Agriotype
| Agriotype | ||||||||||||
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Parasitic wasp , Agriotypus armatus |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name of the subfamily | ||||||||||||
| Agriotypinae | ||||||||||||
| Haliday , 1838 | ||||||||||||
| Scientific name of the genus | ||||||||||||
| Agriotype | ||||||||||||
| Curtis , 1832 |
Agriotypinae is a subfamily of parasitic wasps (Ichneumonidae), the only genus Agriotypus contains. The Agriotypinae are parasitoids on larvae ofcaddis flies underwater. Their development therefore takes place underwater in the quiver of the caddis fly.
16 species of the genus Agriotypus have been described, one of which is widespread in Europe ( Agriotypus armatus ), the others are common in Asia .
morphology
The body is usually black, reddish brown or brown. The wings are hyaline , the front wings of the females with 3 dark bands (in males less developed or absent). Length of the body 4.5 to 9 mm, length of the forewing 3.6 to 7 mm.
The Agriotypinae differ not only by their lifestyle morphologically from all other parasitic wasps by a rearwardly directed pin on the scutellum , the second and third Tergit are fused together and the sternites of the abdomen are sclerotized .
The dolls are unique in that they form a glove-shaped extension of the doll's shell that protrudes into the open water and is used for air breathing.
Way of life
Well known is the way of life of European water parasitic wasp ( Agriotypus armatus ). The females dive into running water and look for prepupae or caddis flies pupae on which to lay their eggs in the quiver. The larva of the Agriotypinae develops in the water in the host's quiver, where pupation also takes place. To do this, she spins a cocoon with an appendage that stirs into the water, is filled with air and is used for breathing. It can be extended up to four times the length of the trichopteran quiver. The young adults hatch and rise out of the water to mate. Adult Agriotypinae of the species Agriotypus gracilis can stay under water for up to 30 minutes.
Systematic position
Agriotypinae are a relatively old group (relict group) within the parasitic wasps, which probably go back to the Cretaceous period. They are very closely related to the Labeninae , perhaps their sister group . After a further morphological phylogenetic investigation, the Agriotypinae could be the sister group of all other Ichneumonidae. But after an overall analysis (morphological and molecular) the Agriotypinae could be the sister group of the Eucerotinae . Overall, the phylogenetic relationships have by no means been finally clarified. Some authors also classify the Agriotypinae as a separate family .
evolution
The search for a host under water is very unusual for parasitic wasps , but there is a species of both Cryptinae ( Apsilops sericata ) and Cremastinae ( Cremastus sp.) That find their hosts ( Nymphalidae ) in the water. This behavior must have arisen several times independently of one another. With the Cryptinae there is also a species that semi-aquatically looks for its host on the water surface. The Cremastine Sulcarius nigricornis looks for its host caddis flies in places that are partially in the air when the water level is low. This is also a possible scenario of how one can imagine the evolution of the Agriotypinae.
species
- Armatus species group
- Agriotype armatus ; Europe, hosts: several species of silo ( Goeridae ) and other caddis flies .
- Agriotypus changbaishanus, northeast China, hosts: Goeridae pupae.
- Agriotypus gracilis , Japan, hosts: Goera japonica (Goeridae), Psilotreta kisoensis ( Odontoceridae ).
- Agriotypus jilinensis , Northeast China, hosts not known, only males described.
- Agriotypus silvestris , Japan, hosts: Neophylax japonicus, N. ussuriensis (Neophylacinae, Uenoidae , formerly part of the Limnephilidae ). This species occurs in the same river as A. gracilis .
- Agriotypus succinctus , northwest China, hosts: Trichoptera pupae not identified.
- Himalensis species group
- Agriotypus chaoi , North Vietnam, hosts: Psilotreta sp. (Odontoceridae).
- Agriotypus himalensis , Northeast India, hosts: Neophylax sp. (Uenoidae).
- Agriotype kambaitensis , Burma, only known to males.
- Agriotypus lui , Southeast China, host unknown.
- Agriotypus maculiceps , south-central China, host unknown.
- Agriotypus masneri, Northwest Vietnam, host unknown, only males known.
- Agriotypus tangi , southeast China, host unknown.
- Agriotypus townesi , Taiwan, only males known, host unknown.
- Agriotypus zhejiangensis , Southeast China, only males known, host unknown.
- Agriotypus zhengi , Central China, only females known, host unknown.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Agriotypinae. Retrieved June 4, 2020 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Andrew MR Bennett: Phylogeny of Agriotypinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), with comments on the subfamily relationships of the basal Ichneumonidae . In: Systematic Entomology . tape 26 , 2001, p. 329-356 .
- ↑ H. Bürgis: The parasitic wasp Agriotypus armatus, a caddis fly parasite. In: Nature and Museum . tape 123 , no. 5 . Frankfurt 1993, p. 140-148 .
- ↑ AMR Bennett, S. Cardinal, ID Gauld, DB Wahl: Phylogeny of the subfamilies of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) . In: J. of Hymenoptera Res. Band 71 , 2019, p. 1–156 , doi : 10.3897 / year 71.32375 .
- ↑ True ichneumon wasps - Hortipendium. Retrieved June 5, 2020 .
- ↑ Kazuhiko Konishi & Masato Aoyagi: A New Species of the Genus Agriotypus (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) from Japan . In: Japanese Journal of Entomology . tape 62 , no. 3 , 1994, p. 421-431 .