Old weights and measures (Norway)

There are no uniform values ​​for the old dimensions in Norway. They varied greatly from landscape to landscape and over time. Therefore a conversion table would be misleading. On the other hand, no distinction was made between value, weight and area. The word “ton” can stand for a weight, a measure of capacity and a measure of an agricultural area. In addition, the tradition is very poor. This is why there is no standardized information about the values ​​in the literature. This also applies to the reputable websites that publish values. The example of the "Norsk Forlishistorisk Forening" is extreme here, specifying the weight values ​​that were valid between 1200 and 1526 in kg with 5 decimal places. Here the “Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelader” and the explanations from “Aschehougs Norges Historie” are essentially followed. The inaccuracy, which is concealed by the usual specification with several places after the comma, is also shown in the definition, which does not allow such precision and in the conversion of the various units to one another. The measure for "rod" in cm only fits in relation to "alen" since 1683. From the literature it is not possible to see whether the information is independent, or whether the measures result from the conversion from other measures, so how far the Numerical ratios of the units have been made to match, e.g. B. tømme = 1/12 fot .

The same words have been used multiple times for different categories, so it is impractical to proceed by the terms. Therefore, the dimensions are presented here according to the objects to be measured.

The lagmann (law spokesman) had to bring all weights and measures to the law thing . There the Sysselmen had to calibrate their weights and measures according to their own. The farmers then had to calibrate their weights and measures according to those of the Sysselamnss. The law also required each household to have its own scales and measures, and it was forbidden to borrow them.

In 1541 the Danish Sjælland alen became the legal alen in Denmark and Norway, which at that time formed a common kingdom and until 1814. In 1604 Christian IV introduced some Danish units of measurement in Norway, and the ordinances of 1683 and 1698 established identical systems of measurement for Denmark and Norway. In 1683 the alen was set as 2 feet of the Rhine. The system was then slightly amended in 1824, but otherwise remained in force until the introduction of the metric system by a law from 1875. In 1824 the base unit was the fot, which was defined as 12/38 the length of a pendulum with a period of one second at the 45th parallel. The metric system was introduced in 1887.

Length measurements

scruple	Scruples	1 / 12 Linje	0.18 mm
linje	line	1 / 12 Tomme	2.18 mm
tomme	Thumb, inch	1 / 12 fot	2.61 cm; According to some sources it was defined as the distance from the tip of the thumb to the first phalanx, according to others the width of the thumb at the root of the nail, according to others the measure introduced by Henry I : 1/36 of the distance from his nose to his thumb. Used for sawn timber until the 1970s. Today stands for inches (2.54 cm).
kvarter	Quarter cubit	1 / 4 alen
fot	foot	1 / 2 alen	Originally the measurement of the shoe, not the (shorter) bare foot: 30.48 cm; from 1824 31.374 cm
alen	Cubit		from 1541: 63.26 cm; from 1683: 62.75 cm; from 1824: 62.748 cm was originally defined as the distance from the elbow to the tip of the little finger.
favn, pl. favner	Thread, fathom	3 alen	1,882 m
kabellengde	Cable length	120 favner	Nautical measure of length for the water depth 225.9 m; later 1/10 nautical mile = 185.2 m.
stang	rod	5 alen	3.1375 m
read		15 favner	28.2 m
steinkast	Stone throw	probably 25 favner (47 m)	Still in use today as a rough estimate.
fjerdingsvei, also fjerding	1 / 4 mil	from 1683 to 1887: 2.82375 km, then 2500 m
rages	League hour	about 1 mil	Distance that can be covered on foot without a break. Before 1541 about 9 km, then about 11 km.
mil (up to 1862 miil)	mile		about 11 km (18,000 alen = 11.295 km; 17,600 alen = 11.13 km before 1683; 10 km today)
landmil	old country mile		1,824 km
sjømil	nautical mile	4 kvartmil	7.4 km
kvartmil		10 cords	1.85 km
lactic		about 1 favn	Length in mining, about 2 m.
tylft	dozen	about 12 mil	about 21.6 km

Nautical length measurements

unit	German	definition	Size in SI units
favn	thread	3 alen	= 1.88 m
kabellengde	Cable length	100 favner	= 185.2 m
kvartmil	Quarter mile	10 cords	= 1.852 km
sjømil	nautical mile	4 kvartmil	= 7.408 km, 1/15 equatorial degree

See also : Norwegian border mile

Area dimensions

kvadrarfavn	Square thread		about 3.5 m 2
kvadratrode	Square rod	1 rod 2	9.84 m 2
times		100 kvadratrode	984 m 2 , today 1000 m 2
fjerding	1 quarter		was the fourth part of a political unit, as in German the "city quarter".
tønneland	Ton land	4 times	3937 m 2

Weights and volumes

The systems of measurement for weights were based on the scales used. There was a Skålvekt with two bowls and different weights. These scales were used to weigh gold, silver and goods in small quantities. There was a bismer , which was a wooden sliding weight scale measuring 60 to 80 cm in length. It was used to weigh goods from 21 to 24 marks or 1 bismer pound (Bismer pound). Larger quantities were weighed with the Pund, a running weight scale that was larger than the Bismer. In Landslov it was ordered that one had to be able to weigh from ½ Vætt to ½ Skippund with a handpound. What was above was weighed with the Skippund. With the butter pound you had to be able to weigh 3 pounds of butter at 24 marks. The Skippund had to be able to weigh 24 Vætt at 28½ marks and 8 Ørtug. That was the unit for a Skippund as weight.

A number of weights made of lead, bronze or iron have been archaeologically secured. They were flat panes.

In Vestlandet the Tønsberg weight applied, which in Landslov was made binding for the whole country.

In many areas, the weight units were at the same time designations for the corresponding volumes of certain goods and then varied accordingly, as can be seen from the measure of mele in connection with grain and liquids.

General

Weights

unit	German	definition	Size in SI units
place			= 0.9735 g
mark (pl. mark ), mark	Mark, Roman pound	1 libra	= 249.4 g; 218.7 g before 1683
pund, skålpund	lb	2 markers	= 0.4984 kg; 0.46665 kg before 1683
bismerpund		12 pounds	= 5.9808 kg
vette		28.8 marks	= 6.2985 kg
spun		1 laup
laup		3 bismerpund = 4 spun = 72 merker	= 17.93 kg (16.2 L); for butter
våg		1/8 skippund	= 17.9424 kg
skippund	Ship pound	320 pounds	= 159.488 kg; 151.16 kg 1270

Volumes

unit	German	definition	Size in SI units
potty	Pot		= 0.9651 l
can	Jug	2 potter	= 1.9302 L.
skjeppe	bushel	1/8 tonne	= 17.4 l
korntønne	Grain barrel	144 potter	= from 1824: 138.97 l; before that 139.4 l
favn	thread	1 alen × 1 FAVN ²	= 2.232 m³, still for firewood today

butter

In ancient Scandinavia, butter was the object of comparison by which all goods and services were measured, roughly like the cigarette currency after 1945. So if a tax was expressed in butter, butter did not have to be delivered, but a corresponding other commodity could also be the same Be worthwhile.

Ton	1 Tønne (ton) was a measure of weight that corresponded to 6 Laup = 89.58 kg from 1200 to 1683. In Tønsberg around 1600 it was 21 Bismer pounds, which means 117.6 kg.
Bismerpund	The bismerpund (bismarapund, bismerpund, besmanspund) was one of the bases of the bismer system in weight units. It was in use from 1200 to 1526. There is no record of the size of the Bismer pound from the Middle Ages. So you can only stick to the information from the 16th and 17th centuries about the pound, which is handed down in the land registers. The Norwegian bismer pound then contained 24 marks, except in Bohuslän . In Bohuslän it was 36 marks. It was mostly a butter weight, and “1 pound of butter” usually meant 1 bismer pound of butter. According to today's view, the Bismer pound weighed 5.6 kg. From 1526 to 1683 it was equivalent to 5.97 kg.
Skålpund	The Skålpund , like the Skippund, was a weight for heavier goods such as butter and meat and weighed 1 ⁄ 2  kg.
fjerding	fjedring was 1 ⁄ 4 Skålpund, i.e. 125 g.
våg	3 våg corresponded to 1 bismer pound, about 2 kg.
Laup	Laup is actually a wooden vessel or basket and has become the measure for butter. The Laup spread as a measure over the whole of southern Norway and was of inconsistent size. It was then adapted to the Bismar weight system. The most widespread Laup was the 3-pound Laup at 72 marks (with pound is meant the Bismar pound) and weighed 14.9 kg until 1526. From 1526 to 1683 it weighed 15.9 kg. The corresponding butter measure corresponded to 16.2 l. In the north in Nordmøre and north of it, the Laup was called " Spann ". But other types of laup are also mentioned in the sources. In Ryfylke there was the " stinn Laup " (the great Laup), which was probably 4 Bismar pounds = 96 marks = 20.57 kg, which corresponds to 21.6 liters. There was also a " Låg Laup " and a "3-Spanns-Laup ", which were probably the same size, namely 3 spans of 18 marks = 11.57 kg and 12.15 & l. But these types of Laup were always named with an explanatory suffix ( laupr stinnr or þriggja spanna laupr ). In the southern Bohuslän there was a laup for 2 Bismar pounds ( tveggja punda laupr ), which was equivalent to 48 marks = 10.29kg = 10.8 l. For Romerike a Laup has survived, that was half the size of the usual 3-pound Laup and with the Eastern Norway Spann was identical.
Instep	Spann was a butter measure, around 8.1 l in the Oslo area, 16.2 l in Drontheim and north of it.
Yeast selde	Hefselde was a measure of butter of various sizes that was used in several larger towns in the eastern part of the country. In the south of Gudbrandsdalen, 1 Hefselde was equivalent to 1½ Laup = 108 Bismermark = 23.15 kg and measured 24.3 l. In the villages around Oslo and in Oppland corresponded to Hefselde 4 to 5 Spann = 144-180 Mark, so depending on the site from 30 to 53 or even 86 kg. The capacity for butter there varied between 32.4 and 40.5 l. In Oslo 1 Hefselde was 4½ Spann . 1 yeast selde butter cost 6 forngilde Øyrar at the beginning of the 14th century .

grain

There was also a separate measuring system for grain, which used the weight or the quantity as a measure of measure alongside one another and interchangeably. There were also major regional differences here. In the 17th century, lighter goods such as hay, oats, flour and flax were measured in Skippund, Lispund and Mark.

Skrull	Skrull was 1 / 4 setting.
Setting	The setting was a grain size. The regional differences were great. The measure ranged from 2.7 to 8.1 l. There were also smaller units that Bredsetting = 3 1/ 4 setting.
Mele	Mele roughly corresponded to the later skjeppe (= bushel) and contained 6 settings or 16.2 l.
fjerding	fjerding was 34.7 liters for dry goods. 4 fjerdinger went to 1 Tønne
Såld	Såld was 12 Setting or 6 Mele or ½ Skippund and equaled 97.2 l. 1 Såld was also 1 Tønne.
Ton	1 ton (tønne) was a measure of weight which corresponded to 6 Laup = 89.58 kg from 1200 to 1683. In Trøndelag and north of it it was used as a grain size of 86.64 l until 1604. In Vestland at the same time to 115.5 l. In the Oslo area it was 144.4 liters of grain. In Tønsberg around 1600 it was 21 Bismer pounds, which means 117.6 kg. From 1698 Korntønne was divided into 4 kvarter à 2 skjeppe (bushels) and corresponded to 139 l.
read	Load was equivalent to 12 tons of grain or 18 tons of coal and was a measure of the cargo volume of a ship. Different values ​​at different times in different areas. 1 read coal corresponded to about 2 m 3
kommerselest	kommerselest was a measure of the loading capacity of a ship, not standardized. 2080–2300 kg, depending on the size of the ship.
Skjeppe	Skjeppe (bushel) was divided into 18 pots and the equivalent of 17.4 liters.
pot	pot is an old measure of capacity and corresponds to 0.96 l.
Lispund	The Lispund weighed 9.26kg. It was divided into 4 Temål = 16 Ringsmun = 36 Marks. After 1683 it was 32 marks = 8 kg.
meterfavn	meterfavn was an old measure of capacity and corresponded to about 2.4 m 3
Skippund	( Ship pound ). According to Christian IV's code of law of 1604, two Skippund systems existed in Norway: an Eastern Norwegian so-called Tønsberg weight of 720 marks and a Western Norwegian-Trøndersches Skippund with 576 marks. In western Norway and Ryfylke, the grain for the tithe had to be delivered to Tønsberg-Skippund. The Landslov of Magnus Lagabøte had determined that a Skippund should be 24 Vætt at 28.5 Marks and 8 Ørtug each. But in the meantime it has been proven that another mark was used in the Landslov, which only contained 214.32 g, while the traditional system was based on a mark of 257.18 g. So the pound in Landslov was just as heavy as the pound in Trøndelag. Although the Landslov claimed validity for its weight definition in the whole country, this system of the Landslov has not prevailed. The two Skippund systems from Tønsberg and Trøndelag were used side by side throughout the entire Middle Ages, but mainly that of Tønsberg for grain because it was used as the basis for the taxes anyway. 1 East Norwegian (Tønsberg) Skippund = 4 fjerding (quarter pound) (for grain and butter: 4 Vætt) = 20 Lispund = 24 Spann; around Oslo = 80 remål = 320 Ringsmun = 720 marks = 185.17 kg. 1 West Norwegian ship pound (Trøndelag) = 2 såld = 4 vætt = 8 Våg = 24 Lispund (in the south 24 spans) = 576 marks = 148.14 kg. After 1683 the Skippund was fixed at 160 kg. 1 Icelandic Skippund = 24 Lispund = 576 marks. 10 Skippund = 1 load.

Precious metal

mark	The mark was first a pure unit of weight, secondarily a unit of value. The term does not appear in the poetic Edda, in the Skaldendichtung, or in Saxo. The word may have its origin in the marking on the Bismer barrel weight scale . The first written mention can be found in the contract from the 9th century between King Alfred the Great and the Danish King Gorm on penalties for Danes: 8 healfmarcum asodenes goldes (8 half marks of pure gold). Since the even older Anglo-Saxon sources give amounts of money in pounds (libra) or shillings (solidi), but never in marks, it can be assumed that the term was imported from Scandinavia. The oldest Scandinavian source seems to be a rune stone on the manor "Stora Ek" in Vadsbo from the early 11th century: (i) (s): (a) (t) (i): (þ) ria: buia: i : homri * auk: þria: tiauku: marka: at: airiki . It is about the fortune of a man who also mentions "30 marks deposited with Erik". Also a corrupt verse in chap. 5 of the Gunnlaugs saga mentions the mark . In the 11th century, the mark spread across the continent as a unit of weight and value. 1045 in Germany, 1200 as Kölnsche Mark in Venice and Milan. Archeologically there are many weight finds from the Viking Age in Norway and Sweden, especially in Gotland and also in Denmark (Skåne). From the old English sources of the 9th to 11th centuries it is clear that even then the mark was divided into 8 Øre. Mark was a unit of weight for precious metals and coins, but was also used for other materials, e.g. B. used butter. It fluctuated from region to region between 186 and 280 gr, but was mostly 219 gr. This unit was used until 1683. After that it was 1/4 kg. Then the Danish weight system was introduced. The measure of value was pure silver ( Mark brent sølv or Mark rent sølv = 90–95%). This mark was originally divided into 8 Øre = 24 Ørtug = 240 Pfennig = 960 album. After 1514 there was also the division into 16 Lodd (= Lot) according to Cologne weight. This changed the weight of the Cologne mark to 214.4 gr. Over time, more and more copper was added to the silver. The most common unit of account in the following period was the so-called " forngilde mark ", which corresponded to about 1/3 of the mark of pure silver, but steadily lost its value. It was equivalent to 3 Laup butter = 45 kg butter or 3 hides or 1 cow value. In the 14th century, 1 mark in the east was divided into 192 pfennigs and corresponded to 1/5 marks of pure silver, while in the west 1 mark was larger and, divided into 216 pfennigs, corresponded to 9/40 marks of pure silver. The western Norwegian mark was equated to 3 English shillings. They hastened to establish a fixed exchange rate for foreign currency. From 1380 the East Norwegian mark (234 grams of silver) was valid at 192 pfennigs as much as 1 Danish or Luebian mark at 16 shillings, while the western Norwegian mark was equated with 18 Danish or Luebian shillings. At the same time, a new unit of account was created, the “ lødige mark ” (the pure, solid mark). It was equivalent to 15 English or 45 Luebian shillings and was again worth 1 mark of pure silver. At the end of the Middle Ages, the forngilde mark was only worth 1 lot of silver = 1/16 mark of pure silver. There was also the gold mark, which was worth 8 forngilde marks . In Gulathingslov it is said that 10 marks correspond to 32 cows (no. 218) and 5 marks to 16 cows and 4 marks to 13 cows less 1 ⁄ 2 Øre (219).
Lodd	The Lodd = 1 ⁄ 2 Øre was initially mostly 13.7 g in weight, but was then adjusted to the Cologne weight system by Christian II in 1514 and weighed 13.4 g from then on.
Øre	The word Øre is derived from the Latin aureum , which indicates an original gold standard. The Norwegian gold finds from the Migration Period have shown that the gold rings usually had a whole multiple of 1 Goldøre of 26.4 gr, which should probably correspond to the Latin ounce. But in the Viking Age the Øre was only 24.5 g, corresponding to 3 Ertog of 8 g. 10 No. 13 (12) Frostathingslov corresponded to 12 weight øre (pure silver) 18 coin size.
Ertog	The etymology of the word Ertog is not certain. Possibly it is a contraction of argentus (made of silver) and a Germanic word for "weight". In any case, it was a silver weight, while Øre came from the gold standard. It is believed that the “ tremissis ” (the third part of the solidus) of the emperor Magnus Maximus were the godfather here. The Ertog weighed 8 grams. The solidus was also used as a measure of weight.
Ring ( size )	Measure of the penance to the king for certain offenses and corresponded to 12 Øre ( Frostathingslov IV, 9, 13, 52, 53.). In Gulathingslov, the " main ring " (penance for a man from the Odels family) is set at 10 marks to the slain son's son, the brother ring at 5 marks to the slain s brother, and the slain brother s ring at 4 marks to the slain slain s nephew (No. 218-220).
Lodd	1 Lodd was about 16 g. 16 Lodd were a weight mark.
Penny ( penning )	A distinction must be made between weight pennies (0.893 g pure silver) and coin pennies. 60 coin pfennig corresponded to 1 coin. 18 coin points = 12 weight points were 1080 coin pfennigs. 1 weight was therefore 90 coin pfennig. 1 weight of pure silver was equivalent to 30 pennies by weight. Therefore, 1 penny by weight was 3 pennies.
Kvintin	1 Kvintin was about 4 g. 4 Kvintin were 1 Lodd.
place	1 place was about 1 g. 4 place were 1 kvintin.
Æs	The unit of weight Æs was used from 1687 to 1875. It was 1 ⁄ 16 g. 1 Æs = 16 gran. 16 Æs = 1 location.
Gran	Gran was the smallest precious metal weight and did not appear until the Union with Denmark and was in use until the 19th century. The weight of a coin was 3.57 mg and the trade weight was 3.8 mg. 1 Gran gold was 1 / 4 -carat, or 1 / 96 weight marrow.

Wood

lakter / storfavn	Measure for stacked logs with 65% wood mass. 2 fot x 6 fot x 6 fot (today 2 mx 2 mx 3 m).

liquids

Juste	Juste was the smallest common unit of measurement for liquids and was not quite 0.7 liters.
boll	bolle (cup) was a measure of capacity for liquids. 4 Justees resulted in 1 Bolle = 2.7 l. You also had the Halvbolle , ie “half a cup”.
Ask	1 Ask had 4 Bolle = 10.8 l. There was also the halvask , i.e. half the ask as a unit.
anchor	Anchor was a measure of capacity for liquids and corresponded to about 38.6 l.
Fjerding	1 Fjerding contained 4 Aske, so 43.2 l.
ton	1 tonne corresponds to 3 anchors = 115.8 l.
Mele	1 Mele consisted of 4 Fjerdinger = 173 l.
oksehode	oksehode ( Oxhoft ) is an old measure of capacity and corresponds to 231.6 l. So 2 tons equals 1 oksehode.
Såld	1 Såld contained 6 Meler = 1038 l.

Agricultural evaluation standards

Markebol	The markebol was a measure for a farm linked to the economic yield. A Markebol is an agriculturally used area that yields the value of 1 ( forngilde ) mark per year , i.e. the lease value of 1 ( forngilde ) mark. 1 Markebol = 8 Øyresbol = 24 Ertogbol. This assessment was already firmly established in the 13th century. Thus the rent of 1 Markebol corresponded to the value of 1 / 3 cord of pure silver (Brent solv) and 3 Månadsmatsbol. From the central Eastern Norway (Oslo environment and Romerike) a Markebol is known, the 1 1 / 5 forngilde Mark corresponded to and matched the Hefselde dimension. Markebol and Hefseldebol could be converted using the Øyresbol, because the Hefseldebol corresponded to 5 Øyresbol. The "dølske" Markebol was even greater in Gudbrandsdalen and in Borgarsysla (control field of Sysselmanns in Sarpsborg , Østfold ): 1 / 2 Mark pure silver (Brent solv). A “hadsk” Markebol is also known from Hadeland , which represented a lease value of 1 Mark pure silver. According to a regulation from 1296, full farmers were only those who managed at least 2 ( forngilde ) Markebol. The sources do not reveal the basis on which the determination of the Markebol value was based. But by comparing different basic registers it could be shown for Romerike that 1 Øyresbol must have been about 22 ar. From the information in the Landslov to generate that each tenant has to keep at least 1 per cow every pound sowing sufficient to fertilizer, it can be seen that a cow 1 2 / 3 corresponded Øyresbol.
Månedsmatsbol	Like the Markebol, a Månedsmatsbol was a measure of the size of a cultivated area measured against the yield. The starting point was the equipment of the crew of a ship in case of war and it was composed of butter and flour. 1 Månedsmatsbol was the area that rented a man for 1 month. A warrior on a ship had to carry this amount as equipment in case of suffering. The same was true of the men who appeared for the Law Thing. That was one Laup butter or products in this value = 1 / 3 forngild Mark or 8 Ertog. The Månadsmat (monthly food) for a man to ride consisted of 1 / 3 Skippund flour and 1 Laup butter. The measure was prevalent in western Norway.
Clamping bolt	Like the Markebol, a Spannbol was a measure of the size of a cultivated area as measured by the yield. Its production value was one clamping of butter per year.
Øyrebol	An ordinance from the end of the 16th century: An Øresbol should be such that a ton of grain (in Eastern Norway approx. 145 liters) and hay for winter feeding can gain 1 cow from it. For a ton of grain was expected an area of 4 mål, from the 1 / 4 fallow had. The normal size in Eastern Norway and Trøndelag is set at 12 Øyrebol. But that varied from district to district and the difference between the large farmer property and the cottage farmer was great.
cow	Now the estate is to be determined by cows: Since this will for 2 1 / 2 apply Øre. If you are supposed to pay in cows, none should be older than eight winters.

Authorized means of payment for fines

“ One should pay in grain and bulls and cows, all of which are viable, (...) pay in gold and burned silver (...) in horses, but not in mares, not in geldings [but] in uncastrated horses , a horse that does not have rectal prolapse, that does not have a white foreskin (lichen?), or that does not have the penis protruding from the foreskin when urinating, or that does not have a sick eye or other defects for sale. You can pay in sheep but not in goats. You can pay with Odel land but not with purchased land. You can pay with a ship if it is not in need of repair or is so old that the oarlocks that were installed first have been rowed, not even with one with a broken stem, not even with one with the skin patched unless the skin has been touched up on the slipway. No item worth less than 1 Øre can be traded in, unless the recipient has a lower claim. Then he has to take it, unless the claim increases to 1 Øre and the payer receives a security. You can pay in used weapons, all intact, hard and unbroken. One must not offer those with whom the killing took place. A sword may not be traded in at penance unless it is decorated with gold or silver. You can pay with vadmál (a standardized woven woolen material) or linen, all new, or with new, not tailored clothing material. One can only pay in fabrics for men, not for women and new, not old. You can pay with new, unprocessed fur, with blue skins and uncut fine clothing. You can pay with all servants who are reared at home and who are not under 15 winters old, unless the other wants him. Maids are not allowed to be traded in for fines. Now it is determined in detail how one can pay fines. "

time

Before 1100, there was no chronology across events in Norway . Rather, it was linked to significant events, e.g. B. “Four winters after the battle of Hafrsfjord”.

As far as we know, it was the Icelander Ari Þorgilsson who was the first to try to adapt the events to the Christian calendar. It followed on from the work of Beda Venerabilis . The beginning of the year was set on September 1st.

Before that, in the Viking Age , the year was divided into two equal parts, summer and winter. A person's age was given in terms of the number of winters. It can be seen from this that the year began with the beginning of summer. The year was also divided into phases of the moon, from new moon to new moon.

The day was not divided into hours, but into eight equal parts called ætt or eykt .

currency

unit	German	definition
skilling	Shilling
mark	mark
place	place	24 skilling
riksdaler	Reichstaler	= 4 place = 6 mark (until 1813)
kroner	Crown
speciedaler		= 5 place (since 1816) = 4 kroner (from 1876)

Counting measures

unit	German	definition
tylft, dusin	dozen	12
snes	Stairs	20th
stort hundre	Big hundred	120
big	Large	144

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Norsk Forening Forlishistorisk. Gamle norske måleenheter ( Norwegian ) Archived from the original on March 7, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
2. ↑ Archive link ( memento of October 22, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) from snl.no (Norwegian)
3. ↑ Poul Rasmussen: Bismerpund . In: Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelalder . Vol. I, Col. 634-640. Copenhagen 1956.
4. ↑ Hilmar Stigum: Bismerpund - Norge . In: Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelalder . Vol. I, Sp. 640. Copenhagen 1956.
5. ↑ Halvard Bjørkvik: Laup . In: Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelalder . Vol. X, Sp. 346, Copenhagen 1966.
6. ^ Landrecht VIII, 29.
7. ↑ In the inventory of Queen Isabella Bruce's dowry , silver implements are listed, the weight of which is given in marks and solidi.
8. ↑ https://snl.no/storfavn
9. ↑ http://www.nob-ordbok.uio.no/perl/ordbok.cgi?OPP=storfavn&ant_bokmaal=5&ant_nynorsk=5&bokmaal=+&ordbok=bokmaal
10. ↑ http://www.norskved.no/default.aspx?pageId=3
11. ^ Landrecht VII, 9.
12. ↑ Halvard Bjørkvik: Månadsmat . In: Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelalder . Vol. XII, Sp. 128-129, Copenhagen 1966.
13. ↑ Halvard Bjørkvik: Folketap og Sammenbrudd 1350-1520 . P. 36. In: Aschehougs Norges history . Oslo 1996.
14. ↑ Gulathingslov No. 223: The accepted means of payment for the payment of a fine.
15. ↑ Gulathingslov No. 223: The accepted means of payment for the payment of a fine.

literature

reference books

• Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelalder (cultural lexicon for the Nordic Middle Ages, Danish), Köbenhavns Universitet, Copenhagen 1956–1969.
• Aschehougs Norges Historie (Norwegian), 1994–1997.

Single sources

• Halvard Bjørkvik: Månadsmadbol . In: Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelalder . Vol. XII, Sp. 129-130, Copenhagen 1966.
• Halvard Bjørkvik: Markebol . In: Kulturhistorisk leksikon for nordisk middelalder . Vol. XI, Sp. 441-445, Copenhagen 1966.
• S. Hasund: Bønder og stat under naturalsystemet (Norwegian). Kristiania 1924.
• S. Hasund: Dei gamle norske månadsmatnormene. Or Noregs bondesoge (Norwegian). Oslo 1942.
• Rudolf Keyser , P. A. Munch: Norges gamle Love indtil 1387 . Kristiania 1846.
• Rudolf Meissner: Land rights of the king Hakonarson . In: Writings of the German Law Institute - Germanic Rights New Series. Weimar 1941 (Norrøn - German).
• Asgaut Steinnes: Mål, vekt og verderekning i Noreg . In: Nordisk Kultur XXX. Oslo 1936.

Web links

• Norsk Forlishistorisk Forening - Gamle norske måleenheter on maritimt.net