Đinh dynasty
The Đinh Dynasty ( Vietn . Nhà Đinh or Trieu Đinh , chữ Hán :丁朝) was the second Vietnamese dynasty after about a thousand years Vietnam belonging to China . It was founded in 968 by Đinh Bộ Lĩnh and followed the phase of the anarchy of the Twelve Warlords , which had occurred after the collapse of the Ngô dynasty . As early as 980, with the deposition of his young son and successor Đinh Toàn in favor of Lê Hoàn , the dynasty passed into the earlier Lê dynasty without major upheavals .
Establishment of the Vietnamese state
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Despite the short period of rule, the Đinh dynasty had a decisive influence on Vietnamese history: Đinh Bộ Lĩnh was the first Vietnamese to appoint himself emperor ( hoàng đế ) after unifying the country by submitting the twelve warlords . Although with this step he had declared the equality and thus independence of his empire from China, he sent tribute missions to the Chinese imperial court and was recognized by the new Song dynasty as a vassal (initially with the title of governor, later as king - the Imperial title was only used in relation to one's own subjects). This apparent contradiction between aspirations for independence and formal recognition of Chinese supremacy was to determine the Sino-Vietnamese relationship for the next nine centuries.
Đinh Bộ Lĩnh chose the name Đại Cồ Việt as the name for his empire , which in the simplified form Đại Việt remained the country's name until 1804. For strategic reasons, he made Hoa Lư on the southern edge of the Red River plain - at that time far in the south of the Vietnamese settlement area - the new capital . Here he distinguished himself as a promoter of Buddhism and founder of several temples for the worship of local natural deities. Through extensive reforms, he created a progressive state administration, reorganized the army and laid the foundation for the organization of religion. Because of these measures, he is often seen as the actual founder of the Vietnamese state.
End of the dynasty
Đinh Bộ Lĩnh had five wives with whom he had three sons. The eldest, Đinh Liễn , was already an adult when his father ascended the throne and was in charge of the tribute mission to the Chinese imperial court. The other two, Đinh Toàn and Đinh Hạng Lang , were not born until the 970s.
For unclear reasons, Đinh Bộ Lĩnh named his youngest son Hạng Lang - who was still a toddler at the time - instead of Đinh Liễn as his heir to the throne in 978. It is believed that Hạng Lang's mother was the favorite of the now over fifty-year-old monarch at that time and manipulated him accordingly in order to bring her family clan to power. In 979, the disgraced Đinh Liễn had his young brother murdered. After the deed, he sought reconciliation with his father and had a hundred prayer pillars with Buddhist sutras built for the dead Hạng Lang , whereupon he was reinstated as heir to the throne.
However, in the same year both the father and his eldest son were murdered in their sleep by a courtier named Đỗ Thích - who felt himself called to rule through a dream. The murderer was executed shortly after the crime and the only remaining son, Đinh Toàn, who was only about five years old, was appointed emperor. A brief power struggle ensued between the old followers of the Đinh: Chancellor Nguyễn Bặc , Đinh Điền (unrelated) and Phạm Hạp allied themselves against Commander-in-Chief Lê Hoàn , Phạm Cự Lạng and the empress dowager and mother Dương Vân Nga . However, Lê Hoàn and his supporters quickly prevailed and took over the reign of the Kindkaiser. The next year Lê Hoàn deposed the emperor, married his mother and ascended the throne himself, which began the earlier Lê dynasty .
However, the Song dynasty took these events as an opportunity to launch a campaign against Vietnam in 981. Lê Hoàn succeeded in ambushing the vastly outnumbered Chinese invasion army and finally forcing it to retreat. Then he turned against the also attacking Champa empire and destroyed its capital. After his power was thus secured, the deposition of the Đinh was also recognized by the Chinese emperor.
The deposed child emperor Đinh Toàn remained loyal to the new ruler throughout his life and died in 1001 at the age of 27 in a skirmish against insurgents. The earlier Lê could only hold out a little longer and after Lê Hoàn's death in 1005 they were soon replaced by the Lý dynasty - the first dynasty to maintain stable rule for more than a generation.
Đinh dynasty monarchs
- 968–979: Đinh Bộ Lĩnh (originally Đinh Hoàn ), known posthumously under the government title Đinh Tiên Hoàng ("former Đinh emperor")
- 979–980: Đinh Toàn (also Đinh Tuệ ), titled Vệ Vương after his dismissal , known posthumously as Đinh Phế Đế ("deposed Đinh emperor")
literature
- KW Taylor : The Birth of Vietnam , University of California Press, Berkeley 1991 (first edition 1983), pp. 275–295 (chapter Dinh Bo Linh )