1st quarter (Magnitogorsk)
The first quarter is the first construction phase of the “socialist city” Magnitogorsk , which was planned from June 1930 to the beginning of 1932 and built from 1930–34 (residential buildings) and from 1931 to the 1950s (community buildings). In the latter case, changes were made to the original planning. Taking into account the residential rows along the Ulitsa Pionerskaja begun by Sergei Tschernischew in 1930, a general development plan for Magnitogorsk was drawn up by Mart Stam and Soviet employees under the direction of Ernst May .
From the general development plan, only the 1st quarter, parts of the 2nd quarter and a satellite settlement were implemented. The first quarter is on the left , Asian bank of the Urals .
These are the first massive buildings in the city of Magnitogorsk. Despite the architectural and historical value as a significant building ensemble of the modern age, only individual buildings connected with the city's history are now under monument protection . Many buildings today are in poor or ruinous condition or are threatened with demolition. Architectural historians warn of the loss of the monument ensemble.
Overview of the residential buildings
Four-storey sectional brick houses (S. Tschernischew)
.jpg)
The houses Ulitsa Pionerskaja 21–32 are all identical in plan. From June 1930, Magnitogorsk's first massive building began here. The twelve buildings were designed by the Soviet architect S. Tschernichew using type floor plans from the Gosproekt. Since these buildings were already started before the general development plan Mart Stams, they had to be included in this.
These are four-storey sectional brick houses with 32 apartments each. The apartments are three and five-room apartments from 55.4 m² to 93.7 m².
INKO-A (E. May)
A total of 20 buildings of the so-called INKO-A type were used along the entire Ulitsa Tschaikowskogo (no. 33–53) and partly in Ulitsa Mayakowskogo (no. 40–52). This type of building did not have kitchens as the city had communal kitchens. However, the residents mostly installed kitchens afterwards. The only exception to the normal INKO-A type in these buildings seems to be number 40, with the apartments on the south side of the corridor and the common rooms on the opposite side.
The buildings were therefore planned as individual apartments ( Inko in Russian ), but should have the option of being converted into collective apartments. Part of this socialization approach was the omission of kitchens and the use of communal kitchens. The conversion to collective housing was never implemented due to the changed housing policy under Stalin .
Four apartment blocks are no longer preserved today, two of which were replaced by new buildings in the same location in the 1970s.
IN-B (M. Stam)
At Ulitsa Mayakowskogo No. 30-38, five IN-B buildings were built by Mart Stam. In contrast to the INKO-B residential buildings, these apartments had kitchens. These are three-storey five-section houses with 30 small three-room apartments (43–45 m²).
The residential buildings are similar to the type B of the Hellerhofsiedlung in Frankfurt am Main , which was also designed by Stam.
Overview of the communal buildings
Not all of the community buildings originally planned were actually carried out. Below are all the communal buildings built by the May group and two more that are based on the planning of the May group, but were created by Soviet architects after the May group's work had ended.
grocery store
The building has the address Ulitsa Mayakowskogo 40a and has not been preserved. Who built the business is still unknown.
canteen
The canteen is located in Ulitsa Tschaikowskogo between Buildings 43 and 45 and is at number 41a. It is not yet known who built the canteen.
The canteen still exists today, albeit in a ruinous state.
School for 640 children ( W. Schütte )
The school, designed for 640 children, has long been used as a vocational school. The school in the east of the first quarter is 180 m long and had an area of 67 m² per student.
One of the school's workshop buildings is no longer preserved. In 2013 the building was put out to auction unconditionally. The further use and future of the structure is unclear. A demolition is suspected.
Kindergarten for 150 children (M. Schütte-Lihotzky)
Originally planned as a kindergarten for 65 children, the building was realized as a kindergarten for 150 children in 1931/32 at Ulitsa Tschaikowskogo 52. The architect was the Austrian Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky .
The kindergarten is still there today.
Day nursery for 108 children (M. Schütte-Lihotzky)
Of the five crèches envisaged in the original plan, only one was implemented by the May group. It was built in 1931/32. The address of the crib is Ulitsa Tschaikowskogo 34. It was also designed by Schütte-Lihotzky.
The day nursery has been rebuilt today.
kindergarten
Another kindergarten was built in Ulitsa Mayakowskogo No. 28 in 1935. It is unclear who designed the kindergarten. It was converted into a school in the 1960s. This kindergarten was not part of the original plan.
The kindergarten is still there today.
Crèche (R. Smolenskaya)
The Soviet architect Rachel Smolenskaja built another day care center in 1939, which is partly based on Schütte-Lihotzky's plans. This day nursery is not part of Mart Stam's original plan, but it is a testimony to late Soviet modernism.
The crèche has been preserved to this day, but is in poor condition.
Green space planning
The original suggestions for the green spaces made by Ulrich Wolf were not implemented. It was suggested partly the areas agricultural - horticultural create. Instead, 1932–33 a neo-baroque garden was implemented by Lyubov Zalesskaya, A. Afanasyev, I. Petrow and M. Glagolew. As the green areas are increasingly overgrown, it is difficult to see, but some fountains have been preserved.
literature
- Evgenija Konyševa, Mark Meerovič: Left Bank, Right Bank. Ernst May and the planning history of Magnitogorsk (1930–1933) . Theater der Zeit, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-943881-14-1 .
- Elke Pistorius, Astrid Volpert: Before disappearing: the first quarter of Magnitogorsk. In: kunsttexte.de . No. 3 , 2013 ( kunsttexte.de [PDF]).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Magnitogorsk Archives - modern REGIONAL. Retrieved October 6, 2017 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Evgenija Konyševa, Mark Meerovič: Left bank, right bank. Ernst May and the planning history of Magnitogorsk (1930–1933) . Theater der Zeit, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-943881-14-1 , p. 140-144 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g Elke Pistorius, Astrid Volpert: Before the disappearance: the first quarter of Magnitogorsk . In: kunsttexte.de . No. 3 , 2013 ( hu-berlin.de [PDF]).