Alyaksey Karpyuk

Aliaksei karpiuk ( Belarusian Аляксей Карпюк , Russian Алексей Карпюк / Alexei Karpjuk * 14. April 1920 in Straszewo near Gródek (now Białystok County / Poland ); † 14. August 1992 in Grodno , Belarus ) was a Belarusian writer and a Public figure. From 1960 to 1990 he was a leading figure in the intelligentsia in Grodna and supported the writers-dissidents in the USSR .

biography

Aljaksej Karpjuk was born into a peasant family, the father was a supporter of the Communist Party of Western Belarus. In 1934 he graduated from the 7-year school, and from 1938–1939 he attended the Polish grammar school in Vilnius . After its closure ( Soviet occupation of eastern Poland on September 17, 1939) he attended the pedagogical college in Nawahradak until 1941 .

After the German attack on the Soviet Union, he belonged to a subversive group. During a sabotage against the railway, he was arrested in 1942 and sent to prison in Białystok, from where he was sent to the German Stutthof concentration camp , which would later play an important role in his life. He managed to escape in the autumn of 1943, and since then he has actively participated in partisan combat. In 1944 he was head of the Kalinowski partisan unit near Grodna. 1944–1945 was in the Red Army and took part in the fighting on Polish and German territory (Berlin, April 1945). He was wounded twice and remained a war invalid.

In 1947 he joined the Communist Party of Belarus. In 1949 he graduated from the University of Education in Grodno in the subject of English. 1949-1951 he worked in the Office for Public Education in Sapockino and was director of the Biskup 7-year school in the Waukawysk district .

The first work to be published in 1953 was “At an Institute”. Since 1953 was a member of the Writers' Union of the USSR . 1953–1955 he worked in Grodno at the Pedagogical University, 1955–1957 in the regional newspaper “Grodnenskaya Pravda” and was a correspondent for the newspaper “Literature and Art”. In 1961 he completed further literary training courses in Moscow and became the head of the Inturist agency in Grodno.

In 1965 he became secretary of the Grodno department of the Union of Writers of the USSR, 1977–1981 he was director of the "Republican Museum of Atheism and History" in Grodno (one of the most nationally conscious museums in Belarus during the Soviet era). In 1978 he was re-elected Secretary of the Grodno Department of the Union of Writers of the USSR. In the second half of the 80s was very actively involved in public and social life in Grodno. He was a supporter of the Belarusian National Front (BNF), one of the founders of the Association of Belarusians of the World “Backaushchyna” and had frequent contacts with the “Pahodnja” club.

Aljaksej Karpjuk is known for his works on life in the western part of Belarus in the first half of the 20th century - this theme allowed a description of national history under the conditions of Soviet censorship (story "Danuta", novel "Wershalainski raj", etc.) . Around Aleksej Karpjuk a society of free-thinking “intelligentsia” was established in Grodno from 1960 to 1970. At different times they included Wassil Bykau , Danuta Bichel-Zagnetava, Volga Ipatava, Branislau Rsheuski. Aljaksej Karpjuk himself actively distributed forbidden literature in the USSR and was in correspondence with Alexander Solzhenitsyn (who sent Karpjuk his works "Candle in the Wind", "Right Hand" and "Wie schade" for printing). Karpyuk had contact with the Genijush family. Karpyuk's phone calls were tapped and his home was secretly searched. Once he was warned in good time and was able to destroy a lot - letters from Solzhenitsyn, samizdat literature. According to the writer's wife, "the illegal literature was pooled at night and drowned in water ... but some things have been preserved".

On June 20, 1969, Yuri Andropov , KGB chief of the USSR, sent a secret letter to the Central Committee of the Communist Party CK KPSS: “The State Security Committee has information on the unhealthy political moods of Belarusian writers and party members Karpyuk and Bykau ... Karpyuk illegally disseminates various harmful documents among his acquaintances, such as B. the book "Steile Route" by Ginsburg-Aksjonov u. a. It exerts a negative influence on the youth ... The KGB plans actions to avert possible hostile actions on the part of the named people ”. On April 21, 1972, Karpjuk was expelled from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on charges of nationalism, Kulak origins, and false information about his past (concentration camp documents were forged by KGB officers Famin and Klimovich). 1970–1972 Karpyuk could not find a job. Finally, Petr Mascherau (leader of the Communist Party in Belarus) helped him. In April 1973, an official warning was issued to Karpyuk (for activities against official party's policies), but his party membership was restored. Spying on his person continued anyway, but, as contemporaries note, “there was no forum, however small, on which Karpyuk did not appear. He did not shy away from telling the truth ”,“ there was not a single meeting at the Association of Writers at which Karpyuk did not harshly criticize some functionary - whether party - or literature - ”. Karpyuk's son, Ivan, wrote a letter to Andropov in 1976, complaining that as one of the top MIFI (Best Soviet University of Physics Moscow) graduates, he could not find a job as he was apparently punished for his father's activities .

In 1989 Karpyuk published very actively: he published some articles on the interpretation of the events of 1939, which were far from the official version. The office of the Communist Party in Grodno passed a special decree on this: “Karpjuk showed the Red Army's liberation action of September 1939 subjectively and one-sidedly, the attitude of the inhabitants to the soldiers and the process of collectivization in the 1940s and 1950s were very strange Years ago ”. It was precisely this decree that prompted Wasil Bykau to write an article in defense of Karpyuk. Karpjuk was attacked by the magazine Politischer Gegenüber, in which false information was spread about him. Karpyuk sued the author of this article and he won the case on April 2, 1991. The Supreme Court of the BSSR upheld the judgment on July 12, 1991. On April 5, 1991, Karpyuk resigned from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union because he "no longer believes in the principles of Marxism and Leninism and has come to the realization that these ideas are utopian ... were conceived in the bureaucratic buildings", but he kept the party book “in memory of the dreams of his youth”.

Honors

Karpjuk was awarded the Order of the Red Flag, the Order of the Great Patriotic War (stages I and II), various medals, the gold cross of the Polish order " Orden Virtuti Militari " and the Order of Cultural Merit of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) (1980) and in 1986 received the BSSR Literature Ivan Melesch Prize for his work “A contemporary conflict” (“Suchasny kanflikt”).

Works

The following were published:

• Two jaws (orig .: Дзве сасны / Dzve sasny ) (1958)
• Danuta (orig .: Данута ) (1960)
• My Grodno-Land (orig .: Мая Гродзеншчына / Maja Hrodzenščyna ) (1960)
• Forest Odyssey (orig .: Пушчанская адысея / Puščanskaja adyseja ) (1964)
• What we are worth (Library of the magazine "Voice of the Homeland", 1970)
• Trace on Earth: Treasures and Conquests of my Grodno Country (orig .: След на зямлі: Скарбы і здабыткі маёй Гродзеншчыны / Sled na zjamli: Skarby i zdabytki maëšj Hrodzen ) (1972)
• Werschalainski Paradies (orig .: Вершалінскі рай / Veršalinski raj ) (1974)
• Olga Korbut (orig .: Ольга Корбут / Ol'ha Korbut ) (1977)
• Fresh fish (orig .: Свежая рыба / Svežaja ryba ) (1978)
• Portrait (orig .: Партрэт / Partrėt ) (1983)
• Contemporary conflict (orig .: Сучасны канфлікт / Sučasny kanflikt ) (1985)
• Two sisters (orig .: Дзве сястры / Dzve sjastry ) (fairy tale, 1986)

Novels:

• Roots (orig .: Карані / Karani ) (1988)
• White Lady (orig .: Белая дама / Belaja dama )
• requiem

Selected works were published in two volumes in 1980 and 1990–1991. Selected works were also published in the "Belarusian Book Survey" ( Беларускі кнігазбор / "Belaruski knigazbor") 2007.

Documents

• ANH. F-3 (Аляксей Карпюк);
• Центр Хранения Современной Документации. Фонд 5, опись 61, ед. хранения 8182 (ролик № 009867).
• Постановление Бюро Гродненского обкома КПБ "Об обращении и письмах ветеранов войны и труда в обком КПБ на публикации А.Н.Карпюка в газете" Гродненская гравда "// Гродненская правда December 23, 1989;

swell

• Быков В .: В железной раковине // Литературная газета. № 14, June 4, 1990;
• Леденеев Я .: Истина дороже всего // Политический собеседник. 1990, № 10;
• Бабич Д .: Он был в России больше, чем поэт… 14 малоизвестных фактов из жизни Ю.В.Андропова // Комсома. October 16, 1992;
• Бабич Д .: Как «жучки» точили книги Быкова // Комсомольская правда. February 16, 1993;
• Тарас В .: На острове воспоминаний // Нёман. 1998, № 5;
• Каментар-інтэрвію з Карпюком да артыкула ў "Гродненской правде" за 23 снежня 1989 году // Рэанімова. 1990, № 1 (7).

Літ .: Карпюк Аляксей // Беларускія пісьменнікі (1917–1990): Даведнік; Склад. А. К. Гардзіцкі. Нав. рэд. А. Л. Верабей. - Мн .: Мастацкая літаратура, 1994. - 653 с .: іл. ISBN 5-340-00709-X

• Дэмакратычная апазіцыя Беларусі. 1956-1991 гг. Персанажы і кантэксты. Рэд. А.Дзярновіч. - Мн., 1999. ISBN 985-6374-08-1
• Карпюк Аляксей // Беларускія пісьменнікі: Біябібліяграфічны слоўнік. У 6 т. / пад рэд. А. І. Мальдзіса. Мн .: БелЭн, 1992–1995.

Web links

• Карпюк А .: З гісторыі гродзенскага маста, 1392–1944 (: эсэ) // "Беларусь", 1983, №2, с. 22-25. - Эл. рэсурс harodnia.com
• http://kamunikat.org/usie_knihi.html?pubid=11227 - first Belarusian online library

Footnotes

1. ↑ Samizdat - unofficial distribution of the literature forbidden in the SU through photocopying, typewriters and copying