact on signaling and relevance to critical illness. In: Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Systems biology and medicine. Volume 5, number 4, 2013 Jul-Aug, pp. 449-460, doi : 10.1002 / wsbm.1219 , PMID 23554299 , PMC 4482218 (free full text).

Web links

MeSH : Branched-chain amino acids

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b Hilmar Buchardi et al. (Ed.): The intensive care medicine . 9th edition. Springer , Berlin / Heidelberg 2004, ISBN 978-3-540-00882-8 , pp. 240 ( limited preview in the Google book search - "No other group of amino acids has received so much attention in recent years as the branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine and isoleucine." ).
↑ ^a ^b Hans-Konrad Biesalski ea (Ed.): Nutritional medicine . 3. Edition. Thieme , Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 978-3-13-100293-8 , pp. 234–235 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
↑ N. Tamanna, N. Mahmood: Emerging Roles of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation in Human Diseases. In: International scholarly research notices. Volume 2014, 2014, p. 235619, doi : 10.1155 / 2014/235619 , PMID 27351005 , PMC 4897441 (free full text).
↑ Gluud LL, Dam G, Les I, Córdoba J, Marchesini G, Borre M, Aagaard NK, Vilstrup H .: Branched-chain amino acids for people with hepatic encephalopathy. In: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2015), Volume 2, CD001939. doi: 10.1002 / 14651858.CD001939.pub2 . PMID 25715177 .
↑ G. Dam, P. Ott, NK Aagaard, H. Vilstrup: Branched-chain amino acids and muscle ammonia detoxification in cirrhosis. In: Metabolic brain disease. Volume 28, Number 2, June 2013, pp. 217-220, doi : 10.1007 / s11011-013-9377-3 , PMID 23315357 .
↑ Kristina Abels: Power drinks for mice. Image of Science , October 6, 2010, accessed May 22, 2019 .
↑ M. Holeček: Branched-chain amino acids in health and disease: metabolism, alterations in blood plasma, and as supplements. In: Nutrition & metabolism. Volume 15, 2018, p. 33, doi : 10.1186 / s12986-018-0271-1 , PMID 29755574 , PMC 5934885 (free full text).
↑ CJ Lynch, SH Adams: Branched-chain amino acids in metabolic signaling and insulin resistance. In: Nature reviews. Endocrinology. Volume 10, number 12, December 2014, pp. 723-736, doi : 10.1038 / nrendo.2014.171 , PMID 25287287 , PMC 4424797 (free full text).
↑ MS Yoon: The Emerging Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Insulin Resistance and Metabolism. In: Nutrients. Volume 8, number 7, July 2016, p., Doi : 10.3390 / nu8070405 , PMID 27376324 , PMC 4963881 (free full text).
↑ C. Nie, T. He, W. Zhang, G. Zhang, X. Ma: Branched Chain Amino Acids: Beyond Nutrition Metabolism. In: International journal of molecular sciences. Volume 19, number 4, March 2018, p., Doi : 10.3390 / ijms19040954 , PMID 29570613 , PMC 5979320 (free full text).
^ Baker LB, Nuccio RP, Jeukendrup AE: Acute effects of dietary constituents on motor skill and cognitive performance in athletes. In: Nutr Rev. (2014), Volume 72, Issue 12, pp. 790-802. doi: 10.1111 / only.12157 . PMID 25400063 .
↑ ^a ^b J. D. Fernstrom: Large neutral amino acids: dietary effects on brain neurochemistry and function. In: Amino Acids. Volume 45, Number 3, September 2013, pp. 419-430, doi : 10.1007 / s00726-012-1330-y , PMID 22677921 .

[buchardi2004-1] Hilmar Buchardi et al. (Ed.): The intensive care medicine . 9th edition. Springer , Berlin / Heidelberg 2004, ISBN 978-3-540-00882-8 , pp. 240 ( limited preview in the Google book search - "No other group of amino acids has received so much attention in recent years as the branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine and isoleucine." ).

[biesalski2004-2] Hans-Konrad Biesalski ea (Ed.): Nutritional medicine . 3. Edition. Thieme , Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 978-3-13-100293-8 , pp. 234–235 ( limited preview in Google Book search).

[3] N. Tamanna, N. Mahmood: Emerging Roles of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation in Human Diseases. In: International scholarly research notices. Volume 2014, 2014, p. 235619, doi : 10.1155 / 2014/235619 , PMID 27351005 , PMC 4897441 (free full text).

[4] Gluud LL, Dam G, Les I, Córdoba J, Marchesini G, Borre M, Aagaard NK, Vilstrup H .: Branched-chain amino acids for people with hepatic encephalopathy. In: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (2015), Volume 2, CD001939. doi: 10.1002 / 14651858.CD001939.pub2 . PMID 25715177 .

[5] G. Dam, P. Ott, NK Aagaard, H. Vilstrup: Branched-chain amino acids and muscle ammonia detoxification in cirrhosis. In: Metabolic brain disease. Volume 28, Number 2, June 2013, pp. 217-220, doi : 10.1007 / s11011-013-9377-3 , PMID 23315357 .

[6] Kristina Abels: Power drinks for mice. Image of Science , October 6, 2010, accessed May 22, 2019 .

[7] M. Holeček: Branched-chain amino acids in health and disease: metabolism, alterations in blood plasma, and as supplements. In: Nutrition & metabolism. Volume 15, 2018, p. 33, doi : 10.1186 / s12986-018-0271-1 , PMID 29755574 , PMC 5934885 (free full text).

[8] CJ Lynch, SH Adams: Branched-chain amino acids in metabolic signaling and insulin resistance. In: Nature reviews. Endocrinology. Volume 10, number 12, December 2014, pp. 723-736, doi : 10.1038 / nrendo.2014.171 , PMID 25287287 , PMC 4424797 (free full text).

[9] MS Yoon: The Emerging Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Insulin Resistance and Metabolism. In: Nutrients. Volume 8, number 7, July 2016, p., Doi : 10.3390 / nu8070405 , PMID 27376324 , PMC 4963881 (free full text).

[10] C. Nie, T. He, W. Zhang, G. Zhang, X. Ma: Branched Chain Amino Acids: Beyond Nutrition Metabolism. In: International journal of molecular sciences. Volume 19, number 4, March 2018, p., Doi : 10.3390 / ijms19040954 , PMID 29570613 , PMC 5979320 (free full text).

[11] Baker LB, Nuccio RP, Jeukendrup AE: Acute effects of dietary constituents on motor skill and cognitive performance in athletes. In: Nutr Rev. (2014), Volume 72, Issue 12, pp. 790-802. doi: 10.1111 / only.12157 . PMID 25400063 .

[Fernström-12] J. D. Fernstrom: Large neutral amino acids: dietary effects on brain neurochemistry and function. In: Amino Acids. Volume 45, Number 3, September 2013, pp. 419-430, doi : 10.1007 / s00726-012-1330-y , PMID 22677921 .