Early Neolithic

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The oldest section of the Neolithic in Central Europe, which is also referred to as the Neolithic Age , is referred to as the Early Neolithic (also Old Neolithic ) . The earliest traces can be traced back to around 5700/5600 BC. To date. A clear change in the context of this archaeological culture , also referred to as linear ceramics or simply ceramics, and at the same time the first rural culture in Central Europe, took place again around 5000 BC. BC, so that the transition to the Middle Neolithic can be seen here , which in turn was followed by the Early Neolithic , Late Neolithic and End Neolithic . The early Neolithic marks the oldest stage in the supra-regional structure of the Neolithic by Jens Lüning .

Immigration hypothesis

The ceramic band culture was spread further via pioneer settlements, whether through emigration, marriages or “technology transfer” is unclear. At the beginning of the culture there was an extensive exchange network that had existed for about 200 years.

The migration directions of the early farmers ran from southeast to northwest. The origin of the ceramic tape lies in the Starčevo culture , from there it spread across the Danube corridor . Neolithic genomes from Hungary (such as the Starčevo culture), Germany (such as the linear ceramicist), Spain ( Cardial ) and Scandinavia largely coincide with the early farmers from the southeast, with an admixture of Mesolithic genetic material. Earlier studies had already suggested that the wearers of the ribbon ceramics from the Carpathian Basin around 5500 BC Immigrated to Central Europe. From there they could have spread in two directions, on the one hand via Bohemia and Moravia along the Elbe to central Germany, on the other hand via Lower Austria up the Danube and further down the Rhine . A study from 2010 even found a match between the DNA from the Derenburg Meerenstieg II burial ground in Saxony-Anhalt and today's population in the Middle East and Anatolia .

The oldest, flat-bottomed pottery is very similar to Starčevo pottery, but is established around 5200 BC. A different style, namely round-bottomed ceramics. Around this time new settlements emerged, existing ones will not be continued. A new crop, the poppy , also appeared. These changes apparently go back to the La Hoguette culture or the Limburg group. While the Rhenish ceramics continued to exist, the Middle Neolithic was already developing further south . The core area of ​​this change was the Neckar area and Rheinhessen . While the number of settlements increased there, their number decreased in the Rhineland. Towards the end of the band ceramics, increasing tensions can be observed, as evidenced by fortification earthworks. The comparatively uniform form of the Neolithic also ended with the Middle Neolithic. The following cultures were more regionally shaped and also developed their own decorative styles for ceramics.

Archaeological cultures of the early Neolithic

Nordic early Neolithic

In north and north-central Europe (southern Baltic Sea region) the early Neolithic dates much later and is represented there by the older beaker culture. It is called the Nordic Early Neolithic and also represents the transition to the predominantly rural way of life.

  • Older funnel beaker culture ("Nordic Early Neolithic", out of sync! The dating here is 4400-3300 BC) with the following sub-levels:
    • Wangels phase (4100-3800 BC)
    • Siggenebben phase (3800-3500 BC)
    • Fuchsberg Level (3500-3300 BC)

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hermann Parzinger: The children of Prometheus. A history of mankind before the invention of writing. CH Beck, Munich 2015, p. 238.
  2. ↑ Jens Lüning: New thoughts on naming the Neolithic periods. In: Germania. Volume 74/1, 1996, pp. 233-237 ( online ).
  3. ↑ Lara M. Cassidy, Rui Martiniano, Eileen M. Murphy, Matthew D. Teasdale, James Mallory, Barrie Hartwell, Daniel G. Bradley: Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome , in: PNAS 113, 2 (2016) 368-373 (“displays predominant ancestry from early farmers that ultimately originated in migrating agriculturists from the Near East.” (P. 372)).
  4. ↑ B. Bramanti et al. a .: Genetic Discontinuity Between Local Hunter-Gatherers and Central Europe's First Farmers. In: Science . Volume 326, No. 5949, 2006, pp. 137-140, doi: 10.1126 / science.1176869
  5. ↑ Valeska Becker: The linear ceramic band. Danube archeology. Last change June 2008.
  6. ↑ Wolfgang Haak, Oleg Balanovsky, Juan J. Sanchez, Sergey Koshel, Valery Zaporozhchenko, Christina J. Adler, Clio SI Der Sarkissian, Guido Brandt, Carolin Schwarz, Nicole Nicklisch, Veit Dresely, Barbara Fritsch, Elena Balanovska, Richard Villems, Harald Meller, Kurt W. Alt, Alan Cooper, the Genographic Consortium: Ancient DNA from European Early Neolithic Farmers Reveals Their Near Eastern Affinities , in: PLoS Biology 8, (2010) 1-16 doi: 10.1371 / journal.pbio.1000536
  7. ↑ Sönke Hartz, D. Heinrich and Harald Lübke: Early farmers on the coast. New 14C data and aspects of the neolithization process in the north German Baltic Sea coast area . In: Prehistoric Journal Volume 75, 2000, pp. 129–152.