Pișcolt culture

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Pișcolt culture
Age : Neolithic
Absolutely : 5th millennium BC Chr.

expansion
northeastern Hungary, northwestern Transylvania, Transcarpathian Ukraine
Leitforms

high quality, thin-walled ceramic with bitumen painting

The Middle Neolithic Pișcolt culture is widespread in eastern Hungary , northwestern Romania and the Transcarpathian Ukraine. The eponymous site is the village of Pișcolt (Kincsverem) in the west of the Satu Mare district on the main road between Szathmar and Oradea . Originally, the nearby Ciumești , known for its La Tène cemetery and the eagle helmet, was intended as the eponymous site.

Research history

The first excavations at the eponymous site were carried out in 1970–1977 by Janós Németi, then director of the museum in Carei .

Material culture

The Pișcolt ceramics are characterized by black painting on a light background, which was done with bitumen or birch pitch . The patterns are mostly parallel curves that fill spirals, rhombuses or triangles, the patterns are reminiscent of those of the simultaneous northern Hungarian Bükk culture . Often the actual paint has peeled off and only its traces are visible. The fine ceramics is usually carefully smoothed and with Druschresten and sand leaner , the heavy clay recalls, especially in the early stages, still very similar to the corresponding vessels of the late stage of Körös / Criş .

The clay altars are also clearly derived from ancient Neolithic models. The figurines can also be painted, but some show the triangular contrasting faces that are typical of the Vinča culture in Serbia . The ceramic inventory also includes sieve vessels and weaving weights as well as miniature vessels .

Stone tools are made from local flint and Hungarian obsidian .

Findings

So far, pits are mainly known. The existence of pit houses is controversial. Individual post holes indicate the existence of single-storey houses.

Synchronisms

In Central Hungary, the Körös culture is followed by the Szakálhát group , which is synchronized with Pișcolt. The Zau culture can be found in central Transylvania at the same time as Pișcolt .

Locations

Relationships with other cultures

The Körös-Criș culture and the Starčevo culture are the formative cultures, so to speak the precursor cultures, for the band ceramic culture in the west and the Alföld linear ceramics or von Pișcolt culture in the east.

literature

  • Piroska Cseneri: Middle Neolithic painted pottery from Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County, North-East Hungary. In: Cristian Virag (ed.): Neolithic cultural phenomena in the upper Tisza basin, International Conference: July 10-12, 2014. Editura Muzeului Satmarean, Satu Mare 2015, pp. 127–147. ISBN 978-973-1843-94-0
  • Cristian Virag: Some aspects about the Neolithic settlement from Tăşnad (Satu Mare Country, Romania) . In: Cristian Virag (ed.): Neolithic cultural phenomena in the upper Tisza basin, International Conference: July 10-12, 2014. Editura Muzeului Satmarean, Satu Mare 2015, pp. 97–126. ISBN 978-973-1843-94-0

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c János Németi, Attila Nándor Hágo: Cultic and miscellaneous clay finds from Pișcolt-Lutărie. In: Cristian Virag (ed.): Neolithic cultural phenomena in the upper Tisza basin, International Conference: July 10-12, 2014. Editura Muzeului Satmarean, Satu Mare 2015, pp. 185–207
  2. ^ A b Cristian Virag: Some aspects about the Neolithic settlement from Tăşnad (Satu Mare Country, Romania). In: Cristian Virag (ed.): Neolithic cultural phenomena in the upper Tisza basin, International Conference: July 10-12, 2014. Editura Muzeului Satmarean, Satu Mare 2015, pp. 102f.
  3. ↑ z. B. János Németi, Attila Nándor Hágo: Cultic and miscellaneous clay finds from Pișcolt-Lutărie. In: Cristian Virag (ed.): Neolithic cultural phenomena in the upper Tisza basin, International Conference: July 10-12, 2014. Editura Muzeului Satmarean, Satu Mare 2015, plate II, 1-2.
  4. ↑ Piroska Cseneri: Middle Neolithic painted pottery from Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County, North-East Hungary . In: Cristian Virag (ed.): Neolithic cultural phenomena in the upper Tisza basin, International Conference: July 10-12, 2014. Editura Muzeului Satmarean, Satu Mare 2015, p. 137.
  5. ^ Gheorghe Lazarovici, Cornelia-Magda Lazarovici: Chronological and cultural correlations between Neolithic and Copper Age civilizations of Central and North Transylvania and East Alföld area. In: Cristian Virag (ed.): Neolithic cultural phenomena in the upper Tisza basin, International Conference: July 10-12, 2014. Editura Muzeului Satmarean, Satu Mare 2015, p. 11.
  6. ↑ The term "formativum" was originally used by Gordon R. Willey, Philip Phillips: Method and Theory in American Archeology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1958, p. 146 introduced into the terminology of ancient American archeology and denotes a period there which is characterized by “(...) the presence of agriculture, or any other subsistence economy of comparable effectiveness, and by the successful integration of such an economy into well-established, sedentary village life […] Pottery-making, weaving, stone-carving, and a specialized ceremonial architecture are usually associated with these American Formative cultures. "