Sole

Sole
Sole ( Solea solea )
Systematics
Spinefish (Acanthopterygii) Perch relatives (Percomorphaceae) Carangaria Order : Carangiformes Partial order : Flatfish (Pleuronectoideo) Family : Sole
Scientific name
Soleidae
Bonaparte , 1832

Soles (Soleidae, from Latin solea = sandal) are a family of flatfish (Pleuronectiformes), whose representatives can be found both in the sea and in brackish and fresh water , where they feed on crustaceans and small invertebrates . Tongues live on the bottom of bodies of water. The family includes over 170 species in 32 genera, of which Solea is the largest. Sole is widespread in all the world's oceans, some are known as excellent food fish and are therefore of economic importance, like sole ( Solea solea ).

features

Sole can reach lengths of a few centimeters up to 70 centimeters. It is characterized by the flat, oval body and the asymmetrical arrangement of the eyes, which are always on the right side of the body in sole. The dorsal fin begins above or in front of the eyes. It is without hard rays. The dorsal and anal fin can grow together with the caudal fin or be free. The pectoral fins have not grown together with the anal fin. Ventral fins may be present or absent. The edge of the gill cover is covered with skin and scales. They spawn in open water by allowing their eggs to float. Sole generally have a darker upper body than the underside and can change color to adapt to the environment. Fossils suggest that sole existed as early as the Eocene .

Systematics

Fishbase lists over 170 species in 32 genera:

Aseraggodes diringeri

• Genus Achiroides
  • Achiroides leucorhynchos Bleeker , 1851 .
  • Achiroides melanorhynchus (Bleeker, 1851) .
• Genus Aesopia
  • Aesopia cornuta Kaup , 1858 .
• Genus Aseraggodes
  • Aseraggodes andersoni Randall & Bogorodsky, 2013 .
  • Aseraggodes bahamondei Randall & Meléndez, 1987 .
  • Aseraggodes borehami Randall, 1996 .
  • Aseraggodes cyaneus ( Alcock , 1890) .
  • Aseraggodes dubius Weber, 1913 .
  • Aseraggodes filigree weaver, 1913 .
  • Aseraggodes guttulatus Kaup, 1858 .
  • Aseraggodes haackeanus ( Steindachner , 1883) .
  • Aseraggodes lord Seale, 1940 .
  • Aseraggodes holcomi Randall, 2002 .
  • Aseraggodes kaianus ( Günther , 1880) .
  • Aseraggodes klunzingeri (Weber, 1907) .
  • Aseraggodes kobensis (Steindachner, 1896) .
  • Aseraggodes kruppi Randall & Bogorodsky, 2013 .
  • Aseraggodes macleayanus (Ramsay, 1881) .
  • Aseraggodes macronasus Randall & Bogorodsky, 2013 .
  • Aseraggodes martine Randall & Bogorodsky, 2013 .
  • Aseraggodes melanostictus ( Peters , 1877) .
  • Aseraggodes microlepidotus (Fowler, 1946) .
  • Aseraggodes normani Chabanaud, 1930 .
  • Aseraggodes ocellatus Weed, 1961 .
  • Aseraggodes persimilis (Günther, 1909) .
  • Aseraggodes ramsayi ( Ogilby , 1889) .
  • Aseraggodes sinusarabici Chabanaud, 1931 .
  • Aseraggodes smithi Woods, 1966 .
  • Aseraggodes texturatus Weber, 1913 .
  • Aseraggodes therese Randall, 1996 .
  • Aseraggodes whitakeri Woods, 1966 .
• Genus Austroglossus
  

  Austroglossus microlepis
  • Austroglossus microlepis ( Bleeker , 1863) .
  • Austroglossus pectoralis (Kaup, 1858) .
• Genus Bathysolea
  • Bathysolea lactea Roule, 1916 .
  • Bathysolea lagarderae Quéro & Desoutter, 1990 .
  • Bathysolea polli (Chabanaud, 1950) .
  • Bathysolea profundicola ( Vaillant , 1888) .
• Genus Brachirus
  • Brachirus aenea (Smith, 1931) .
  • Brachirus annularis Fowler, 1934 .
  • Brachirus aspilos (Bleeker, 1852) .
  • Brachirus dicholepis (Peters, 1877) .
  • Brachirus harmandi (Sauvage, 1878) .
  • Brachirus heterolepis (Bleeker, 1856) .
  • Brachirus macrolepis (Bleeker, 1858) .
  • Brachirus muelleri ( Steindachner , 1879) .
  • Brachirus orientalis ( Bloch & Schneider , 1801) .
  • Brachirus pan ( Hamilton , 1822) .
  • Brachirus panoides (Bleeker, 1851) .
  • Brachirus sayaensis Voronina, 2019 .
  • Brachirus siamensis (Sauvage, 1878) .
  • Brachirus sorsogonensis (Evermann & Seale, 1907) .
  • Brachirus swinhonis (Steindachner, 1867) .
• Genus Buglossidium
  

  Buglossidium luteum
  • Dwarf tongue ( Buglossidium luteum ) ( Risso , 1810) .
• Genus Dagetichthys
  • Dagetichthys lakdoensis Stauch & Blanc, 1964 .
• Genus Dicologlossa
  • Bastard tongue ( Dicologlossa cuneata ) (Moreau, 1881) .
  • Dicologlossa hexophthalma (Bennett, 1831) .
• Genus Heteromycteris
  • Heteromycteris capensis Kaup , 1858 .
  • Heteromycteris hartzfeldii (Bleeker, 1853) .
  • Heteromycteris matsubarai Ochiai, 1963 .
  • Heteromycteris oculus ( Alcock , 1889) .
  • Heteromycteris proboscideus (Chabanaud, 1925) .
• Genus Liachirus
  • Liachirus melanospilos (Bleeker, 1854) .
  • Liachirus whitleyi Chabanaud, 1950 .
• Genus Microchirus
  

  Microchirus ocellatus
  • Microchirus azevia (Brito Capello, 1867) .
  • Microchirus boscanion (Chabanaud, 1926) .
  • Microchirus sauerkopi Chabanaud, 1952 .
  • Microchirus ocellatus (Weed, 1961) .
  • Microchirus theophila ( Risso , 1810) .
  • Striped tongue ( Microchirus variegatus ) (Donovan, 1808) .
  • Microchirus wittei Chabanaud, 1950 .
• Genus Monochirus
  • Monochirus hispidus Rafinesque , 1814 .
  • Monochirus trichodactylus (Nardo, 1827) .
• Genus Parachirus
  

  Pardachirus hedleyi
  • Parachirus diringeri Quéro, 1997 .
  • Parachirus hedleyi Ogilby, 1916 .
  • Parachirus xenicus Matsubara & Ochiai, 1963 .
• Genus Paradicula
  • Paradicula setifer (Paradice, 1927) .
• Genus Pardachirus
  

  Pardachirus morrowi
  • Pardachirus balius Randall & Mee, 1994 .
  • Pardachirus hedleyi Ogilby , 1916 .
  • Pardachirus marmoratus ( Lacépède , 1802) .
  • Pardachirus morrowi (Chabanaud, 1954) .
  • Pardachirus pavoninus (Lacépède, 1802) .
  • Pardachirus poropterus ( Bleeker , 1851) .
• Genus Pegusa
  

  Pegusa lascaris
  • Pegusa cadenati Chabanaud, 1954 .
  • Pegusa impar (Bennett, 1831) .
  • Sand tongue ( Pegusa lascaris ) (Risso, 1810) .
  • Pegusa triophthalma (Bleeker, 1863) .
• Genus Phyllichthys
  • Phyllichthys punctatus McCulloch, 1916 .
  • Phyllichthys sclerolepis (Macleay, 1878) .
  • Phyllichthys sejunctus Whitley, 1935 .
• Genus Pseudaesopia
  

  Pseudaesopia japonica
  • Pseudaesopia japonica (Bleeker, 1860) .
• Genus Rendahlia
  • Rendahlia jaubertensis ( Rendahl , 1921) .
• Genus Rhinosolea
  • Rhinosolea microlepidota Fowler, 1946 .
• Genus Solea
  • Solea aegyptiaca Chabanaud, 1927 .
  • Solea bleekeri Boulenger , 1898 .
  • Solea capensis ( Kaup , 1858) .
  • Solea elongata Day, 1877 .
  • Solea fulvomarginata Gilchrist, 1904 .
  • Solea heinii Steindachner , 1903 .
  • Solea humilis Cantor , 1849 .
  • Solea ovata Richardson , 1846 .
  • Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858 .
  • Sole ( Solea solea ) ( Linnaeus , 1758) .
  • Solea stanalandi Randall & McCarthy, 1989 .
• Genus Soleichthys
  

  Soleichthys heterorhinos
  • Soleichthys heterorhinos ( Bleeker , 1856) .
  • Soleichthys maculosus Muchhala & Munroe, 2004 .
  • Soleichthys microcephalus ( Günther , 1862) .
  • Soleichthys siammakuti Wongratana, 1975 .
  • Soleichthys tubifera ( Peters , 1876) .
• Genus Strabozebrias
  • Strabozebrias cancellatus (McCulloch, 1916) .
• Genus Synaptura
  • Synaptura albomaculata Kaup , 1858 .
  • Synaptura cadenati (Chabanaud, 1954) .
  • Synaptura commersonnii ( Lacépède , 1802) .
  • Synaptura lusitanica lusitanica Brito Capello, 1868 .
  • Synaptura lusitanica nigromaculata Pellegrin, 1905 .
  • Synaptura marginata Boulenger , 1900 .
  • Synaptura megalepidoura (Fowler, 1934) .
  • Synaptura nigra Macleay, 1880 .
  • Synaptura salinarum (Ogilby, 1910) .
  • Synaptura selheimi Macleay, 1882 .
  • Synaptura villosa Weber, 1907 .
• Genus Synapturichthys
  • Synapturichthys kleinii ( Risso , 1827) .
• Typhlachirus genus
  • Typhlachirus caecus Hardenberg, 1931 .
  • Typhlachirus elongatus Pellegrin & Chevey 1940 .
  • Typhlachirus lipophthalmus (Chabanaud 1948) .
• Genus Vanstraelenia
  • Vanstraelenia chirophthalma ( Regan , 1915) .
• Genus Zebrias
  

  Zebra zebra
  • Zebrias altipinnis ( Alcock , 1890) .
  • Zebrias annandalei Talwar & Chakrapany, 1967 .
  • Zebrias captivus Randall, 1995 .
  • Zebrias craticula (McCulloch, 1916) .
  • Zebrias crossolepis Zheng & Chang, 1965 .
  • Zebrias fasciatus (Basilewsky, 1855) .
  • Zebrias japonica ( Bleeker , 1860) .
  • Zebrias keralensis Joglekar, 1976 .
  • Zebrias lucapensis Seigel & Adamson, 1985 .
  • Zebrias maculosus Oommen, 1977 .
  • Zebrias munroi (Whitley, 1966) .
  • Zebrias penescalaris Gomon, 1987 .
  • Zebrias quagga (Kaup, 1858) .
  • Zebrias regani (Gilchrist, 1906) .
  • Zebrias scalaris Gomon, 1987 .
  • Zebrias synapturoides (Jenkins, 1910) .
  • Zebra zebra ( Bloch , 1787) .
  • Zebrias zebrinus ( Temminck & Schlegel , 1846) .

literature

• Joseph S. Nelson : Fishes of the World. 4th edition. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken NJ et al. 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7 .
• Kurt Fiedler: Fish (= textbook of special zoology. Vol. 2: Vertebrates. Part. 2). Gustav Fischer, Jena 1991, ISBN 3-334-00338-8 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Sole on Fishbase.org (English)

Web links

Commons : Sole  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

• Sole on Fishbase.org (English)