Instruction

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Instruction means imparting knowledge and skills to a person through instructions .

General

This is usually done through guiding , guidance and pointing . The most common type of instruction is work instruction . This is understood to mean the methodical conveyance of the skills, knowledge and experience required to complete a work task . During instruction, the main emphasis is on teaching behavior and a sense of responsibility .

In occupational education , instruction is a short training course, for example in occupational safety , occupational safety and training . In addition, there are lessons and leadership .

Four-step method of work instruction according to REFA

Work instruction according to REFA takes place in four stages (see main article: four-stage method ):

  1. Stage - Preparation: The learner is prepared for the instruction by the trainer.
  2. Stage - Demonstration: The work process is demonstrated to the learner.
  3. Stage - Execution: The learner imitates the work process under the supervision of the trainer.
  4. Stage - Completion: The work process is practiced until it is completely mastered.

Instructions on occupational health and safety

Safety briefing on a construction site

The safety instructions (colloquially also known as safety training ) are instructions in occupational safety and health. A distinction is made between "general instruction", "workplace-related instruction" and "instruction based on personal misconduct".

The workplace-related instruction can relate to activities (work instruction), people (safe behavior ), aids ( personal protective equipment ) and locations (areas with increased risk), etc.

So that employees can recognize safety and health hazards and act in accordance with the intended measures, they must receive information, explanations and instructions tailored to their individual work and activity situation. Instruction is an important instrument to enable them to behave in a safe and healthy manner.

Legal bases

The legal basis for safety instructions is § 4 of the employer's liability insurance association regulation for safety and health at work "Principles of prevention" (instruction of the insured):

(1) The entrepreneur must inform the insured about health and safety at work, in particular about the hazards associated with their work and the measures to prevent them, in accordance with Section 12 (1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act as well as in the case of temporary workers in accordance with Section 12 (2) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act instruct; the instruction must be repeated if necessary, but at least once a year; it must be documented.

According to Section 12 (1) ArbSchG , the type and scope of the instruction must be appropriate to the risk and according to the qualifications of the insured person.

Importance of instruction

This is the instruction (s) of the employer for safe behavior in the workplace. It contains possible hazards, protective measures, rules of conduct and emergency guidelines and can be supplemented by practical exercises.

Instruction vs. Instruction

In common parlance, there is often a mixed use of the words instruction and instruction. The term instruction describes the legally required training in the field of occupational safety, with which acting persons are imparted knowledge and skills that are necessary to avoid personal injury and property damage during their work. It is also used in the wording of the statutory provisions.

Instruction is not mentioned in official texts and is not to be used synonymously under this aspect, but rather as part of instruction. An employee can be instructed e.g. B. in the operational characteristics, in the exact work processes and in the safety measures at the specific workplace. The conceptual distinction can, for example, have significance for the time point of view. An employee requires training for certain occupational safety measures at least once a year (the exact time is usually not specified here). However, if he starts work on a new or modified machine, for example, instruction in its operation is usually due immediately. The instruction is part of the instruction, but not the same thing. A mere briefing on a new or modified piece of equipment is not enough for safety. Conversely, instruction without specific, workplace-related instruction is just as insufficient.

Documentation of an instruction

The Occupational Safety and Health Act does not contain a specific requirement for the documentation of instructions, i.e. the recording of whether, when and with whom which training courses were carried out. In §6 paragraph 1 documentation it only says:

"The employer must have the documents required depending on the type of activities and the number of employees, from which the result of the risk assessment, the occupational health and safety measures specified by him and the result of their review can be seen."

Section 3 of the employer's basic obligations states that the employer must take precautions, that the occupational health and safety measures are observed and that the employees have the opportunity to fulfill their obligation to cooperate. From these two points it is necessary for the employer to be able to prove that he has fulfilled his obligations in this regard. Other, supplementary regulations of the employers' liability insurance association (in particular "Principles of Prevention") contain more precise statements on a documentation requirement. Regardless of which (special) regulations apply to the job, a written record of the instructions is required, as this results in at least these advantages for the employer:

  • Proof of the fulfillment of the instruction obligation as part of an official inspection or in the event of an accident
  • Self-control and monitoring of the treatment and compliance with the regulations in the company

A record of the instructions given should contain this information:

  • Subject of instruction
  • time
  • Names of the participants
  • Name of the student
  • Duration
  • final confirmation of the instructed by signature

It can be useful to add further information such as the training materials used, the reason for the instruction and its sequence. The form of written documentation on paper is generally used, various publishers and associations offer suitable templates for downloading. Since most of the instructions are carried out on a regular basis, an instrument for monitoring dates and deadlines should also be installed. There are now software applications that take on these tasks.

Triggers for safety briefings, content, repetition and form

Triggers for instruction are, for example

  • Recruitment or transfer,
  • Changes in the area of ​​responsibility,
  • Changes in work processes,
  • Results of company tours,
  • Accidents, near misses and damaging events,
  • Pending repetition (at least annually, for people who fall under the Youth Labor Protection Act (JArbSchG) twice a year).

The following instruction content is provided as a minimum:

  • the specific, workplace-related hazards,
  • the protective measures and rules of conduct to be observed by the insured,
  • the protective and emergency measures taken,
  • to include the relevant content of the rules and regulations.
    Operating instructions and operating instructions must be included for this.

Repetition of instructions If the risks remain the same, the instruction must be repeated at least once a year in order to remind the insured of the contents of the instruction and to refresh them. The personality traits of the person to be instructed (e.g. attention span, understanding, etc.) must also be taken into account . If the hazards or the results of the risk assessment change, the instruction content and the instruction intervals must be adapted. Shorter instruction intervals can result from special occupational health and safety regulations, for example Section 29 of the Youth Employment Protection Act, which requires instruction every six months.

Instruction with electronic aids In principle, it is possible to conduct instruction with the aid of electronic media. However, it is important to ensure that

  • the instruction content is prepared and made available specifically for the workplace,
  • a comprehension test and
  • a conversation between the insured person and the instructor is possible at any time.

The combination of e-learning with face-to-face training, which is favored in this context, is called “ blended learning ”.

Instructed person

A trained person is someone who has been instructed about the tasks assigned to him and the possible dangers of improper behavior and, if necessary, trained and instructed about the necessary protective devices and protective measures. The instructed person must be able to work with foresight, recognize dangers and act accordingly.

literature

  • Regulation 1 of the German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV)
  • Rainer Hoss, Harry Papilion, Thomas Stuhlfauth, Hartmut Voelskow: Blended learning in occupational health and safety practice . In: Sicherheitsingenieur , Heft 8/2008, pp. 46–47.

Web links

Wiktionary: Instruction  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Other uses of the term

Individual evidence

  1. REFA Association for Work Studies and Business Organization e. V. (Hrsg.): Methodology of company organization: work pedagogy. Munich: Hanser, 1987. - ISBN 3-446-14240-1 . P. 21
  2. REFA Association for Work Studies and Business Organization e. V. (Hrsg.): Methodology of the company organization: Lexicon of the company organization . Munich: Carl-Hanser, 1993. - ISBN 3-446-17523-7 . Page 26.
  3. BGV A1  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.dguv.de  
  4. Sifatipp.de, Difference between briefing and instruction in occupational safety , accessed on September 21, 2012