Altonaer Eruv
The Altonaer Eruv , also Altonaer Eruw , was a Sabbath border that symbolically drew the Jewish community around the fortified city of Altona in order to make it a closed area within the meaning of the Sabbath commandments . It existed from the end of the 17th century until the 1930s.
meaning
According to the laws of the Torah , Jews should not move any objects outside of their home on the Sabbath, regardless of their weight or purpose. This regulation is derived from the 2nd book of Moses , in which it says: “Everyone stay where he is. On the seventh day no one leaves his place. ”( Ex 16.29 EU ) With an Eruv - the word means mixture in the literal translation - exceptions can be created: within a closed living area, private and public areas are mixed. In fortified localities, the city walls provided the unity, in an open city like Altona it had to be created with symbolic fencing. For this purpose, cords and wires were stretched at least six meters high at the city exits between house walls or upright thin poles, creating a delimited area in which the halachic carrying of objects, otherwise forbidden on the Sabbath, was permitted.
In the Israelite calendar for Schleswig-Holstein from 1927 it was noted: "In this symbol the thought of the Sabbath as the day of redemption and the messianic union of all comes to the visible expression."
development
The first indications of the existence of an Eruv for the Altona community can be found in the records of Rabbi Zwi Hirsch Aschkenasi , who lived in Altona from 1689 to 1707 under the title Chacham Zwi . The knowledge is supplemented and confirmed in fragments by evaluating the tax account books of the community and some community members. According to this, from 1697 an annual amount of 12 marks was paid to the family of the brewer Peter de Voss for the approval of the installation of earth wires on certain properties . From 1711 the transfers stalled, which is attributed to the time of political crises and armed conflicts . After the Swedish fire in 1713 , payments to Peter IV. De Voss, Esther Jansen de Voss and the baker Hinrich Lau were resumed. Exact topographical information on the gates is not known, but they were in the immediate vicinity to the east and south of the synagogue of the High German Israelite Congregation in Altona (Lage) .
course
The Altona Eruv had 26 gates at the beginning of the 20th century, ten gates were in the west, mostly in Ottensen area:
- Scheelplessenstrasse 7 , today Scheel-Plessen-Strasse, opposite the railway line;
- Grosse Rainstrasse 102 and 79 , house no. 102 has been replaced by new buildings, instead of no. 79 there is an open space with a playground;
- Hahnenkamp 12 and 13 , at the end of the Hahnenkamp
- Bismarckstrasse 28 , today Ottenser Hauptstrasse, house numbers and buildings are no longer identical, the Eruv was located south of the Jewish cemetery , which was located here until 1943, and west of the street Am Felde;
- Erzbergerstrasse 21 , corner of Am Felde;
- Lobuschstrasse 24 ;
- Braunschweigerstrasse 3 ;
- Ottenser Marktplatz 11 and 8 , house no. 8 has been replaced by a new building;
- Kaiserstraße - Elbberg , today Kaistraße, the corresponding buildings no longer exist;
- Große Elbstraße 222 , in the 19th century: At the Judenthor no longer identical to today's house number, below or southeast of the Altona balcony .
The further south side of the Eruv to the fish market was closed by the banks of the Elbe. In the eastern part, 16 gates followed the then border to St. Pauli:
- Fish market - Hamburg border;
- Kleine Elbstraße 1 , no longer available, roughly corresponds to the area where the Pepermölenbek joins the St. Pauli fish market, west of the Pinnasberg;
- Schlachterbuden 2 , no longer available, corresponds roughly to the area where the Lange Straße joins Pepermölenbek; this street corner was also called the Judentor until the beginning of the 20th century ;
- Hochstrasse 5 and 10 , today Hamburger Hochstrasse, the buildings and house numbering are no longer identical;
- Lindenstrasse 4 and 5 , former drum gate, today drum street, the old buildings no longer exist;
- Nobistor 1 , today's street layout is not identical to that of before the Second World War, the Nobistor and also the Eruv were east of the Große Freiheit on the Reeperbahn ;
- Ferdinandstrasse 12 , today Simon-von-Utrecht-Strasse between Großer Freiheit and Kleiner Freiheit;
- Große Roosenstraße 1 , today Paul-Roosen-Straße, the house numbers are no longer identical;
- Brigittenstrasse 6 , the old buildings no longer exist;
- Paulstrasse 7 , today Otzenstrasse;
- Große Gärtnerstrasse 1 , today Thadenstrasse, the old buildings have been replaced by new buildings;
- Amselstrasse 1 , today at the Schiller Opera ;
- Kleine Gärtnerstrasse 5 , today Stresemannstrasse ;
- Nachtigallenstrasse 1 , today Lerchenstrasse 109;
- Juliusstrasse 35 ;
- Parallelstrasse 45 , today Eifflerstrasse.
At the parallel street, the Eruv ended at the embankment, which bordered the entire north side and stretched in the east to the gate in Scheelplessenstraße, so that a closed circle was drawn around Altona.
Jew gates
Some of the traditional gates were also referred to as the Judentor in the Altona topography . This is how Franz Heinrich Neddermeyer describes the way to the butcher's stalls in 1832: “This entrance is also called the Judenthor; the street leading there was named Langestrasse after 1814 and was already being built on in 1653. ”A lithograph by Johann Joseppe Trube from 1850 also gave the name Bei dem Judenthor for the Eruv on Große Elbstrasse .
In 1998 the filmmaker Jens Huckeriede (1949–2013) remembered with an installation entitled Eruw / Altonaer Judentore. Boundaries in public space to the history of the Altona Jews visible in the cityscape.
literature
- Peter Freimark: Eruw / 'Judentore'. On the history of a ritual institution in the Hamburg area (and elsewhere). In: Peter Freimark, Ina Lorenz , Günter Marwedel (editor): Judentore, Kuggel, tax accounts. Studies on the history of German Jews, primarily in the Hamburg area. Hamburg 1983 (Hamburg contributions to the history of the German Jews 9), ISBN 3-7672-0803-2 , pp. 10–69.
- Gerhard Kaufmann (editor): Shadows. Jewish culture in Altona and Hamburg , published on the occasion of the exhibition of the same name in the Altonaer Museum , Verlag Dölling und Galitz, Hamburg 1998, ISBN 3-930802-85-6 , p. 123 and p. 48
Individual evidence
- ↑ Peter Freimark: Eruw / 'Judentore'. On the history of a ritual institution in the Hamburg area (and elsewhere) , p. 11
- ^ Israelitischer Kalender für Schleswig-Holstein, 1927, quoted from: Gerhard Kaufmann (Ed.): Schatten. Jewish culture in Altona and Hamburg , p. 123
- ↑ Peter Freimark: Eruw / 'Judentore'. On the history of a ritual institution in the Hamburg area (and elsewhere) , p. 19 ff.
- ^ Franz Heinrich Neddermeyer: Topography of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg , Verlag Hoffmann and Campe, Hamburg 1832: p. 337 books.google
- ↑ 1804 Emkendorf - 1880 Hamburg
- ↑ The Wolf Brothers program. Biography Jens Huckeriede , accessed December 29, 2011