Anielewicz bunker
The Anielewicz Bunker ( Polish Bunkier Anielewicza ) was a bunker at the intersection of ulica Miła and ulica Dubois (before the war : ulica Miła 18 ) in the Muranów district of Warsaw . Today the bunker no longer exists. At the end of the uprising in the Warsaw Ghetto , fighters of the Jewish Fighting Organization (pol. Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa , or ŻOB for short ) hid here and died here. Among them was the commander of the OB Mordechaj Anielewicz .
In 1946 a memorial hill was built on the site of the destroyed bunker: the Anielewicz hill ( copy Anielewicza ) '.
history
During the Warsaw Ghetto uprising, 29 Miła Street was the seat of the headquarters of the Jewish Fighting Organization, which was moved to the bunker at 18 Miła Street after it was discovered. The shelter was large, well stocked with weapons and food, and had water and electricity connections. It was located under a building that was destroyed in September 1939 . The bunker belonged to the Jews from the Jewish underworld (so-called "czompowie") under the leadership of Szmul Aszer. The shelter was separated by a long, narrow corridor with rooms on either side. The insurgents named them Treblinka, Trawniki, Poniatów, Piaski, Ghetto . Six entrances led to the bunker.
On May 8, 1943, the bunker, in which there were about 300 people at that time, was surrounded by the Germans and the Ukrainian troops collaborating with them . After being asked to surrender, some people in hiding (mostly civilians) left the bunker. The ŻOB fighters who stayed behind continued the fight, but the Germans began piping gas into the bunker. According to Tosia Altman, one of the few people who managed to escape from the bunker through an exit not discovered by the Germans (the Germans found five out of six exits) and thus survive the attack, the Jewish fighters died when called on Arie Wilners through collective suicide . One of them, Lutek Rotblat, shot his mother first and then himself.
Around 120 insurgents were killed, including the commander of the ŻOB Mordechaj Anielewicz together with his girlfriend Mira Fuchrer . About 15 people survived, u. a. Michał Rozenfeld , Tosia Altman, Jehuda Węgrower, Pnina Zalcman and Menachem Bigelman. Some survivors soon died as a result of the injuries or gas poisoning, the others later found death on the “Aryan side”.
The bunker, which was later filled in, was also a mass grave because after 1945 no exhumations were carried out at ul. Miła 18.
Because of the similarities to the events that took place in the Jewish fortress of Masada , which was besieged by the Romans, in 73 or 74 , the bunker at ul. Miła is sometimes called "Warsaw Masada".
memory
On the initiative of the Central Committee of Jews in Poland , a hill (Anielewicz Hill) was built from the rubble of the surrounding houses in 1946, on the top of which a memorial stone with the inscription in Polish, Hebrew and Yiddish was placed:
"On May 8, 1943, the commander of the uprising in the Warsaw ghetto, Mordechaj Anielewicz, together with the staff of the Jewish Fighting Organization and several fighters of the Jewish resistance movement, were killed in the fight against the German occupiers."
In 2006, the area around the hill was cleared and a small pyramid-shaped obelisk was set up at its foot to the right of the entrance to the memorial site, designed by Hanna Szmalenberg and designed by Marek Moderau . The memorial bears the inscription in Polish, English and Yiddish, written by Piotr Matywiecki :
“The Warsaw Ghetto Insurgent Hill, built from the rubble of ulica Miła, one of the busiest streets in Jewish Warsaw before the war.
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Here, in the ruins of the bunker at 18 Miła Street, lie the bodies of members of the staff of the Jewish Fighting Organization, including Mordechaj Anielewicz, the commander of the uprising, other resistance fighters and civilians. On May 8th, after three weeks of fighting and surrounded by the Nazis, she was murdered or took her life because they did not want to die in the hands of their enemy. Several bunkers were built in the ghetto. When they were discovered and destroyed by the Nazis, they were turned into graves. Although the inhabitants of the bunkers did not survive, they are a symbol of the will to live of the Jews of Warsaw. The bunker at ulica Miła 18 was the largest in the ghetto. Over a hundred resistance fighters were killed here. Only some of their names are known.
Here the fallen rest in the place of their death to remind them that the whole earth is their grave. "
The names of 51 Jewish fighters whose identities have been determined are in three columns on the front of the obelisk. In addition, the motif of the destroyed forest, which can also be seen on the Umschlagplatz monument , was repeated.
In 2008, at the request of the Foundation for the Protection of Jewish Heritage ( Fundacja Ochrony Dziedzictwa Żydowskiego ) , the Anielewicz Hill was entered in the Register of Cultural Property ( rejestr zabytków ).
Today there is a block of flats at ul. Miła 18, about 700 meters to the west, on a part of ulica Miła belonging to the Wola district.
The Jewish rebels who perished in the bunker
- Chaim Akerman
- Małka Alterman
- Mordechaj Anielewicz (1919–1943), resistance fighter
- Nate Bartmeser
- Heniek Bartowicz
- Franka Berman
- Tosia Berman
- Icchak bluestone
- Melach Błones
- Berl Braude
- Icchak Chadasz
- Nesia Cukier
- Icchak Dembiński
- Józef barrel
- Efraim Fondamiński
- Towa Frenkel
- Emus Frojnd
- Mira Fuchrer (1920–1943), resistance fighter
- Wolf gold
- Miriam Hajnsdorf
- Aron Halzband
- Rut Hejman
- Mira Izbicka
- Salke Kamień
- Ziuta Klejnman
- Jaffa Lewender
- Lolek (tylko imię)
- Sewek Nulman
- Abraham Orwacz
- Rywka Pasamonik
- Majloch Perelman
- Aron Rajzband
- Lutek Rotblat
- Miriam Rotblat
- Jardena Rozenberg
- Salka (tylko imię)
- Jerzy Sarnak
- Szmuel Sobol
- Basia Sylman
- Szyja Szpancer
- Moniek Sztengel
- Szulamit Szuszkowska
- Mojsze Waksfeld
- Olek Wartowicz
- Icchak wretches
- Arie Wilner (1917–1943), poet
- Zeew Wortman
- Hirsz Wroński
- Rachelka Zylberberg
- Moszek Zylbertszajn
- Sara Żagiel
Ulica Miła 18 in literature
The address of the bunker appeared in the title of the novel about the Warsaw ghetto Mila 18 (1961) by Leon Uris .
Individual evidence
- ↑ J. Leociak, Spojrzenia na warszawskie ghetto. Ulica Miła , Dom Spotkań z Historią, Warszawa 2011, p. 26.
- ^ Rufeisen-Schüpper, Hella .: Pożegnanie Miłej 18: wspomnienia łączniczki żydowskiej organizacji bojowej . Beseder, Kraków 1996, ISBN 83-8699501-7 .
- ^ Żydowski Instytut Historyczny - Instytut Naukowo-Badawczy .: Zagłada i powstanie . Wyd 1 edition. Książka i Wiedza, Warszawa 1999, ISBN 83-05-13041-X .
- ^ Bernard Mark: Walka i zagłada warszawskiego getta . Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, Warsaw 1959, p. 388.
- ↑ a b Rufeisen-Schüpper, Hella .: Pożegnanie Miłej 18: wspomnienia łączniczki żydowskiej organizacji bojowej . Beseder, Kraków 1996, ISBN 83-8699501-7 .
- ↑ Grupińska, Anka .: Odczytanie listy: opowieści o powstańcach żydowskich . Wyd. 1st edition. Wydawn. Literackie, Kraków 2003, ISBN 83-08-03314-8 .
- ↑ Goldkorn, Wlodek., Szczepański, Jan Józef, (1919-2003), Kania, Ireneusz, (1940-), Assuntino, Rudi .: Strażnik: Marek Edelman opowiada . Wyd. 2nd Edition. Znak, Kraków 2006, ISBN 83-240-0647-8 .
- ↑ Leociak, Jacek, Weszpiński, Paweł E., Stowarzyszenie Centrum Badań nad Zagładą Żydów: Ghetto warszawskie: przewodnik po nieistniejącym mieście . Wydanie drugie, zmienione, poprawione i rozszerzone edition. Warszawa, ISBN 978-83-63444-27-3 .
- ^ Bernard Mark: Walka i zagłada warszawskiego getta. Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, Warsaw 1959, p. 391.
- ^ A b Elżbieta Chlebowska, Hanna Szmalenberg: Miła 18 - warszawska Masada . In: Gazeta Wyborcza [on-line]. wyborcza.pl, May 7, 2008.
- ↑ Dzielnica Śródmieście Urzędu m.st. Warszawy: Copy Anielewicza. Karta ewidencji obiektu upamiętniającego . srodmiescie.art.pl.
- ↑ Ciepłowski, Stanisław .: Napisy pamiątkowe w Warszawie XVII-XX w. Wyd. 1st edition. Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk, Warszawa 1987, ISBN 83-01-06109-X .
- ↑ Wykaz obiektów nieruchomych wpisanych do rejestru zabytków - Warszawa, nid.pl,