Amphiesmenoptera

Amphiesmenoptera
Micropterix aureatella , a butterfly from the family of primitive moths (Micropterigidae), which areparticularly close to caddis flies (Trichoptera)
Systematics
Over trunk : Molting animals (Ecdysozoa) Trunk : Arthropod (arthropoda) Sub-stem : Trachea (Tracheata) Superclass : Six-footed (Hexapoda) Class : Insects (Insecta) Superordinate : Amphiesmenoptera
Scientific name
Amphiesmenoptera
Hennig , 1969
Orders
Butterflies (Lepidoptera) Caddisflies (Trichoptera)

The amphiesmenoptera are a super-order of insects , consisting of the two orders Caddisflies (Trichoptera) and butterflies (Lepidoptera). The Amphiesmenoptera are a group of the Mecopteroida and represent the sister group to the Antliophora .

phylogenesis

The cladogram shows the relationships graphically:

New winged wing (Neoptera)	Eumetabola    Paraneoptera   Holometabola     NN    Reticulated winged (Neuropterida)      Coleopteroid   NN    Hymenoptera (Hymenoptera)   Mecopteroida     Amphiesmenoptera    Caddisflies (Trichoptera)      Butterflies (Lepidoptera)   Antliophora    Beak fly (Mecoptera)   NN    Fly (Diptera)      Fleas (Siphonaptera)      Paurometabola

The amphiesmenoptera probably developed from forms whose fossils of the late Triassic and early Jurassic are summarized as "Necrotauliidae" (the "Necrotauliidae" are, however, actually a non-monophyletic collective group of fossil species that could not be accommodated elsewhere). Presumably in the Mesozoic Era they split into the two current orders of caddis flies and butterflies.

Homologies

Species of the two orders caddis flies and butterflies show some anatomical and molecular biological homologies .

Anatomical homologies

• Some caddis flies (e.g. the African species Pseudoleptocerus chirindensis ) have similarly scaled wings as most butterflies. Most caddis flies do not have scales on their wings, but rather hair, which shows homologies to the butterfly scales.

• The wing veining of butterflies and caddis flies corresponds, reveals many homologies.

• Representatives of these two insect orders produce silk secretions via their labial glands or have to work the silk secretion with their larval mouthparts.

Genetic Homologies

• Females of both orders are mostly heterogamous, i. that is, they usually have sex chromosomes .

• The Serpin -2- gene is well comparable in butterflies and caddis flies, which suggests a high degree of conservation of the gene and a closer relationship between the two orders of caddis flies and butterflies.

Individual evidence

1. ^ ^{A b c d} Paul Whalley: A review of the current fossil evidence of Lepidoptera in the Mesozoic . In: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society . 28, No. 3, June 28, 2008, pp. 253-271. doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8312.1986.tb01756.x .
2. ↑ ^{a b c d} D. Grimaldi and MS Engel: Evolution of the Insects . Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-521-82149-5 .
3. ↑ Naoyuki Yonemura, et al. : Conservation of a pair of serpin 2 genes and their expression in Amphiesmenoptera . In: Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . 42, No. 5, 2012, pp. 371-380. doi : 10.1016 / j.ibmb.2012.01.008 .
4. ↑ MF Whiting, JC Carpenter, QD Wheeler, WC Wheeler: The Strepsiptera problem: phylogeny of the holometabolous insect orders inferred from 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA sequences and morphology . In: Systematic Biology . 46, No. 1, March 1997, pp. 1-68. doi : 10.1093 / sysbio / 46.1.1 . PMID 11975347 .
5. Jump up ↑ Jörg Ansorge (2003): Upper Liassic Amphiesmenopterans (Trichoptera + Lepidoptera) from Germany - a review. Acta zoologica cracoviensia, 46 (suppl. - Fossil Insects): 285-290.
6. ↑ John Huxley, Peter C. Barnard: Wing ‐ scales of Pseudoleptocerus chirindensis Kimmins (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) . In: Zoological journal of the Linnean Society . 92, No. 3, March 15, 1988, pp. 285-312. doi : 10.1111 / j.1096-3642.1988.tb01514.x .
7. ^ Keyword "labial gland." In: Herder-Lexikon der Biologie. Spectrum Akademischer Verlag GmbH, Heidelberg 2003. ISBN 3-8274-0354-5
8. ↑ Robert Fedic, Michal Zurovec and Frantisek Sehnal: The silk of Lepidoptera . In: Journal of Insect Biotechnology and Sericology . 71, 2002. Retrieved March 15, 2013.
9. ↑ Jai-Hoon Eum, et al. : Characterization of a novel repetitive secretory protein specifically expressed in the modified salivary gland of Hydropsyche sp. (Trichoptera; Hydropsychidae) . In: Insect biochemistry and molecular biology . 35, No. 5, May 2005, pp. 435-441. doi : 10.1016 / j.ibmb.2005.01.009 .
10. ↑ Naoyuki Yonemura, among others: Conservation of a pair of serpin 2 genes and their expression in Amphiesmenoptera . In: Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology . 42, No. 5, 2012, pp. 371-380. doi : 10.1016 / j.ibmb.2012.01.008 .