American sole
| American sole | ||||||||||||
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Achirus lineatus |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Achiridae | ||||||||||||
| Rafinesque , 1810 |
The American sole (Achiridae) are a family of flatfish (Pleuronectoideo). The fish live on the tropical and subtropical coasts of North, Central and South America. The genera Achiropsis , Apionichthys , Pnictes and Soleonasus occur only in fresh waters of northern South America, Apionichthys dumerili in the estuaries of Orinoco , Corantjin , Oyapock , Amazonas and Río Grajaú also in brackish and sea water. Two species of the genus Catathyridium only live in the catchment area of Rio Paraguay , Río Paraná and Río Uruguay, and Catathyridium garmani occurs in estuaries and coastal areas of southeastern Brazil and northern Uruguay, including the Lagoa dos Patos . Some marine species from the genera Achirus and Trinectes go into fresh water at times.
features
They are similar to the sole (Soleidae) and were formerly regarded as their subfamily . Like these, they have the eyes on the right. The lower lip is reinforced by a cartilage.
Most species have a conspicuously circular or oval body shape. The dorsal and anal fin have not grown together with the caudal fin. The right ventral fin has grown together with the anal fin. The pectoral fins are small or absent.
They are small flatfish only 3.5 to 23 centimeters in length.
Systematics
The American sole form together with the sole (Soleidae), the dog's tongue (Cynoglossidae) and six other flatfish families the superfamily Soleoidea.
Genera and species
There are seven genera and 35 species:
- Genus Achirus
- Achirus achirus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Achirus declivis Chabanaud, 1940
- Achirus klunzingeri (Steindachner, 1880)
- Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Achirus mazatlanus (Steindachner, 1869)
- Achirus mucuri Ramos, Ramos & Lopes, 2009
- Achirus novoae Cervigón, 1982
- Achirus scutum (Günther, 1862)
- Achirus zebrinus Clark, 1936
- Genus Apionichthys
- Apionichthys dumerili Kaup, 1858
- Apionichthys finis (Eigenmann, 1912)
- Apionichthys menezesi Ramos, 2003
- Apionichthys nattereri (Steindachner, 1876)
- Apionichthys rosai Ramos, 2003
- Apionichthys sauli Ramos, 2003
- Apionichthys seripierriae Ramos, 2003
- Genus Catathyridium
- Catathyridium garmani (Jordan, 1889)
- Catathyridium grandirivi Chabanaud, 1928
- Catathyridium jenynsii (Günther, 1862)
- Catathyridium lorentzii (Weyenbergh, 1877)
- Genus Gymnachirus
- Gymnachirus melas Nichols, 1916
- Gymnachirus nudus Kaup, 1858
- Gymnachirus texae (Gunter, 1936)
- Genus Hypoclinemus
- Hypoclinemus mentalis (Günther, 1862)
- Genus Pnictes
- Pnictes asphyxiatus (Jordan, 1889)
- Genus Trinectes
- Trinectes fimbriatus (Günther, 1862)
- Trinectes fluviatilis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1928)
- Trinectes fonsecensis (Günther, 1862)
- Trinectes hubbsbollinger Duplain et al., 2012
- Trinectes inscriptus (Gosse, 1851)
- Trinectes maculatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
- Trinectes microphthalmus (Chabanaud, 1928)
- Trinectes opercularis (Nichols & Murphy, 1944)
- Trinectes paulistanus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1915)
- Trinectes xanthurus Walker & Bollinger, 2001
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literature
- Joseph S. Nelson : Fishes of the World. Wiley, New York 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Achiridae on Fishbase.org (English)
- ↑ Matthew A. Campbell, Bruno Chanet, Jhen ‐ Nien Chen, Mao ‐ Ying Lee, Wei ‐ Jen Chen (2019): Origins and relationships of the Pleuronectoidei: Molecular and morphological analysis of living and fossil taxa. Zoologica Scripta, 48: 640-656. doi: 10.1111 / zsc.12372