List of synagogues in Hamburg

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This list includes the synagogues and former synagogues in what is now Hamburg's urban area.

history

Jews have settled in the Hamburg area since the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th century . They settled in Hamburg and in the independent cities of Altona , Wandsbek and Harburg until 1938 . In Hamburg and Altona there were separate communities of the Sephardi from Spain and Portugal and the Ashkenazim from the German-speaking area and Eastern Europe.

The oldest center of Jewish life in Hamburg was in the old town on the Alter Wall . After the ramparts were built in 1627, areas in the Neustadt were added. After the closure of the gate in 1861, many residents left the narrow districts and moved to the newly emerging districts of Rothenbaum , Harvestehude and, above all, the Grindelviertel . Synagogues and other institutions of social life followed their users.

The construction of synagogues was not allowed in Hamburg for a long time, so that the service had to take place in private houses. Until the beginning of the 20th century, synagogues were at least not recognizable as synagogues from the outside or were hidden behind the front buildings. During the amalgamation of the three congregations Altona, Hamburg Wandsbek (1671-1812), the Altona and Wandsbek congregations in Hamburg maintained their own synagogues for their members living in Hamburg.

In the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, numerous synagogues and teaching houses were built that held their own church services. Synagogues also had some Jewish institutions and residential buildings. During the November pogroms in 1938 , most synagogues were demolished and desecrated. Because of the courtyard location or the nearby residential buildings, most synagogues did not start a fire. They were then expropriated, some torn down or repurposed, others destroyed as a result of the war. Only in the New Dammthor Synagogue could services be held until 1942. The community, which was re-established in 1945, built a new synagogue with a community center in 1960.

Hamburg

Portuguese-Jewish community

The last Sephardic synagogue in Hamburg was located on Innocentiastraße from 1935 to 1939
  • Alter Wall (60/62) (Lage) Since 1612 the prayer room of the Sephardic community "Newe Salom" was in a private house . In 1652 they merged with the congregations “Keter Tora” and “Talmud Tora”, which had previously had their own troubles, to form a general congregation “Beit Israel”, which had its common prayer room here. The construction of a synagogue and the expansion of the building were stopped in the 17th century by the Senate at the urging of citizens and the Protestant clergy. The synagogue existed until 1833.
  • Behind Marcusstrasse 36 (location)
  • Innocentiastraße 37 (location) The villa in Harvestehude was rented in 1935 by the Sephardic community and set up as a synagogue. The building bore the Hebrew inscription "Holy Congregation of the Sephardi in Beit Israel - God is near to all who call him"; a Magen David stood on the bay window . Despite a protest by the NSDAP at the competent authority, both did not have to be removed. In 1938 the synagogue was probably not attacked. After the lease had expired at the end of 1939, the building was restored for residential purposes. It then served as a " Jewish house ", for the forced accommodation of Jews until they were deported. Today the building is used privately.

Ashkenazi community

The synagogue was on the upper floor of a converted residential building in the courtyard. It was built in 1654 and sold in 1859.

Memorial plaque for the cemetery
Kohlhöfen synagogue

The Kohlhöfen synagogue was built between 1857 and 1859 according to plans by the architect Alfred Rosengarten . It was designed as a representative brick building in the arched style and was crowned with a drum dome . The building was the first in Hamburg that could be seen from the street. After the Bornplatz Synagogue was built in 1906, the community initiated a sale of the property to the city in 1914, which did not take place due to the First World War . In 1934 the synagogue was sold as part of the redevelopment of the area and then demolished.

The synagogue was built in 1906 as the main synagogue of the German-Israelite Congregation, destroyed and desecrated in 1938 and demolished by 1940.

Today's synagogue of the Hamburg Jewish Community was designed by the architects Wongel & May and completed in 1960.

Synagogues of the Temple Association

As a result of the Reform Judaism movement, 65 Jewish housefathers founded the New Israelite Temple Association in Hamburg in December 1817, and in 1818 they moved into their first church in southern Neustadt (Brunnenstrasse). The New Temple (name for the reform synagogue and for the temple congregation) in Poolstrasse 12-13 was planned by the Temple Association from 1829 because the first temporary temple was too small. The temple in Poolstrasse was built from 1842 to 1844 according to plans by the architect Johann Hinrich Klees-Wülbern . The remains of the western vestibule and the eastern apse building of the former three-aisled church are still preserved as unconnected war ruins; the main nave was destroyed by a bombing in 1944. In 1931 they moved into a new temple in Oberstrasse am Rothenbaum, which was closed and forcibly sold after the November pogroms in 1938.

  • The temple on First Brunnenstrasse (1818–1844)

  • The New Temple in Poolstrasse (1844–1931)

  • The temple in Oberstrasse (1931–1938), now the Rolf Liebermann studio of the NDR

New Dammtor Synagogue

The New Dammtor Synagogue was built in 1895 in the Moorish style. It was carried by an association of the same name and celebrated a conservative service with moderate innovations. In 1924 the association became an independent religious association within the community, alongside the Orthodox German-Israelite Synagogue Association and the Israelite Temple Association. The synagogue was devastated during the November pogrom in 1938. However, it was able to be prepared for the service again through private donations and was in operation until it was confiscated in 1943. A short time later, the building was destroyed by a bomb hit.

Old and New Klaus

Old and New Klaus (today's building)
  • The Alte Klaus was founded in 1680 and the Neue Klaus in 1756.

Both institutions merged in 1798 to form the United Old and New Klaus . Until 1905 they met in Peterstraße, then in the synagogue in the backyard of Rutschbahn 11. At this teaching house of the synagogue community in the common backyard of Rutschbahn and Grindelallee in Hamburg-Rotherbaum , Selig Pinchas Bamberger and the rabbis taught earthenware, diamond, Cohn and Jaffé. After the pogrom night in 1938, the buildings had to be sold and have been used for other purposes ever since.

Altona

High German Israelite community in Altona

  • Synagogue of the High German Israelite Congregation in Altona (Hochstrasse 50) (Lage) ,

The synagogue was built in 1694, in 1713 during the Great Northern War , like large parts of Altona, it was destroyed by fire and only rebuilt in 1716. It was devastated in 1938 and had to be forcibly sold in 1942. The building was intended to house forced laborers, but was destroyed by bombs in 1943. Today a memorial plaque (at the former post office at the corner of Amundsenstrasse and Kirchenstrasse) commemorates this center of religious Jewish life in Altona.

  • Zwi-Hirsch-Aschkenasi-Klaus , near the synagogue.

The Klaus was set up in 1689 by parishioners for Rabbi Zwi Hirsch Aschkenasi . He became chief rabbi in 1707 and left Altona in 1710. The Klaus continued to exist until the Nazi era .

Altonaer Filialgemeinde in Hamburg

  • Prayer hall of the Altona community in the old town (in the corridor "Behind the Blue Tower" between the Altes Wall and the Kleiner Alster) (location)

The synagogue was set up on the top two floors of a three-story building in 1719 and lasted until 1790. In 1746 a contract was signed to rent and set up a larger synagogue nearby, but the owner of the old building insisted on fulfilling the existing contract. The outcome of the conflict is unknown.

  • Synagogue Elbstraße (called "Altonaer Schul") (today Neanderstraße) (location)

The synagogue was built in 1788 as the synagogue of the Altona community in the Neustadt. Ernst Georg Sonnin is named as the architect , although there is no archival evidence. After the separation of the three congregations, the building was used by the German-Israelite Congregation, which also owned the front buildings. In 1906 it was sold for demolition.

East Jewish Synagogue

Most of the “ Eastern Jews ” who immigrated from Poland had their own rooms in Altona. Most of them were deported during the Poland Action in 1938.

  • Synagogue of the East Jewish Association Adas Jisroel Bernstorffstrasse 69 (formerly Adolphstrasse), (location) .

The prayer room in a former workshop was set up in 1920. During the Yom Kippur service in 1936, a Torah curtain caught fire from one of the many candles used for illumination. The Torah scrolls and the Torah shrine were destroyed by the fire. The Torah scrolls, which had become unusable, were buried in the Bornkampsweg cemetery with great sympathy . In 1942 the building had to be sold.

  • Synagogue of the East Jewish Association Ahawat Thora , Wohlersallee 62 (location) .

The synagogue existed from 1928 to 1938.

Portuguese-Jewish communities

  • Synagogue of the Altona Portuguese Community (Hoheschulstrasse 12-14) (location) ,

In the first half of the 18th century after the fire in 1713, the community used a hall in the Breite Straße which, according to contemporary descriptions, was furnished with many chandeliers and precious Torah curtains. A community synagogue was only built in 1771 when the community gained independence from Hamburg. In 1887 it was closed because the congregation had become too small to gather the required number of ten adult men for the worship service ( minyan ). The synagogue was then used by the Ashkenazi community and finally demolished in 1940.

Memorial stone for the Wandsbek synagogue
  • Abraham-Sumbel-Klaus , Wohlersallee 62

Location The Klaus was established in 1853 as a testamentary foundation. Abraham Sumbel, who died in 1844, came from Morocco and had alsodonatedayeshivathere. The administrative position was originally reserved for a Sephardi, but after the dissolution of the Sephardic community in Altona in 1882 it was transferred to the Ashkenazi community. The Klaus existed until it was forcibly dissolved in 1942.

Wandsbek

  • Synagogue of the municipality of Wandsbek (Königszeile 43). (Location)

The synagogue was built in 1840 and replaced an older prayer room that had existed since 1634. The synagogue was desecrated in 1938, then expropriated. The development was partially destroyed in the war, the remains were torn down in 1975. There has been a memorial stone on the opposite side of the street since 1988.

Harburg

Synagoue Memorial Hamburg Harburg 2.jpg

Synagogue of the synagogue community Harburg-Wilhelmsburg Eißendorfer Straße 15 (location)

Harburg synagogue on the Elbe

The Harburg Jews initially use rented prayer rooms. The first synagogue, the location of which is known, was established in 1773 by a wealthy member of the community in the street "Karnapp". There was a dispute about the conditions under which he wanted to bequeath the building to the community. Although the founder died in 1805, the community did not acquire the building until 1830. It was used as a community synagogue until 1860 and was demolished after a wall collapsed because it was in disrepair. The newly built synagogue was located on Eißendorfer Strasse and was inaugurated in 1863. The arched synagogue was faced with light Swedish bricks and had a black slate roof . A pulpit and a non-grilled women's gallery speak for a liberal attitude of the builders. On the evening of November 10, 1938 (one day after the Reichspogromnacht ) the synagogue was completely looted and partially set on fire. Stolen ritual objects were dragged to the Harburg market square on the "sand" and burned there "under ugly jokes and mummies". In August 1939 the property and building had to be sold. The building was probably destroyed in the war and overbuilt in the post-war period. In 1949 a trial against the main perpetrators of the November pogrom took place before the jury court in Hamburg.
A memorial for the destroyed synagogue has been located there since 1988.

Synagogues in social and community facilities

  • Synagogue in the emigration halls , Veddel , (location)

Among the emigrants who emigrated to North America via Hamburg were many, mostly Eastern European Jews. From 1882 onwards, all between deck passengers had to spend their waiting time in Hamburg in a barracks camp on Amerikakai, which was operated by HAPAG . An aid association looked after the Jewish emigrants and set up a kosher kitchen. In 1896 a small synagogue was built. When the emigration halls were relocated to the Veddel in 1901 , a synagogue was set up there, too, in which services were held almost daily until 1933. In 1934 the home was closed and most of the buildings were demolished after the Second World War .

  • Synagogue in the Altenhaus of the German-Israelite Congregation, Sedanstrasse 23, (location)

The synagogue was built with the Jewish retirement home in 1884. In 1900 the home was expanded and the synagogue moved to the new part. The residents were deported in the 1940s. After 1945, the synagogue served as an additional burial place for the community on high holidays. In 1958 the nursing home was relocated and the building was sold. Today a plaque on the building reminds of the old people's home and the fate of its residents.

  • Oppenheimer-Stift , Kielortallee 22/24, (location)

Hirsch Berend Oppenheimer founded a residential home for poor families in 1868, to which a synagogue was attached. An orderly and pious way of life was required of the residents, the cult of the synagogue was strictly orthodox and "without innovations". The monastery was initially located on Krayenkamp and was relocated to Kielortallee in 1908. During the National Socialist era, this pen, like eleven other Jewish residential pens, was used to forcibly accommodate Jews before they were deported. The building survived the war and was restituted in 1945. The synagogue was restored and served the newly founded community from 1945 until a new synagogue could be built in 1960. Today it is a private residence.

  • in the boys' orphanage 1841–1882 Markusstr 21, from 1883 on Papendamm 3. (Lage)

The orphanage for boys moved to a house on Marcusstrasse in 1841. A year later, a synagogue was dedicated there. In 1883 the house was moved to the Grindelviertel and received a new building, built by Alfred Rosengarten , a synagogue also existed in this building. The 30 or so boys attended the Talmud Torah School . The orphanage was closed in 1942 after most of the boys were deported.

Former Israelite hospital. The synagogues were in the central building, recognizable by the large arched windows.

The hospital, founded by Salomon Heine in 1831 , was open to patients of all religions; at the same time, with kosher food and a synagogue, it offered orthodox patients the opportunity to comply with religious laws even in the event of illness. The synagogue was in the middle section of the main building on the upper floor. An inscription on the gable commemorated the deceased wife of the founder: “Hospital of the German-Israelite Congregation - Blessed Mrs. Betty Heine built in memory of her husband. - Hamburg Anno 1841. “In August 1939, Joseph Carlebach held the last service to commemorate the foundation's centenary. In the same year, the building had to be cleared and the hospital relocated to another location.

Notes / individual evidence

  1. ↑ Wülbern had already Israelite Hospital designed
  2. ↑ [rutschbahn.org documentation on Rutschbahn.org]
  3. ↑ Saskia Rohde: The synagogues of the Sefardim. P. 144.
  4. ^ Harburg-Wilhelmsburg, Synagogue Community. In: The Jewish Hamburg . Pp. 108-110.
  5. ^ Ina Lorenz and Jörg Berkemann: The Hamburg Jews in the Nazi State 1933 to 1938/39 , Volume I, p. 421.
  6. ^ Judgment of the jury court Hamburg 1949, quoted from Irmgard Stein: Jüdische Baudenkmäler in Hamburg. P. 140.
  7. ^ The riots of November 9th and 10th, 1938.
  8. ^ Former Oppenheimer Foundation (Oppenheimer Housing Trust) ( Memento from April 27, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  • Irmgard Stein: Jewish monuments in Hamburg. Christians, Hamburg 1984, ISBN 3-7672-0839-3 .
  1. ↑ p. 129
  2. ↑ p. 45f.
  3. ↑ p. 47f.
  4. ↑ a b pp. 138-144.
  5. ↑ pp. 121-123.
  6. ↑ p. 108f.
  7. ↑ p. 114.
  8. ↑ pp. 114-115.
  9. ↑ pp. 112-113.
  • Michael Studemund-Halévy: In Jewish Hamburg. A city guide from A to Z. Dölling and Galitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-937904-97-9
  1. ↑ p. 15

literature

  • Irmgard Stein: Jewish monuments in Hamburg. Christians, Hamburg 1984, ISBN 3-7672-0839-3 .
  • Jewish Hamburg: A Historical Reference Work . Edited by the Institute for the History of German Jews. Wallstein, Göttingen 2006, ISBN 3-8353-0004-0 (with folding map of Jewish sites in Hamburg ).
  • Michael Studemund-Halévy : In Jewish Hamburg. A city guide from A to Z. Dölling and Galitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-937904-97-9
  • Saskia Rohde: Synagogues in the Hamburg area 1680-1943. In: Arno Herzig (Ed.): The Jews in Hamburg 1590 to 1990. Hamburg 1991, pp. 143–169.
  • Saskia Rohde: The synagogues of the Sefardim in Hamburg and Altona, a search for clues. In: Michael Studemund-Halevy: The Sephardi in Hamburg. On the history of a minority. First part, Buske, Hamburg 1994, pp. 141–152.

Web links