Agujero de oro
The Agujero de oro ( Golden Hole ) is used in El Salvador to denote the bourgeoisie , ie the 14 families who hold power in the corresponding 14 departments . Until the civil war , this power was characterized by land ownership. All means of production were less concentrated in the hand, while the landless were paid with replacement money , which they could exchange for food at the patron.
Origins in colonial New Spain
The exploitation in the colonial viceroyalty of New Spain was organized in Corregimientos . The Spanish king demanded a tax of two reales a year for every adult indigenous man in his domain . This tax was collected by the corregidor collectively from the indigenous people of a community. Through this tax, the indigenous people were forced to provide economic services against reals , which were then partially provided on common land in the ejido system .
Independence from Spain and liberal reforms
With independence, many Corregidor officials made themselves the owners of their fiefs, which was a significant motive for enforcing independence against the Spanish motherland. The ejidosystem initially remained untouched.
After Mexico got into debt with European countries in the war against the USA , Napoléon III. Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria as Emperor of Mexico and thus also as debt collector. In 1857 the liberal Benito Juárez expropriated the ejido property of the communities in his constitution without payment of compensation.
In Guatemala, the ejidio was abolished in 1870 by liberal usurpers who armed themselves in Mexico to overthrow the government and divided among the liberals as spoils. As before in Mexikon, this action was called La Reforma . So that coffee could be grown extensively in El Salvador, Rafael Zaldívar expropriated the common land in 1881 and 1882 and named it Reforma Agraria .
The Constitution of El Salvador of 1871, which took effect in 1886, stipulated that all foreigners could live in Salvador if they recognized the constitution and laws. However, this constitution already excluded ethnic groups as perniciosos (depraved), but without clearly defining them. At that time, David Joaquín Guzmán published his book, Anotaciones sobre topografía física de la República de El Salvador , Remarks on the Nature of El Salvador, and called the Chinese perniciosos there . These were the first ethnic group to be stigmatized , although they had done a great deal of service to the country by helping to build the first railroad lines. In a law of 1897, the Chinese were specifically referred to as perniciosos .
The land oligarchy
Coffee, cotton and sugar production 1970, 1971
| family | coffee | cotton | sugar |
| Quintal = 46.0093 kg | Quintales | t | |
| Regalado | 85,000 | 105,000 | |
| Guirola | 72107 | 67,000 | 9,000 |
| Llach and Schonenherg | 50,000 | 27,000 | |
| Hill-Llach Hill | 49,500 | 77,000 | |
| Dueñas | 45,500 | 12.4000 | 44,000 |
| Alvarez Lemus | 42,000 | ||
| Meza Ayau | 41,100 | ||
| Sol Millet and Luis Escalante | 36,500 | ||
| Daglieo | 35,500 | 18,000 | |
| Alvarez | 33000 | ||
| Salaverria | 31,500 | 31,000 | 10,000 |
| W. Deininger | 22,000 | ||
| Altareo | 22,000 | 48,000 | |
| Dalton | 21,500 | 35,000 | |
| Lima | 20,000 | ||
| Garcia Prieto | 20,000 | 92,000 | |
| Avila Meardi | 19,000 | 18,000 | |
| Dear | 18,000 | ||
| Battle | 18,000 | ||
| Alvarez Dews | 16,000 | 22,000 | |
| Quinoñez | 14,500 | 45,000 | |
| De Sola | 13,500 | 22,000 | |
| Kriete | 13,000 | 100,000 | |
| Christiani Burkard | 12,500 | 79,000 | 51,000 |
| E. Salaverria | 12,000 | 10,000 | |
| Bonilla | 10,000 | ||
| Black | 8,500 | ||
| Bustanmante | 8,000 | 12.3000 | |
| Alvarez Meza | 8,000 | ||
| Soler | 7,500 | ||
| Henriquez | 7,500 | ||
| Rengifo | 6,500 | ||
| Duke | 60,500 | 34,000 | |
| Homberger | 60,000 | 29,000 | |
| Sol Meza | 6,000 | ||
| Belismelis | 5,500 |
Coffee export 1974, in%
| rank | Family / company | % of Salvadoran coffee exports |
| 1. | H. De Sola e hijos | 14.37 |
| 2. | Cia. Salvadoreña de Cafe | 8.16 |
| 3. | Exportadora Dear SA de CV | 7.03 |
| 4th | Daglio y Cia. | 6.66 |
| 5. | Prieto | 5.92 |
| 6th | Mauricio Borgonovo | 5.76 |
| 7th | Cafeco SA de CV | 4.1 8 |
| 8th. | Battle Hermanos | 3.93 |
| 9. | Miguel Dueñas | 2.88 |
| 10. | Llach | 2.87 |
| 11. | Salaverría Durán y Cia. | 2.80 |
| 12. | Christiani Burkard | 1.80 |
| 13 | Agro Industrias Homberger SA de CV | 1.79 |
| 14th | José Antonio Salaverría y Cia. de CV | 1.64 |
| 15th | Salnnar | 1.59 |
| 16. | Rodrigo Herrera Cornejo | 1.55 |
| 17th | Arnoldo Castro dear | 1.46 |
| 18th | Industrias de Cafe SA | 1 .41 |
| 19th | Bonilla hjos | 1.32 |
| 20th | Esther de Rengifo Nuñez | 1.15 |
| 21st | Regalado Hermanos | 1.10 |
| 22 | Armando Monedero | 1.09 |
| 23. | J. Hill | 1.07 |
| 24. | Empresa Cafetalera Sol Millet | 1.02 |
| 25th | Carlos Schmidt | 0.92 |
Families with over 1,000 hectares of land
| family | Area [ha] |
| Aguilar | 1,488.2 |
| Alfaro | 6,138.8 |
| Alvarez | 4,602.7 |
| Alvergue Gomez | 2,048.5 |
| Barrientos Sarmiento | 1,530.6 |
| tree | 3,034.4 |
| Beneke | 1,083.6 |
| Borja | 5,905.0 |
| Bustamante | 6,816.8 |
| Carranza Martinez | 1,545.8 |
| Daglio | 1,869.8 |
| Dalton | 1,480.4 |
| Deininger | 3,295.9 |
| De Sola | 2,581.2 |
| Dueñas | 5,713.0 |
| Regalado Dueñas | 6,424.7 |
| Gallardo | 1,484.8 |
| Giammattei | 5,490.2 |
| Guirola | 13,682.6 |
| Gutiérrez Diaz | 2,464.5 |
| Hernández | 1,140.6 |
| Langenegger de Bendix | 1,452.5 |
| Letona de Trigueros | 1,152.0 |
| Magana | 1.3778.1 |
| Martinez | 1,234.7 |
| Melendez | 1,306.6 |
| Mendoza de Gross | 1,477 6 |
| Menéndez Castro | 1,176.8 |
| Menéndez Lorenzo | 1,546.5 |
| Menéndez Salazar | 1,968.6 |
| Meza (Ayau, Alvarez, Sol, Calderón, Quinoñez) | 4,247.1 |
| Milla Sandoval | 1,349.6 |
| Orellana | 2,717.9 |
| Padilla y Velasco | 1,626.5 |
| Palomo | 1,316.0 |
| Parker | 1,893.3 |
| Peña Acre de Espinoza | 1,054.8 |
| Romero Bosque | 1,831.1 |
| Saca | 2,072.0 |
| Salavérria | 7,808.0 |
| Salguero Gross | 1,091.0 |
| Sandovál Langenegger | 1,175.8 |
| Schmidt (Moron, Herrera) | 1,054.1 |
| Schonenberg | 1.01 8.2 |
| Sol Castellanos | 2864.8 |
| Sol Millet | 2,146.9 |
| Urrutia Fantolli | 1,555.3 |
| Venutolo | 3,005.8 |
| Vilanova Kreitz | 2,407.0 |
Oligarchy in neoliberalism
The US government's project in El Salvador at the beginning of the civil war was that of José Napoleón Duarte under the motto of seeking consensus. Towards the end of the war, ARENA , an alliance that the client of the murder of Óscar Romero had founded, offered itself as a partner for the implementation of the neoliberal economic model. The national bourgeoisie had previously defended every inch of their refuge, from beer to cement production, from competitors and direct investment . There was further concentration of capital. Now there are groups like TACA , Banagrícola, Banco Salvadoreño (taken over by HSBC ), Banco de Comercio, Grupo Agrisal, Grupo Poma, Grupo de Sola, Grupo Hill and Grupo Cuscatlán. After the war, the shareholder of Banco Cuscatlán and President Alfredo Cristiani Burkard demonstrated the more elaborate form of robbery without weapons with the privatization of the state compulsory insurance system . According to the laws enforced by ARENA, foreign banks no longer need to pay taxes in El Salvador, after which Cristiani personally registered the previously Salvadoran Banco Cuscatlán in Panama.
On May 19, 1997, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) joined Cemento de El Salvador SA, CESSA with third parties . The previously unrivaled brewery Industrias La Constancia CA was sold to SABMiller .
swell
- ↑ James Dunkerley : The Long War: Dictatorship and Revolution in El Salvador. : Junction Books, London, 1982. Translation from English by Paul B. Kleiser with the assistance of Aleander Schertz. "The long war dictatorship and revolution in El Salvador" isp-Verlag GmbH, Postfach 11 10 17, D-6000 Frankfurt / M . 1 edition: September 1986 James Dunkerley, 1982 of the German edition: isp-Verlag GmbH, Frankfurt / M. Printed by: Fuldaer Verlagsanstalt, 6400 Fulda ISBN 3-88332-107-9 → questia.com: The Long War: Dictatorship and Revolution in El Salvador , accessed on August 21, 2010
- ↑ Colindres Eduardo, Fondements Economiques de la bourgeoisie Salvadorienne dans la period 1950 à 1970 , Paris 1975, p 44, according to Dunkerley
- ↑ Excedentes {{web archive | text = archive link | url = http: //ladb.unm.edu/econ/content/sad/1999/march/nueva.html | wayback = 20060830142059 | archiv-bot = 2018-03-28 15 : 21: 15 InternetArchiveBot}} (link not available)
- ↑ Gobiernos de El Salvador, 1989-2004. In: Qué Joder - Blog de WordPress.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2008 ; Retrieved January 18, 2015 (Spanish).
- ↑ worldbank in El Salvador: {{web archive | text = archive link | url = http: //wbln0018.worldbank.org/ifcext/lacweb.nsf/0aba79667774d9f885256529005c5f84/7ebba7a186abd711852567e600445f2f? OpenDocument | archive | wayback = 20011-0320 = 20011-0320 28 15:21:15 InternetArchiveBot}} (link not available)