Körös culture

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Geography of the Carpathian Mountains with their river systems

The Körös culture (also Körös-Criș culture ) is dated to 6200 to 5600 BC. Dated. It represents the oldest Neolithic culture in the western Carpathian region. The Starčevo culture, which was widespread in the territory of the former Yugoslavia and in Hungarian Transdanubia , is often referred to with Körös-Criș as a complex (SKC). The Körös culture is named after the Körös (Romanian Criș), a tributary of the east Hungarian river Tisza .

Distribution area

The Körös culture can be found from Hungary and Romania to the Transcarpathian Ukraine and Moldova . János Banner (1888–1971) located the cultures between Tisza , Körös, Mureș and the Danube in the south.

The main areas of settlement are in the Mureş estuary and along the Körös and its Romanian tributaries (Black, White and Rapid Criṣ ). There are heaps of finds in the area around Hódmezővásárhely and Endrőd . With the discovery of Tiszaszőlős – Domaháza-puszta in 2003, the spread of the Körös culture across the Kunhegyes- Berettyó / Beretău border to the north into the Upper Tisza region was proven. Important sites here include Ibrány- Nagyerdő, Călineşti-Oaş -Dâmbul Sfîntei Marii and Tăşnad -Sere.

Research history

The first excavations , which unearthed material from the Körös culture, were carried out by Banner in the 1930s, without the findings being able to be classified more precisely in terms of cultural history. The systematic processing of the material, the chronological classification and the comparison with the neighboring cultures took place in 1944 by the Hungarian archaeologist Ida Kutzián . The work is still recognized today for its scientific value. In the decades that followed, new excavations were able to enrich the finds and provide new results on settlement and material culture. However, the numerous excavations that have taken place are almost exclusively inadequately published. J. Makkay (1992) presented the Körös settlement of Endrőd-Öregszőlők in somewhat more detail.

Settlement

Little is known about the settlement system of the Körös culture. The Körös culture is found mainly near rivers . On the one hand, there are simple buildings in post construction , which are all of smaller dimensions; on the other hand, so-called “ pit houses ” appear, which are sunk into the ground. A distinction is made between pit houses and half-sunk houses, the separation is not always clear. However, these findings often show neither post holes nor hearths and can therefore not be identified with certainty as living quarters.

Naturally, little is known about the construction of the roofs. The house model from Röszke shows a rectangular house with a ridge roof.

Alasdair Whittle (* 1949) from Cardiff University has been digging in Ecsegfalva , Békés County, since 1992 . He was able to document a dense scattering of finds , but no clear house floor plan.

Endrőd-Öregszőlők

In the settlement published in 1992 by János Makkay (* 1933) there are several pit houses with stoves. There are also other pits that were richly filled with ceramic and bone material. How many buildings existed at the same time is unclear. The settlement of Endrőd may have existed for about 500 years, so it covers almost the entire period of the Körös culture.

Méhtelek-Nádas

The Körös settlement of Méhtelek-Nádas is located in northern Hungary . It is believed that the settlement was built to mine obsidian . This is supported by the fact that 80% of all devices in Méhtelek were made from this rock. Obsidian as a particularly high quality and aesthetically pleasing material could be used like flint for the manufacture of devices and was widely used.

Unpublished settlements

Other settlements are z. B. from Szajol -Felsőföld, Röszke- Ludvár, Endrőd location 39 etc. became known.

Material culture

Ceramics

In contrast to the ceramics of the Starčevo culture, which is painted in white-on-red and dark-on-red, the ceramics of the Körös culture are often unpainted. In the earliest phase of culture there are complex polychrome painted vessels, for example in Gura Baciului near Cluj. In Hungary the patterns are usually simpler and limited to white painting. Typical vessel shapes are large oval storage vessels , bowls , bowls, hemispherical vessels and bowls with a conical base, which can be hollow or solid. It is noticeable that many of these pieces have three to six little feet. Decorations are mostly applied plastically and extremely diverse. There are plastic ridges, warts, humps and flat roughening ( Barbotine decor ). As a special feature, plastically applied anthropo- and zoomorphic representations should be mentioned, such as goats and deer .

Special shapes are round objects made of fired clay that come in various shapes (tomato-shaped, flower-shaped, flat, etc.) and are perforated in the middle. Since the Körös settlements are always close to the water, there are some arguments in favor of the interpretation of the pieces as net sinks .

The ceramic is mainly organically lean . In the Banat , Michaela Spataro analyzed phase 2 ceramics according to Lazarovici and found that threshing residues from wheat and barley straw and sand ( feldspar ), occasionally in combination, were used for leaning. Mica-containing clay was preferred. Spataro was unable to establish a connection between the type of vessel and the selected clay, but clay altars and statuettes were often made from otherwise seldom used types of clay.

Gheorghe Lazarovici (* 1941) divides the ceramics into four phases.

Bone, tooth and antler implements

For bone tools, the bones of smaller and larger ruminants were mostly used, pets were preferred. The tusks of male pigs were particularly used under the teeth .

Awls from the metapodia of deer or caprids as well as cattle and aurochs are the most common bone devices. Spoon- like and spatula-like devices are also used. A ceramic trowel made from a rib was found in Dévaványa -Barcéi kishalom . Bone spoons are made from the frontal bone of an ox and are often completely worn out. Of antlers were sickles made that one for example in Valea Raii, Cărcea and Basarabi found. Overall, however, compared to later Neolithic cultures, antler devices are very rare.

Stone tools

Hatchets and oval millstones were made from rock . Flint , limnic quartzite and obsidian , mainly from the occurrence near Zemplén, were used for the production of tools from cut stone . Flint could be traded over long distances, like the blonde Balkan flint and the Prutflint ( Volhynian flint). Numerous local materials were also used.

Burials

To date, only a few burials of the Körös culture are known. These are mostly stool graves (buried on their side), which often lie in large pits within settlements together with numerous ceramic fragments and animal bones. Individual graves are also known. Overall, however, burials are very rare.

Economy

The carriers of the Körös culture practiced arable or horticultural cultivation and animal husbandry . So far, the following crops have been identified:

  • Hordeum vulgare ( barley ) from Tiszasőllős-Domaháza-puszta Réti-dülő, Berettyóijfalu-Nagy Bőcs-dülő, Ecsegfalva
  • Triticum monoccocum ( Einkorn ) from Glăvaneștii Vechi, Hărman, Ecsegfalva
  • Triticum diococcum ( emmer ) from Hărman
  • Triticum turgidum ( Khorasan wheat ) from Szarvas -Szappanosi szőlők
  • Triticum spelta ( spelled or spelled) from Hărman

The grain was stored in bell-shaped storage pits. The Íbrany-Nagyerdő site in particular yielded a broad spectrum of plant remains.

Sheep and goats dominated the farm animals , followed by cattle, pigs and dogs were rather rare. It is usually assumed that this selection of domestic animals was adapted to the conditions in the Southeast European region of origin and not really suitable for the Carpathian region. Bökönyi (1992) found 119 sheep with severe arthritis in Endrőd . The proportion of domesticated animal species varies greatly between the individual settlements. Values ​​between 25.2 and 92.7% pets are occupied. The fishing can be traced in Tiszaszőlős-Domaháza-Puszta, among others, based on the finds .

László Bartosiewicz (2005) points out, however, that in the settlements with a high proportion of wild animals, generally few animal bones were found. In addition to mammals, birds were hunted, and fish and mollusks (snails and mussels) also played a role in the diet.

In Ecsegfalva , remains of cow's milk were found in some vessels.

cult

In the finds of the Körös culture, similar to the Starčevo culture, there are significantly more anthropomorphic figurines made of clay. There are simple, pillar-like pieces and better-formed figures , which, as far as recognizable, are female; they often have long, rod-like heads and necks and a strongly accentuated buttocks. It is believed that these pieces are associated with a fertility cult . Zoomorphic pieces also appear, whereby the depicted animal is often difficult to identify.

As a special feature, so-called " altars " should be mentioned, ceramic objects with three or four feet, the purpose of which is unclear.

Emergence

Most of the time it is assumed that the Körös culture, like the Starčevo culture, goes back to immigration from the southeast, although there is no consensus on the route and mechanisms of expansion. Banffy (2006) assumes that the immigration first came via the Banat and the Olt valley to Transylvania . Gheorge Lazarovici assumes several waves of immigration.

Succession cultures

The Körös-Criș culture and the Starčevo culture are the formative cultures, so to speak, the precursor cultures for the linear ceramic culture (LBK) in the west and the Alföld linear ceramic or from Pișcolt in the east. Thus, the band ceramics would be closely related to the Körös-Criș culture. Alternatively, the Starčevo culture is seen as the precursor culture of the LBK. The Hungarian prehistorian Eszter Bánffy (2014) wants to derive the LBK from the Starčevo culture alone.

literature

  • Janusz Krzysztof Kozłowski, Pál Raczky (eds.): Neolithization of the Carpathian basin: northernmost distribution of the Starčevo / Körös culture. Papers presented on the symposium organized by the EU project FEPRE (The Formation of Europe: Population Dynamics and the Roots of Socio-Cultural Diversity). Kraków, Polska Akademia Umiejętności; Budapest, Institute of Archaeological Sciences of the Eötvös Loránd University, 2010.
  • Ida Kutzián: A Körös kultúra (The Körös Culture). Dissertation . Pannonicae, Budapest 1944/1947.
  • Andrew Sherratt: Early agrarian settlement in the Körös region of the Great Hungarian Plain . In: Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 35, 1983, pp. 155-169.
  • Andrew Sherratt: Economy and Society in Prehistoric Europe: Changing Perspectives. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1997, ISBN 0-7486-0646-7 .
  • Douglass W. Bailey: Balkan Prehistory: Exclusion, Incorporation and Identity. Routledge, London 2000, ISBN 0-415-21597-8 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ for a distribution map for the northwest of the settlement area s. Э. Банфи в западной части Каррпатского бассейна и ролъ оседлово образа жизни в западной части Каррпатского бассейна и ролъ первыйв ролъ первых ролъ первых замдав. Stratum plus 2, 2014, puc. 6th
  2. ↑ Nicolae Ursulescu: Evoluţia culturii Starcevo-Criş pe teritoriul Moldovei. Muzeul Judeţean Suceava, Suceava 1984.
  3. ↑ László Dombroróczki: Report on the excavation at Tiszaszőlős-Domaháza-Puszta and a new model for the spread of the Körös culture. In: Janusz Krzysztof Kozłowski, Pál Raczky (eds.): Neolithization of the Carpathian basin: northernmost distribution of the Starčevo / Körös culture. Papers presented on the symposium organized by the EU project "FEPRE (The Formation of Europe: Population Dynamics and the Roots of Socio-Cultural Diversity)". Polska Akademia Umiejętności / Budapest, Institute of Archaeological Sciences of the Eötvös Loránd University, Kraków 2010, p. 139.
  4. ↑ László Domboróczki: Report on the Excavation at Tiszaszőlős-Domaháza-puszta and new model for the spread of Koros Culture. In: Janusz Krzysztof Kozłowski (Ed.): Neolithization of the Carpathian Basin: Northernmost Distribution of the Starčevo / Körös Culture. Papers presented on the symposium organized by the EU project "FEPRE (The Formation of Europe: Population Dynamics and the Roots of Socio-Cultural Diversity)." Polska Akademia Umiejętności / Budapest, Institute of Archaeological Sciences of the Eötvös Loránd University, Kraków 2010, Pp. 138-176.
  5. ↑ Lázló Domboróczki, Pál Raczky: Excavations at Ibrány-Nagyerdő and the northernmost distribution of the Körös culture in Hungary. In: Janusz Krzysztof Kozłowski (Ed.): Neolithization of the Carpathian Basin: Northernmost Distribution of the Starčevo / Körös Culture. Papers presented on the symposium organized by the EU project "FEPRE (The Formation of Europe: Population Dynamics and the Roots of Socio-Cultural Diversity)". Polska Akademia Umiejętności / Budapest, Institute of Archaeological Sciences of the Eötvös Loránd University, Kraków 2010, pp. 191–218.
  6. ↑ Tomasz Chmielewski, Ciprian Astalos: Floating stones down the river Tur. Comparative study of chipped stone assemblages from Calineşti-Oaş-Dâmbul Sfîntei Marii and Méhtelek-Nádas. In: Cristian Virag (Ed.): Neolithic Cultural Phenomena in the Upper Tisa Basin. Editura Muzeului Satmarean, Satu Mare 2015, pp. 29-73.
  7. ↑ : Ciprian Astalos among others at Excavations of an Early Neolithic Site Tăşnad, Romania. In: Archeology International. 16, 2013, pp. 47-53. doi: 10.5334 / ai.1614
  8. ↑ Ida Kutzián: A Körös kultúra. Budapest 1944 ; Published in English in 1947
  9. ↑ Otto Mayer trough: A Koros csoport lakóházáról. Újkökori házmodell-töredék Röszkéröl. In: Archeológiai Értesítő. 93, 1966, pp. 235-240.
  10. ^ Alasdair Whittle (Ed.): The Early Neolithic on the Great Hungarian Plain: investigations of the Körös culture site of Ecsegfalva 23, County Bekes. (= Varia Archaeologica Hungarica. 21). Budapest 2007, ISBN 978-963-7391-90-3 .
  11. ↑ János Makkay: Excavations at the Körös culture settlement of Endrőd-Öregszőlők 119 in 1986-1989. In: S. Bökönyi (Ed.): Cultural and landscape changes in south-east Hungary. Archaeolingua, Budapest 1992, pp. 121-193.
  12. ↑ Gheorge Lazarovici, Zoja Maxim, Gura Baciului: Muzeul Naţional de Istorie a Transilvaniei. Cluj-Napoca 1995.
  13. ↑ Otto Trogmayer: The main questions of the Neolithic of the Hungarian Southern Plain. In: Móra Ferenc: Múzeum Évkönyve 1968. pp. 11-19.
  14. ↑ Michela Spataro: A comparison of chemical and petrographic analyzes of Neolithic pottery from South-eastern Europe. In: Journal of Archaeological Science. 38, 2011, p. 258.
  15. ↑ Michela Spataro: Pottery Typology versus Technological Choices: An Early Neolithic Case Study from Banat (Romania). In: Analele Banatului SN, Arheology-Istorie. 19/1, 2006, p. 66.
  16. ↑ Michela Spataro: Pottery Typology versus Technological Choices: An Early Neolithic Case Study from Banat (Romania). In: Analele Banatului SN Arheology-Istorie. 19/1, 2006, p. 69.
  17. ↑ Michela Spataro: Pottery Typology versus Technological Choices: An Early Neolithic Case Study from Banat (Romania). In: Analele Banatului SN Arheology-Istorie. 19/1, 2006, p. 70.
  18. ^ Gheorge Lazarovici: Les Carpates méridionales et la Transylvanie. In: Janusz Kozłowski (Ed.): Atlas du Néolithique Européen. L'Europe Orientale. ERAUL, Liége Volume 1, 1993, pp. 243-284.
  19. ↑ a b c Zsuzsanna Tóth: Bone, Antler and Tusk Tools of the Early Neolithic Körös Culture. In: Alexandra Anders, Zsuzsanna Siklósi (Ed.): The Körös Culture in Eastern Hungary. BAR international series 2334, First Neolithic sites in central / south-east European transect Volume 3, Archaeopress, Oxford 2012, p. 171.
  20. ^ Zsuzsanna Tóth: Bone, Antler and Tusk Tools of the Early Neolithic Körös Culture. In: Alexandra Anders, Zsuzsanna Siklósi (Ed.): The Körös Culture in Eastern Hungary. BAR international series 2334, First Neolithic sites in central / south-east European transect Volume 3, Archaeopress, Oxford 2012, p. 172.
  21. ↑ Alice Choyke, M. Daróczi-Szabó: The Complete and Usable Tool: Some Life Histories of prehistoric Bone Tools in Hungary. In: A. Legrand-Pineau, I. Sidéra, N. Buc, E. David, V. Scheinsohn (eds.): Ancient and Modern Bone Artefacts from America to Russia: Cultural, technological and functional signature. (= British Archaeological Reports. International Series 2136). Archaeopress, Oxford 2010, ISBN 978-1-4073-0677-3 , pp. 235-248.
  22. ↑ a b c d Beatrice Ciută: Plant Species within the prehistoric communities from Transylvania. Editura Mega, Cluj 2012, p. 60.
  23. ↑ László Bartosiewicz, Plain Talk: Animals, Environment and Culture in the Neolithic of the Carpathan Basin. In: Douglass W. Bailey, Alasdair Whittle, Vicki Cummings: (un) settling the Neolithic . Oxford, Oxbow 2005, p. 60.
  24. ↑ Tomasz Chmielewski, Ciprian Astalos: Floating stones down the river Tur. Comparative study of chipped stone assemblages from Calineşti-Oaş-Dâmbul Sfîntei Marii and Méhtelek-Nádas. In: Cristian Virag (Ed.): Neolithic Cultural Phenomena in the Upper Tisa Basin. Editura Muzeului Satmarean, Satu Mare 2015, pp. 29-73.
  25. ↑ P. Biagi, E. Starnini: A source in Bulgaria for Early Neolithic 'Balkan flint'. Antiquity
  26. ↑ Maria Gurova: 'Balkan Flint' - fiction and / or trajectory to Neolithization: Evidence from Bulgaria. In: Bulgarian e-Journal of Archeology / БЪЛГАРСКО е-Списание за АРХЕОЛОГИЯ. 1, 2012, pp. 15-47.
  27. ↑ see e.g. Otis N. Crandell: Regarding the Procurement of Lithic Materials at the Neolithic Site at Limba (Alba County, Romania): Sources of local and imported materials. In: RI Kostov, Biserka Gaydarska, Maria Gurova (eds.): Geoarchaeology and Archaeomineralogy, Proceedings of the International Conference 29-30 October 2008. St. Ivan Rilski, Sofia 2008, pp 36-45.
  28. ↑ Ciprian Astaloş, Cristian Virag: Descoperiri funerare neolitice din judeţul Satu Mare (Neolithic funerary finds from Satu Mare county). In: Studii şi Comunicări Satu Mare - seria Arheologie. 22/23, 2006-2007, pp. 73-94.
  29. ^ Ulrich Veit: Studies on the problem of settlement burial in the European Neolithic. (= Tübingen writings on prehistoric and early historical archeology. Volume 1). Waxmann Verlag, Münster 1998, ISBN 3-8309-5385-2 , p. 216 f.
  30. ↑ Ottó trough Mayer: The burials of the Koros Group. A Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve 1969/2 [1]
  31. ↑ a b c Frenec Gyulai: Archaeobotanical research at the Körös Culture site of Íbrany-Nagyerdö and its relationship to plant remains from contemporary sites in Hungary. In: Janusz K. Kozłowski, Pál Raczky (eds.): Neolithization of the Carpathian basin: northernmost distribution of the Starčevo / Körös culture. Papers presented on the symposium organized by the EU project "FEPRE (The Formation of Europe: Population Dynamics and the Roots of Socio-Cultural Diversity)". Polska Akademia Umiejętności / Budapest, Institute of Archaeological Sciences of the Eötvös Loránd University, Kraków 2010, p. 229.
  32. ↑ Beatrice Ciuta: Plant species within the prehistoric communities from Transylvania. Editura Mega, Cluj 2012, p. 59.
  33. ↑ a b Frenec Gyulai: Archaeobotanical research at the Körös Culture site of Íbrany-Nagyerdö and ots relationship to plant remains from contempotaty sites in Hungary. In: Janusz K. Kozłowski, Pál Raczky (eds.): Neolithization of the Carpathian basin: northernmost distribution of the Starčevo / Körös culture. Papers presented on the symposium organized by the EU project "FEPRE (The Formation of Europe: Population Dynamics and the Roots of Socio-Cultural Diversity)". Polska Akademia Umiejętności / Budapest, Institute of Archaeological Sciences of the Eötvös Loránd University, Kraków 2010, p. 232.
  34. ↑ Beatrice Ciuta: Plant species within the prehistoric communities from Transylvania. Editura Mega, Cluj 2012, p. 63.
  35. ^ Ferenc Gyulai: Archaeobotanical research at the Körös culture site of Íbrany-Nagyerdő and its relationship to plant remains from contemporaneous sites in Hungary. In: Janusz K. Kozłowski, Pál Raczky (eds.): Neolithization of the Carpathian basin: northernmost distribution of the Starčevo / Körös culture. Papers presented on the symposium organized by the EU project "FEPRE (The Formation of Europe: Population Dynamics and the Roots of Socio-Cultural Diversity)". Polska Akademia Umiejętności / Budapest, Institute of Archaeological Sciences of the Eötvös Loránd University, Kraków 2010, pp. 219–237.
  36. ^ Sandor Bökönyi: Domestication models: The Anatolian-Mesopotamian and the others in southwest Asia. In: H. Buitenhuis, AT Clason (Ed.): Archeozoology of the Near East. Proceedings of the first international symposium on the archaeozoology of Southwestern Asia and adjacent areas. Backuis, Leiden, p. 3.
  37. ^ Sandor Bökönyi: The early Neolithic vertebrate fauna of Endrőd 119. In: Ders. (Ed.): Cultural and landscape changes in South-East Hungary. Archaeolingua, Budapest 1992, pp. 195-299.
  38. ↑ László Domboróczki: Report on the excavation at Tiszaszőlős-Domaháza-Puszta and a new model for the spread of the Körös culture. In: Janusz Krzysztof Kozłowski, Pál Raczky (eds.): Neolithization of the Carpathian basin: northernmost distribution of the Starčevo / Körös culture. Papers presented on the symposium organized by the EU project "FEPRE (The Formation of Europe: Population Dynamics and the Roots of Socio-Cultural Diversity)". Polska Akademia Umiejętności / Budapest, Institute of Archaeological Sciences of the Eötvös Loránd University, Kraków 2010, p. 156.
  39. ↑ László Domboróczki: Report on the excavation at Tiszaszőlős-Domaháza-Puszta and a new model for the spread of the Körös culture. In: Janusz Krzysztof Kozłowski, Pál Raczky (eds.): Neolithization of the Carpathian basin: northernmost distribution of the Starčevo / Körös culture. Papers presented on the symposium organized by the EU project "FEPRE (The Formation of Europe: Population Dynamics and the Roots of Socio-Cultural Diversity)". Polska Akademia Umiejętności / Budapest, Institute of Archaeological Sciences of the Eötvös Loránd University, Kraków 2010, p. 155.
  40. ↑ László Bartosiewicz: Plain Talk: Animals, Environment and Culture in the Neolithic of the Carpathan Basin. In: Douglass W. Bailey, Alasdair Whittle, Vicki Cummings: Unsettling the Neolithic. Oxbow, Oxford 2005, ISBN 1-84217-179-8 , pp. 58-59.
  41. ↑ László Bartosiewicz: Plain Talk: Animals, Environment and Culture in the Neolithic of the Carpathan Basin. In: Douglass W. Bailey, Alasdair Whittle, Vicki Cummings: Unsettling the Neolithic. Oxbow, Oxford 2005, ISBN 1-84217-179-8 , p. 60.
  42. ↑ László Bartosiewicz: Plain Talk: Animals, Environment and Culture in the Neolithic of the Carpathan Basin. In: Douglass W. Bailey, Alasdair Whittle, Vicki Cummings: Unsettling the Neolithic. Oxbow, Oxford 2005, ISBN 1-84217-179-8 , p. 56.
  43. ^ Eszter Bánffy: Eastern, Central and Western Hungary - variations of Neolithization models. In: Documenta Praehistorica. 33, 2006, p. 127.
  44. ^ The term "formativum" was originally used by Gordon R. Wiley, Philip Phillips: Method and Theory in American Archeology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1958, p. 146 introduced into the terminology of ancient American archeology and denotes a period there which is characterized by “(...) the presence of agriculture, or any other subsistence economy of comparable effectiveness, and by the successful integration of such an economy into well-established, sedentary village life […] Pottery-making, weaving, stone-carving, and a specialized ceremonial architecture are usually associated with these American Formative cultures. "
  45. ↑ Э. Банфи в западной части Каррпатского бассейна и ролъ оседлово образа жизни в западной части Каррпатского бассейна и ролъ первыйв ролъ первых ролъ первых замдав. In: Stratum plus. 2, 2014, pp. 115-182.
  46. ↑ Juraj Pavúk: Problem of the genesis of culture with linear ceramics in the light of its relationship to the Starčevo-Criş culture. In: Janusz Kozlowski, J. Machnik (Ed.): Problemes de la neolithisation dans certain regions de l'Europe. Ossolineum, Kraków 1980, pp. 163-174.
  47. ↑ Eszter Bánffy, Krisztián Oross: Development and dynamics of linear ceramic tape in Transdanubia. In: Claus Dobiat, Peter Ettel, Friederike Fless (eds.): Crises - Cultural Change - Continuities. At the end of ribbon ceramics in Central Europe. In: Contributions from the international conference in Herxheim near Landau (Palatinate) from 14. – 17. 06. 2007. Marie Leidorf, Rahden / Westf. 2009, ISBN 978-3-89646-440-8 , pp. 219-240.