Retirement pension

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This article or paragraph presents the situation in Germany . Help us to describe the situation in other countries.

The old-age pension (1987) was often paid out in Greece by the postman, as here in Aegina

The old-age pension ( old-age pension ) is, in addition to the pension for reduced earning capacity and the pension for death, a pension benefit from the German statutory pension scheme . The eligibility requirement for an old-age pension is reaching the relevant age limit, the expiry of a certain minimum insurance period (waiting period) and the fulfillment of the various insurance law and personal requirements. Historically, the old-age pension goes back to the "Law on Invalidity and Old Age Insurance" for workers of June 22, 1889 for the German Reich .

Types of old-age pensions

According to the provisions of the Sixth Book of the Social Code (SGB VI), there are different types of old-age pensions:

requirement Regular retirement pension Old-age pension for long-term insured persons Old-age pension for severely disabled people Old-age pension for particularly long-term insured persons
Minimum age (early retirement with discount) 65 - 67 (early retirement not possible) 63 60 - 62 (from 1952 onwards gradually increasing) 63 - 65 (from 1953 onwards, increasing gradually, early retirement not possible)
Normal age limit 65 - 67 (increasing from year 1947) 65 - 67 (increasing from 1949 onwards) 63 - 65 (increasing from year 1952) 63 - 65 (increasing from year 1953)
Minimum insurance period 5 years 35 years 35 years 45 years
Required insurance period Contribution / substitute times, times from pension equalization (after divorce) or pension splitting and from 450 € jobs, credit and consideration times Contribution / replacement times, periods taken into account, times from € 450 jobs, periods of unemployment benefit, voluntary contribution periods (after 18 years of mandatory contributions)
Specialty - - Severe disability (GdB of at least 50, confirmed by the pension office) -

Regular retirement pension

There is an entitlement to a regular old- age pension if the pensioner has reached the regular retirement age and has completed the general qualifying period of five years ( Section 35 SGB ​​VI ). The standard retirement age will be gradually increased from 65 to 67 years and is currently 65 years and 7 months (for those born in 1953 who will retire in 2018/19).

Old-age pension for long-term insured persons

According to Section 36 SGB ​​VI, insured persons are entitled to an old-age pension for long-term insured persons if they

  • the 67th year of life and
  • have fulfilled the waiting period of 35 years.

It is possible to claim this old-age pension early after reaching the age of 63. However, for each month of early use, the pension according to Section 77 of the Book VI of the Social Code is reduced by 0.3 percent. The maximum pension deduction is thus 14.4 percent. If the pension is drawn later, the pension entitlement increases by 0.5 percent for each month.

For insured persons who were born before January 1, 1949, the relevant age limit is 65 years according to Section 236 SGB ​​VI. For insured persons who were born after December 31, 1948 but before January 1, 1964, the relevant age limit will be gradually increased from 65 to 67 years, depending on the date of birth.

Old-age pension for particularly long-term insured persons

On January 1, 2012, the old-age pension for particularly long-term insured persons was introduced with the new Section 38 SGB ​​VI. This type of pension can be claimed if the insured person has completed a waiting period of 45 years and has reached the relevant age limit.

The relevant age limit was initially 65 years. By inserting Section 236b of Book VI of the Social Code on July 1, 2014, insured persons who were born before January 1, 1953, could reach the age limit at the age of 63 (“pension at 63”). For insured persons born in 1953, the age limit was raised by 2 months to 63 years and 2 months. It will be increased by a further 2 months for each of the following cohorts, so that for insured persons born after December 31, 1963, the age of 65 is again decisive.

According to Section 51 (3a) SGB VI, calendar months are counted towards the waiting period of 45 years

  • Compulsory contributions for an insured employment or activity
  • Surcharge months based on earnings points due to marginal non-insurable employment,
  • Consideration times ,
  • Mandatory contribution periods or credit periods for the receipt of
    • Compensation benefits from employment promotion, but only in the last two years before the start of retirement if the receipt of compensation benefits from employment promotion is due to insolvency or complete business closure of the employer, periods of receipt of unemployment benefit II or unemployment assistance are generally excluded,
    • Sickness benefits and
    • Transitional allowance,
  • voluntary contributions, if there are at least 18 years of age with compulsory contributions for an insured employment or activity; periods of voluntary contribution payment in the last two years before the start of retirement are not taken into account if there are also credit periods due to unemployment,
  • Replacement times ( Section 51 (4) SGB VI).

Since autumn 2018, the federal government has been obliged to report every four years to what extent the pension is being used for those with particularly long-term insurance, what role the consideration of periods of unemployment plays and how it can be further developed.

Old-age pension for severely disabled people

Year of birth Age limit
for old-age pension
for severely disabled
people
1900-1940 60
1941-1951 60-63
Jan. 1952 63 + 01 month
Feb 1952 63 + 02 months
March 1952 63 + 03 months
Apr 1952 63 + 04 months
May 1952 63 + 05 months
Jun. – Dec. 1952 63 + 06 months
1953 63 + 07 months
1954 63 + 08 months
1955 63 + 09 months
1956 63 + 10 months
1957 63 + 11 months
1958 64
1959 64 + 02 months
1960 64 + 04 months
1961 64 + 06 months
1962 64 + 08 months
1963 64 + 10 months
1964– 65

Insured persons are entitled to the old-age pension for the severely disabled if they

  • have reached the age limit (between 60 and 65 years according to the adjacent table and the following text),
  • are recognized as a severely disabled person according to Section 2 (2) SGB ​​IX at the start of the retirement pension (degree of disability at least 50) (for insured persons born up to 1950, occupational disability was sufficient)
  • have fulfilled the waiting period of 35 years.

Age limit

For insured persons born up to 1951, the age limit was 63. For those born between 1952 and 1964, the age limit will be gradually increased to 65 years (see table opposite).

As an exception, the age limit was 60 for insured persons who were born before November 17, 1950 and who were severely disabled, incapable of work or incapable of work on November 16, 2000 according to the law applicable on December 31, 2000, and this is still the case at the start of the retirement pension . For insured persons born in 1952 and 1953 who were already recognized as severely disabled on January 1, 2007 and who either signed a partial retirement agreement by the end of 2006 or received an adjustment allowance for miners, the age limit remains at 63 as an exception.

Early use

The old-age pension for severely disabled people can be claimed from three years before reaching the relevant age limit. However, for every month of early drawdown, the pension is 0.3 percent lower. The maximum pension deduction is thus 10.8 percent. The pension deduction is achieved in the pension formula by means of an access factor that is 0.003 lower than 1.0 for each month of early use.

Old-age pension for miners who have worked underground for many years

Insured persons are entitled to an old-age pension for miners who have worked underground for many years if they

  • have reached the age of 62 ( Section 40 ); For insured persons born before January 1, 1964, the age limit is lower (currently 61 years and 2 months for those born in 1959; for insured persons born before January 1, 1952, it was 60 years, see § 238 Para . 2 SGB VI) and
  • have completed the waiting period of 25 years for permanent work underground.

Expiring old-age pensions

As a result of the 1999 Pension Reform Act , since January 1, 2000, the following old-age pensions have only been granted to insured persons who were born before January 1, 1952 (protection of legitimate expectations ):

  • Old-age pensions due to unemployment or after partial retirement and
  • Old-age pensions for women.

For both types of pensions, the age limit for claiming old-age pensions has been gradually increased from the age of 60 to the age of 65 since 2000, whereby the early claim was partially possible with deductions of up to 18%.

Old-age pension due to unemployment or after part-time work

Insured persons who wanted to claim this type of pension had to

  1. be born before January 1, 1952,
  2. have reached the age of 65,
  3. meet the waiting period of 15 years,
  4. either
    • be unemployed at the time of retirement and have been unemployed for at least 52 weeks after reaching the age of 58 years and six months or
    • at least 24 months part-time work have done and
  5. have made compulsory pension contributions for at least eight years for an insured employment or activity in the ten years before the start of retirement.

The pension could be claimed before the age of 65 (for those born up to 1945 from the age of 60, for those born from 1949 from the age of 63, Annex 19 SGB ​​VI). The pension deduction was then 0.3% per month of early drawdown.

Old-age pension for women

According to Section 237a SGB ​​VI, insured women were entitled to the old-age pension for women if they

  1. were born before January 1, 1952,
  2. have reached the age of 60,
  3. have fulfilled the waiting period of 15 years and
  4. have paid compulsory contributions for an insured employment or activity for more than ten years after reaching the age of 40.

The age limit for a discount-free pension was gradually increased for insured persons born in 1940 or later; from 1945 born it was 65 years. Early retirement from the age of 60 was still possible until 1951, but 0.3 percent was deducted from the pension for each month in which it was taken early.

Confidentiality Regulations

For people of certain age groups, there were different trust protection regulations for the individual types of pension. According to these, those affected could, under certain circumstances, retire before the statutory age limit with no or lower discounts.

criticism

The various old-age pensions and the associated age limits are always politically controversial. The various pensions determine from when a person may retire and, if applicable, with how high a deduction. The determination of pensions and age limits is subject in particular to labor market policy and other social policy issues.

Particular attention will be paid to the 2014 revised pension for long-term insured persons. This has been sharply criticized, especially from business-related circles and business associations. Reference is made primarily to the costs and the shortage of skilled workers . For example, the Ifo Institute for Economic Research has calculated and disseminated in the media that in the period from 2014 to 2016 the pension expenditure for particularly long-term insured persons amounted to 6.5 billion euros and was therefore “more expensive than expected”. If losses in taxes and social security contributions are added, the Ifo Institute comes to total costs in the period of 12.5 billion euros. However, it is difficult to calculate the costs, as it assumes behavior (naturally unknown) without this type of pension. The results of the Ifo Institute in three years are around 1.5 billion euros higher than the Federal Government's estimate during the legislative process. If the cost estimate made by the federal government in 2014 is adjusted to include the pension increases taken into account by the Ifo Institute, it would be just under 6 billion euros. This means that real spending in 2.5 calendar years would have been around EUR 0.5 billion higher than expected by the government - i.e. around EUR 0.2 billion per year. In relation to the annual pension expenditure of almost 300 billion euros, this is a very minor difference. This, as well as the title of the press release, shows the primarily political intentions and less scientific claims of the Ifo Institute.

Other states

Namibia

In Namibia the principle of "unconditional old-age pension" applies. Every Namibian, whether gainfully employed or not, receives from the retirement age of 60 years a state unit pension of currently (as of August 2019) 1300 Namibia dollars (around 80 euros) per month. This ensures the basic food supply.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Article Art. 1 No. 9 i. V. m. Art. 27 Para. 10 of the RV Age Limit Adjustment Act
  2. ↑ Art. 1 No. 8 of the RV Performance Improvement Act
  3. ↑ this also includes times of raising children and non-commercial care or times of military or community service,
  4. ↑ Unemployment benefit, short-time work allowance, seasonal short-time work allowance, transfer short-time work allowance, structural short-time work allowance, bad weather allowance, winter failure allowance, non-unemployment benefit and unemployment benefit II
  5. ↑ § 236a Paragraphs 1 and 2 SGB VI
  6. ↑ § 236a paragraph 4 SGB VI
  7. ↑ § 236a paragraph 2 SGB VI
  8. ↑ dated December 16, 1997 ( Federal Law Gazette I p. 2998 , PDF, 4 MB)
  9. ↑ § 237 SGB ​​VI
  10. ↑ The period is extended in certain cases, such as periods of unemployment or child-rearing periods.
  11. ↑ FAZ.net August 13, 2018: Retirement at 63 attracts skilled workers into retirement
  12. ↑ CESifo Group Munich - Retirement at 63: More expensive than expected. Retrieved February 12, 2019 .
  13. ↑ Kerstin Schwenn, Berlin: Economists calculate: The “pension at 63” is much more expensive than expected . ISSN  0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed February 12, 2019]).
  14. ^ President provides update on fight against poverty. New Era, August 18, 2015
  15. ↑ Geingob wants to eradicate poverty in Namibia by 2025. Allgemeine Zeitung, December 15, 2015.